Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

A Jain

Publications and source records attributed to A Jain.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Solid lipid nanoparticles bearing flurbiprofen for transdermal delivery.

Topical application of the drugs at the pathological sites offer potential advantages of delivering the drug directly to the site of action and thus producing high tissue concentrations of the drug. The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) bearing flurbiprofen were prepared by microemulsion method by dispersing o/w microemulsion in a cold aqueous surfactant medium under mechanical stirring. The SLN gel was prepared by adding SLN dispersion to polyacrylamide gel prepared by using polyacrylamide (0.5%), glycerol (10%), and water (69.5%). Shape and surface morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy that revealed fairly spherical shape of the formulation. Percent drug entrapment was higher in SLN dispersion in comparison to SLN gel formulations. In vitro drug release, determined using cellophane membrane, showed that SLN dispersion exhibited higher drug release compared with SLN gel formulations. Both the SLN dispersion and SLN-gel formulation possessed a sustained drug release over a 24-hr period, but this sustained effect was more pronounced with SLN-gel formulations. The percent inhibition of edema after 8 hr was 55.51 +/- 0.26% in case of SLN-T4-gel, whereas flurbiprofen and SLN-T4 dispersion exhibited 28.81 +/- 0.46 and 31.89 +/- 0.82 inhibition of edema. The SLN-T4-gel not only decreased the inflammation to larger magnitude, but also sustained its effect.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early detection of myocardial ischemia after successful percutaneous coronary angioplasty.

We evaluated the functional significance of angiographically successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 50 patients before and after PTCA using an atrial pacing stress test. Before balloon angioplasty, 40/50 patients had transient ST-segment changes on the intracoronary (IC) ECG. After PTCA 14/50 patients continued to have ischemic changes on IC-ECG. Atrial pacing stress tests can be performed easily in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Despite angiographically successful dilatation, 28% of the patients have inducible ischemia indicating functionally inadequate dilatation. Inadequate functional dilatation may contribute to early return of symptoms in some patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polymerase chain reaction vs. conventional diagnosis in fine needle aspirates of tuberculous lymph nodes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare four conventional methods of diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenophathy (TL)--namely fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), Zeihl-Neelsen staining of smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and lymph node biopsies--with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order to assess the practicability and advantage of its use in routine diagnosis in a developing country. STUDY DESIGN: Fine needle aspirates from 142 consecutive patients presenting with lymphadenopathy (mainly cervical) without any known systemic involvement underwent cytomorphologic diagnosis, AFB smears, culture for MTB, confirmatory biopsy and PCR for MTB. The aspirates from cases other than TL served as controls for PCR. RESULTS: Correct diagnosis of tuberculosis could be made in 94.87% of cases by a combination of the four methods. PCR was done in 52 cases, 39 confirmed TL and 13 controls. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value of PCR were 94.44%, 38.23%, 44.73% and 92.85%, respectively, when culture alone was considered the gold standard. However, specificity (38.23-92.30%) and PPV (44.73-97.36%) of PCR increased remarkably when response to treatment was taken as the final arbiter. CONCLUSION: The four conventional tests were found to be the methods of choice for the diagnosis of TL in developing countries. PCR should be reserved for problem cases.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol use following liver transplantation: a comparison of follow-up methods.

Alcoholic cirrhosis is one of the most common indications for liver transplantation. Previous researchers have studied rates of return to drinking following transplantation, however, few have employed prospective measures of alcohol use. The authors prospectively studied the alcohol use of patients transplanted for alcoholic liver disease. The authors improved the accuracy of monitoring alcohol use by using various methods for tracking patient's alcohol consumption, and we report on the time to first alcohol use after transplantation comparing these different methods. The authors found that alcohol use can occur very early after transplantation, even within the first 3 months posttransplant. Thirty-eight percent of the patients consumed any alcohol after transplantation. The clinical interviews by the psychiatrist were the most successful method for identifying posttransplant alcohol use. Posttransplant alcohol use was significantly associated with prior nonalcohol substance use (P < 0.025), family history of alcoholism in a first-degree relative (P < 0.025), and prior alcohol rehabilitation experience (P < 0.05) but not with a prior psychiatric history or less than 6 months of pretransplant sobriety. The authors indicate that prospective monitoring, using a combination of methods, is the most accurate approach to identify alcohol consumption. With this type of accuracy, risk factors can be identified and alcohol use can be compared with alcohol-related morbidity posttransplant.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HBsAg carrier with simultaneous amebic liver abscess and acute hepatitis E.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and amebiasis are waterborne diseases that are endemic in India. However, their co-occurrence has never been described. We report a patient who presented with fever, jaundice and tender hepatomegaly and on investigation was found to have coexisting acute hepatitis E and amebic liver abscess. Incidentally, he was also an HBsAg carrier.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for duodenal ulcer in north India.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to evalutate the association of various risk factors such as smoking, alcohol, NSAIDs, inadequate dietary intake of fibres and consumption of spicy foods with chronic duodenal ulcer using a case-control design and to establish the association of Helicobacter pylori and duodenal ulcer using different diagnostic techniques in Indian subjects. MATERIALS: A total of 16 consecutive patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcer (DU) constituted the test group while 160 subjects with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) were recruited as controls. METHODS: All subjects were interviewed based on a standard questionnaire and underwent an upper gastrointestinal endsocopy wherein multiple biopsies were taken for rapid urease test (RUT), histology and culture for detection of H. pylori. The serum samples of all the subjects were tested for the presence of antibodies against H. pylori using ELISA. RESULTS: There were significantly greater number of smokers (80%) and alcoholics (58%) in the male population of DU group as compared to the controls (49% smokers & 15% alcoholics). Similar trend was seen in relation to history of chronic exposure to NSAIDs (29% in DU & 11% in NUD) and inadequate intake of fibre in diet (66% and 39% respectively). The overall prevalence of H. pylori was 82.5% in DU and 50.6% in NUD [p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: In North Indian subjects, alcohol consumption, smoking, inadequate intake of fibre in diet and use of NSAIDs are the risk factors associated with doudenal ulcer disease. Further, infection with H. pylori is strongly associated with DU in the North Indian population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Indian adults.

