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Biomedical subjects

A L Christiansen

Publications and source records attributed to A L Christiansen.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Jet leg].

The aim of the paper is to give a review of jet-lag (Time Zone Change Syndrome) with regard to aetiology, symptomatology and pathophysiology. Furthermore we give recommendations on treatment of jet-lag. The literature has focused intensely on the potential benefit of phototherapy and/or use of melatonin as treatment modalities for jet-lag. Both phototherapy and melatonin have the capability to accelerate reentrainment of the circadian rhythm after flights across multiple time zones, thereby reducing jet-lag. We stress the importance of correct timing of phototherapy and use of melatonin and suggest that the traveller adapts to the "social" rhythm at the flight destination as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Trends in self-reported cigarette smoking, Wisconsin, 1984-1999.

The purpose of this study is to assess trends in self-reported cigarette smoking among adults in Wisconsin. Behavioral Risk Factor Survey data from 1984-1999 were analyzed to determine changes in smoking prevalence. Results of this analysis show almost no change in overall adult smoking prevalence over the past 15 years. Smoking prevalence rates did, however, decrease slightly for men from 29% in 1984 to 22% in 1999. Moreover, smoking prevalence for adults 18 to 24 years of age increased from 25% in 1994 to 36% in 1999. These results show that despite state and national efforts over the past 15 years to reduce cigarette smoking among adults, minimal progress has been made. Furthermore, the increase in smoking rates among 18 to 24 year olds highlights the need for additional prevention and cessation efforts targeted toward this group. Understanding past trends in cigarette smoking is critical for the Wisconsin Tobacco Control Board and other public health advocates to monitor progress toward the goal of reducing tobacco use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cigarette smoking in Wisconsin: the influence of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomics.

A disparate burden of cigarette use has been demonstrated among demographic subgroups both in the United States and Wisconsin. We examined patterns of adult current smoking prevalence in Wisconsin by race, Hispanic ethnicity, household income, and education to assess whether differences exist among these subgroups. This analysis revealed a strong graded relationship between household income, education, and smoking prevalence, consistent among non-Hispanic whites and blacks, though not Hispanics. Respondents with less than a high school education had significantly higher smoking prevalence rates (41%) than those with a college degree or more (13%). Smoking prevalence rates did not significantly differ between the race and ethnicity subgroups overall, or by gender and education, although they differed in some age and income subgroups. Possible explanations for the socioeconomic gradient include differences in tobacco product marketing practices, indoor workplace smoking policies, and access to health information, resources, and consistent, high-quality health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Progress in reducing per capita cigarette sales in Wisconsin, 1985-1999.

Over the past several decades, initiatives have been undertaken both on a national and state level to reduce cigarette smoking and its resultant health consequences. We compared trends in per capita cigarette sales in Wisconsin versus other states from 1985-1999. During this time period, per capita cigarette sales declined 21% in Wisconsin, versus 26% in the United States. Although the average per capita sales in Wisconsin were less than sales in the United States in both 1985 (107 versus 122 packs per capita) and 1999 (84 versus 90 packs per capita), Wisconsin's sales have declined at a slower rate, narrowing the gap between Wisconsin and US sales. Other states, such as California and Massachusetts, with large statewide tobacco control programs had rates of decline in cigarette sales over twice the Wisconsin decline from 1985-1999. In 1985, only 10 states had lower per capita sales than Wisconsin. By 1999, 24 states had lower rates, indicating greater relative progress in reducing sales in other states. Possible explanations for the greater decline in per capita cigarette sales in other states include differences in tobacco control programs, tobacco excise tax increases, and other tobacco policy initiatives.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2000

Development of a solid-phase extraction method for phenoxy acids and bentazone in water and comparison to a liquid-liquid extraction method.

A rapid solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the determination of bentazone and the phenoxy acids 2,4-D, dichlorprop, MCPA, and mecoprop in Norwegian environmental water samples. Cartridges with a high-capacity cross-linked polystyrene-based polymer were used for off-line preconcentration. The effects of elution solvent, elution volume, sample volume, sorbent mass, pH, and flow rate on the recoveries of the pesticides were investigated using HPLC. Average recovery of >90% was achieved with 500 mg sorbents using 2 mL of methanol with 5% NH3 as elution solvent. The recoveries were independent of sample pH in the tested range of pH 1-7. Using a sample volume of 200 mL, the limits of determination for the phenoxy acids and bentazone are 0.02 microg/L. Sample volumes up to 2000 mL at a flow rate of 60 mL/min could be handled without any loss of analytes, which makes it possible to lower the limits of determination. The SPE method was compared to a routinely used liquid-liquid extraction method. Three different water matrices spiked at 1.0 and 0.05 microg/L were extracted, and the quantification was performed by GC-MS. Both methods permitted the determination of phenoxy acids and bentazone in distilled water, creek water, and well water down to a level of 0.05 microg/L with recoveries >80% for 200 mL samples. Important advantages of the SPE method compared to the liquid-liquid extraction method were the short extraction times, lack of emulsions, use of disposable equipment, and reduced consumption of organic solvents.

Benzothiadiazines↗
PubMed1983

Screening of hallucinogenic mushrooms with high-performance liquid chromatography and multiple detection.

A rapid, sensitive and specific method for the screening of hallucinogenic mushrooms has been developed. High-performance liquid chromatography with simultaneous use of ultraviolet, fluorescence and electrochemical detection was employed. Separation of the mushroom components was achieved on a silica column using an alkaline aqueous methanolic eluent. The use of detector response ratios for identification of hallucinogenic indole alkaloids has been evaluated.

Basidiomycota↗