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Biomedical subjects

A Hinton

Publications and source records attributed to A Hinton.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in the crop of broiler chickens subjected to incremental feed withdrawal.

Trials were conducted to determine the effect of feed withdrawal on the weight, pH, native bacterial flora, and Salmonella typhimurium persistence in crops of broilers. Six-week-old broilers were provided medicated or unmedicated feed and were subjected to feed withdrawal for 0 to 24 h in transportation crates or on litter. After feed withdrawal, broilers were stunned, bled, scalded, and picked. Crops were aseptically removed and weighed. Crops were then blended in 20 mL distilled water, and pH values of the suspensions were measured. Aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, S. typhimurium, and lactic acid bacteria in the suspension were enumerated on appropriate bacteriological media. Feed withdrawal produced significant decreases in the crop weights. Crop pH increased by 1.0 unit within 6 h of feed withdrawal. Enterobacteriaceae and S. typhimurium populations generally decreased during the first 12 h of feed withdrawal and remained unchanged or increased during the final 12 h of the 24-h feed withdrawal period. The number of lactic acid bacteria recovered from the crop usually decreased as the duration of feed withdrawal increased. Changes in crop weights, pH, native microflora, or the recovery of S. typhimurium from the crop were similar in broilers subjected to feed withdrawal on litter or in crates and in broilers provided medicated or unmedicated feed before initiating feed withdrawal. Findings indicate that a decrease in the number of lactic acid producing bacteria in the crop and an increase in crop pH may be related to the reduction of anti-Enterobacteriaceae activity in the crop during extended feed withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Influence of flooring type during transport and holding on bacteria recovery from broiler carcass rinses before and after defeathering.

Four trials were conducted to determine whether conventional solid or elevated wire mesh flooring, during transport and holding of broilers prior to slaughter, influenced the number of bacteria recovered from feathered and defeathered carcasses. After 4 h off feed, 7-wk-old broilers were placed at commercial density into a modified commercial transport dump-coop on either fiberglass sheeting or 2.54x2.54 cm wire mesh flooring that allowed feces to fall through. Broilers were transported for 1 h and then held for 13 h under a covered shed before processing. Broilers were killed by electrocution, and the vents were plugged to prevent escape of feces. External carcass rinses were obtained twice (from the same carcass) from eight broilers per flooring treatment per trial, before scalding and defeathering and again after defeathering and removal of the head and feet. Greater numbers of total aerobes, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were recovered from feathered carcasses than from defeathered carcasses. Campylobacter count was also less for defeathered than feathered carcasses from the solid flooring treatment but did not significantly decrease following defeathering of carcasses from the wire flooring. The incidence of Campylobacter-positive carcasses was reduced following defeathering for both flooring treatments, but the percentage of Salmonellae-positive carcasses remained constant. Coliform (log10 6.20 vs. 5.63 cfu/mL of rinse) and E. coli (log10 5.93 vs. 5.36) counts in the feathered rinses were significantly higher for the solid flooring compared with wire flooring, respectively. After defeathering, the number of coliforms (log10 3.12) and E. coli (log10 2.91) recovered did not differ between flooring treatments. Aerobic plate count (log10 7.06 and 4.02), Campylobacter count (log10 2.49 and 1.80), and the incidence of Campylobacter-positive (44 and 11%) and Salmonellae-positive (52 and 50%) carcasses for feathered and defeathered rinses, respectively, did not differ between flooring treatments. These results indicate that although broilers transported and held on solid flooring had noticeably dirtier breast feathers and higher coliform and E. coli counts prior to scalding and defeathering, bacteria recovery from external carcass rinses did not differ between the solid and wire flooring treatments after defeathering.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in the ceca of broiler chickens subjected to incremental feed withdrawal.