BACKGROUND: In India, a possible decrease in the prevalence of anti-HAV (hepatitis A virus) antibodies in adults has increased their susceptibility to HAV infection. We evaluated the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine administered in a 3-injection protocol. METHODS: Thirty-five healthy adult volunteers, seronegative for anti-HAV IgG, were administered 720 ELISA units/ml of the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine intramuscularly at days 0, 30 and 180. Anti-HAV IgG was determined at days 30, 60, 90 and 180 to assess the efficacy of the vaccine and adverse reactions were noted to evaluate its reactogenicity. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the volunteers was 33.1 (12.3) years and the man:woman ratio was 19:16. An overall seroprotection of 37.2% (13/35) was obtained at day 30, 57.1% (20/35) at day 60 and 85.7% (30/35) at day 90. By day 180, all the vaccinees (35/35; 100%) achieved protective seroconversion. The vaccine in general was well tolerated and no serious side-effects were observed. Only 8.6% (3/35) of subjects developed minor self-resolving adverse reactions such as local pain, erythema and/or low-grade fever. CONCLUSIONS: The inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in a three-injection protocol (0, 30 and 120 days) is safe, well tolerated and highly immunogenic in adult Indian subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A multicentric evaluation of recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine of Cuban origin.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B infection is an important public health problem all over the world. As no specific treatment is available, greatest emphasis is placed on prevention through immunization. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immunogenicity (sero-protection rate) and reactogenicity of a novel recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine of Cuban origin (Enivac HB). POPULATION AND METHODS: The study was conducted at two independent centres (New Delhi and Jaipur) and 111 healthy volunteers without any symptomatic or serological evidence of HBV infection were administered the vaccine intramuscularly in a dose of 20 ug at day 0, day 30 and day 180. Blood samples were collected for evaluation of sero-protection on days 30, 60, 90 and 210 at both centres and, in addition, at day 120 at New Delhi. All subjects were evaluated for any adverse event for 120 hours subsequent to each dose of the vaccine. RESULTS: The mean age of the volunteers was 24 years and the male:female ratio was 61:50. An overall sero-protection rate of 24.3% was obtained at day 30, 68.5% at day 60, 94.5% at day 90 and 99.1% by day 120. Following the third dose of the vaccine (at day 180), we lost one subject to follow up and further evaluation could be done in a total of 110 volunteers. The sero-protection rate by day 210 was found to be 100% (110/110). The vaccine was well tolerated with no serious adverse reactions. Minor side effects such as injection site tenderness, erythema and/or low grade fever were observed in 4.5% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine of Cuban origin is safe, well tolerated and highly immunogenic.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gallbladder carcinoma: experience of 116 cases.

BACKGROUND: Aggressive surgical treatment is now being advocated even for advanced carcinoma gall bladder (GBC). We reviewed our data of GBC over the last 5 years to analyse patient and survival characteristics in our patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case records of all cases of GBC admitted to surgical wards in our hospital between 1994 to 1998 were reviewed for details such as age, sex, religion, symptoms, signs, investigations, treatment and survival. World literature was reviewed by using Medline search of the subject. RESULTS: A total of 116 patients with confirmed GBC were admitted during these five years. Their mean age was 54 +/- 11 years. Females greatly outnumbered males. The commonest symptom was abdominal pain (95%) followed by GB mass (78%). Associated gallstones were present in 67% cases. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest variety (79%). CT scan and USG were helpful in 78% and 89% cases respectively. Maximum patients (67%) presented with Nevins' stage V and most of these were treated with supportive therapy only. CONCLUSIONS: Our patients were at least a decade younger than patients in other series and presented at an advanced stage. Radiological investigations (USG and CT scan) played a vital role in diagnosing or suspecting the disease. Curative resections were performed in few cases. Our own results, though limited favour an aggressive surgical approach. Based on our observations we have recommended certain cancer preventive steps and future treatment strategies.

Adult↗