Trials were conducted to determine the effect of feed withdrawal on the weight, pH, native bacterial flora, and the persistence of Salmonella typhimurium in the ceca of market-age broilers. Broilers were provided medicated or unmedicated feed and then were subjected to feed withdrawal for 0 to 24 h in transportation crates or on litter. After feed withdrawal, broilers were stunned, bled, scalded, and picked. One cecum from each bird was aseptically removed and weighed. The cecum was then blended in 20 mL of distilled water, and the pH of the blended suspension was measured. The number of total aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, S. typhimurium, and lactic acid bacteria in the suspension were enumerated on the appropriate bacteriological media. Results indicated that up to 24 h of feed withdrawal produced no significant change in cecal weight and that cecal pH varied by up to 0.3 units during feed withdrawal. There were significant increases in the population of Enterobacteriaceae during feed withdrawal in Trials 2 and 3, and there was a significant increase in the population of cecal aerobes in Trial 3. Feed withdrawal produced significant decreases in the population of lactic acid bacteria in all trials, but no significant change in the population of S. typhimurium occurred during feed withdrawal. There were no significant differences in cecal weight, pH, native bacteria populations, or S. typhimurium populations between broilers that were subjected to feed withdrawal on litter or in crates. Findings indicate that feed withdrawal does not always effectively evacuate the contents of the ceca and that the ceca of broilers subjected to feed withdrawal can remain a source of foodborne bacterial pathogens.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Coliform, Escherichia coli, and salmonellae concentrations in a multiple-tank, counterflow poultry scalder.

Scald water samples from a commercial broiler processing plant were tested for coliforms, Escherichia coli, and salmonellae to evaluate the numbers of suspended bacteria in a multiple-tank, counterflow scalder. Water samples were taken from each of three tanks on 8 different days after 6-week-old broilers had been processed for 8 h. Coliforms and E. coli were counted using Petrifilm, and the most probable number (MPN) of salmonellae was determined both in water samples and in rinses of defeathered carcasses that were removed from the processing line immediately after taking the water samples. Mean coliform concentrations in tanks 1, 2, and 3 (the last tank that carcasses pass through before being defeathered) were 3.4, 2.0, and 1.2 log10(CFU/ml), respectively. E. coli concentrations followed the same pattern with means of 3.2, 1.5, and 0.8 in tanks 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with significant differences (P < 0.02) in the concentrations of both coliforms and E. coli between the tanks. Sixteen of 24 scald-water samples were positive for salmonellae with a geometric mean of 10.9 MPN/100 ml in the positive samples. Salmonellae were isolated from seven of eight water samples from both tanks 1 and 2, but in only two of eight water samples from tank 3, the last tank that carcasses pass through. It appears that most bacteria removed from carcasses during scalding are washed off during the early part of scalding.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Use of oleic acid to reduce the population of the bacterial flora of poultry skin.

The effect of oleic acid on native bacterial flora of poultry skin was examined. Skin from commercial broiler carcasses was washed once or twice in solutions of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% (wt/vol) oleic acid and rinsed in peptone water. Aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter, and enterococci in the rinsates were enumerated. Significantly fewer aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter, and enterococci were recovered from rinsates of skin washed in oleic acid than from control samples. Additionally, fewer bacteria were recovered from rinsates of skin washed in higher concentrations of oleic acid than from skin washed in lower concentrations of the fatty acid. In most cases, there was no significant difference in the number of bacteria recovered from rinsates of skin washed once or twice in solutions of oleic acid. Washing skin samples twice in 10% solutions of oleic acid significantly reduced the number of aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter, and enterococci that remained attached to the skin. Campylobacter sp., Enterococcus faecalis, and Listeria monocytogenes isolates possessed the least resistance to the antibacterial activity of oleic acid in vitro, while Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed higher resistance. Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus lentus, and Salmonella Typhimurium had the greatest resistance to the antibacterial activity of oleic acid. Findings indicate that oleic acid reduces the number of bacteria on the skin of processed broilers and that the fatty acid is bactericidal to several spoilage and pathogenic bacteria associated with poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Research note: in vitro inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth by veillonellae cultures grown on tartrate media.

Veillonellae cultures were grown on agar media supplemented with tartrate and examined for inhibitory effects on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Veillonellae cultures grown on media supplemented with 0 or 50 mmol l-1 of tartrate did not inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes; however, veillonellae grown on media supplemented with 100, 150 or 200 mmol l-1 of tartrate did inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. The inhibition of the growth of L. monocytogenes by the veillonellae was correlated with the increased production of acetate and propionate from tartrate by veillonellae and with the reduction of the pH of the media by L. monocytogenes.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1996

The incidence of bacteria in middle ear effusions.

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common condition in paediatric ENT practice. Whilst surgical management is in many cases the mainstay of treatment for resistant OME, the use of antibiotics has been advocated by some authorities. Over one quarter of middle ear effusions analysed in this study contained potentially pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotics may be of value in the treatment of OME in these children.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium by the products of tartrate metabolism by a Veillonella species.

The inhibition of the growth of Salmonella typhimurium by a Veillonella species grown on media supplemented with tartrate was examined. Growth of Salmonella typhimurium was not inhibited by the concentrations of products metabolized by Veillonella cultures on media supplemented with 0 or 50 mmol l-1 of tartrate, but was inhibited on media supplemented with 100 or 150 mmol l-1 of tartrate. Inhibition of Salm. typhimurium was correlated with the increased production of acetate and propionate from tartrate by the Veillonella species.

Acetates↗
PubMed1996

Sensitivity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain 932 to selected anticoccidial drugs in broiler chicks.

The ability of selected anticoccidial drugs to inhibit the colonization of day-old male broiler chicks (Cornish Rocks) by Escherichia coli O157:H7, strain 932 was examined. Chicks were challenged with 1.8 x 10(9) E. coli O157:H7 on Day 1, and fed diets supplemented with three selected anticoccidial drugs; monensin, nicarbazin, or robenidine. The cecal and colon fecal contents of the chicks were removed on Day 7, 14, and 21 postinoculation and examined for the concentration of E. coli O157: H7 per gram of contents. Monensin effectively reduced cecal and colon colonization of the chicks by E. coli O157:H7. By Day 7, there were significant reductions in the bacterial population of the cecal contents of chicks receiving the monensin-medicated feed, and by Day 21 no E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from the cecal and colon contents. The bacterial counts in the colon contents of the nicarbazin- and robenidine-medicated and unmedicated chicks were significantly higher than the monensin-treated chicks. Bacterial populations in the colon contents were high only when there were high bacterial concentrations in the cecal contents.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Antibacterial activity of the metabolic by-products of a Veillonella species and Bacteroides fragilis.

A Veillonella species and Bacteroides fragilis were isolated from the cecal contents of adult chickens. When growth on an agar medium supplemented with 0.4% glucose and adjusted to pH 6.5, mixed cultures containing Veillonella and B. fragilis inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium; Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Decreasing the glucose concentration of the agar decreased the inhibitory activity of the mixed culture. Mixed cultures grown on agar media supplemented with 0.5% glucose and adjusted to pH 6.5, 7.0 or 7.5 also inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, E. coli 0157:H7 and P. aeruginosa. However, increasing the pH of the agar decreased the inhibitory activity of the mixed culture. Pure cultures of Veillonella or B. fragilis did not inhibit the growth of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, E. coli 0157:H7 or P. aeruginosa on any of the agar supplemented with different concentrations of glucose or on any of the agar adjusted to different pH levels. The inhibitory activity of the mixed culture was correlated with the concentration of volatile fatty acids that were formed as B. fragilis metabolized glucose to produce succinate and acetate and as the succinate produced by B. fragilis was decarboxylated by Veillonella to produce propionate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Hypoparathyroidism counteracts risk factors for osteoporosis.

Although increased bone density has been reported in patients with hypoparathyroidism, it is not known whether hypoparathyroidism can overcome the influence of risk factors for osteoporosis and whether the increased bone density is uniform throughout the entire skeleton or greater in certain regions depending on the bone composition and location. In the current study, bone density was measured in patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism and risk factors for osteoporosis. Bone mineral density was determined in eight patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, one with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, and two with pseudohypoparathyroidism in eight different areas of the skeleton using well established methods: single photon absorptiometry of the radius, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry of the spine, hip, and the whole skeleton, and quantitative computed tomography of the spine. Risk factors for osteoporosis were documented in each subject. The data showed that despite the presence of 1-4 risk factors for osteoporosis, patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism had bone mineral density above the normal mean in most locations. The locations with the highest increment were the Ward's triangle and the trochanter area of the proximal femur (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) (Ward's: Z score + 1.59 +/- 0.57, P < 0.03; trochanter 1.31 +/- 0.42, P < 0.02). The elevation of bone density was not observed in one patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, and variable results were observed in two patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Based on these findings, in postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, the bone mineral density is above the normal mean despite the presence of risk factors for osteoporosis, and both cortical and trabecular bone are affected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Otorhinolaryngology.

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Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1994

Operative stabilization of pediatric femur fractures.

Femur fractures represent approximately 1.7% of all pediatric bony injuries. Most femur fractures were treated nonoperatively prior to the early 1980s. Recent refinements in the operative techniques used to treat pediatric femur fracture have led to a reduction in the use of traction and casting treatment methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

In vitro metabolism of radiolabeled carbohydrates by protective cecal anaerobic bacteria.

Cecal anaerobic bacteria from adult broilers were cultured in media containing .25% glucose or .25% lactose. Media also contained either [14C]-labeled lactose, glucose, galactose, or lactic acid as metabolic tracers. Cultures were analyzed at 4, 8, and 12 h for pH, radiolabeled and unlabeled volatile fatty acids, and lactic acid. The pH values of cultures containing .25% lactose were significantly (P < .05) higher than the pH values of cultures containing .25% glucose. Lactose cultures reached their lowest pH more slowly than glucose cultures. Concentrations of unlabeled volatile fatty acids increased and lactic acid decreased during incubation of the cultures. Radiolabeled sugars and lactic acid were more readily metabolized to volatile fatty acids in media containing lactose than in media containing glucose. The preferred metabolism of [14C]substrates, independent of media carbohydrate, was in the following order: lactic acid > galactose, lactose > glucose. The volatile fatty acids in which radiolabel was most concentrated were acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Fermentation of [14C]lactose in broiler chicks by cecal anaerobes.

Volatile fatty acids and lactic acid were products of [14C]lactose metabolism in 10-day-old broiler chicks. The [14C]lactose and unlabeled lactose were given to chicks in combination with cultures of cecal anaerobes (direct fed microbials) from adult broiler chickens. Aliquots of these cecal anaerobes had been used previously to reduce Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks. In the current study, chicks were treated with anaerobes and anaerobes plus lactose on the day of hatch. Chicks given lactose plus anaerobes also received unlabeled lactose in the drinking water. Chicks in all treatment groups received [14C]lactose on Day 10 posthatch. After 5 h, most of the radiolabel was detected in the foregut and intestine. Significantly lower concentrations of [14C]lactic acid were detected in the serum and foregut of chicks given anaerobes and anaerobes plus lactose than in the similar samples from control chicks. Additionally, significantly less [14C]lactic acid was detected in the feces of chicks treated with anaerobes plus lactose than in feces from control chicks and chicks receiving only anaerobes. Significant differences in the total content of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid were detected in the serum, liver, intestine, and ceca of chicks treated with anaerobes or anaerobes plus lactose. These data indicate that cecal flora utilize lactose to produce volatile fatty acids and lactic acid.

Animals↗