Biomedical subjects

A Hashimoto

Publications and source records attributed to A Hashimoto.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Effect of glucagon, glicentin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and -2 on interdigestive gastroduodenal motility in dogs with a vagally denervated gastric pouch.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that inhibition of gastric motility and hypertrophy of the small intestinal mucosa were observed after ileo-jejunal transposition which induced hypersecretion of enteroglucagon. Our aim was to study the effect of four enteroglucagon-related peptides (glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, -2 and glicentin) on gastroduodenal motility and their mechanisms of action. METHODS: The effect of these four peptides on motilin-induced interdigestive contractions was studied in dogs with vagally denervated gastric pouches equipped with four strain gauge force transducers on the pouch, gastric body, antrum and duodenum. Whether or not nitric oxide synthase inhibitor or phentolamine and propranolol reverses the inhibitory effect of those peptides was also studied. RESULTS: Glucagon inhibited contractions in the pouch and stomach but had no effect on duodenal contractility. GLP-1 inhibited contractions at all sites. GLP-2 inhibited contractions in the pouch but did not affect motility in the neurally intact gastroduodenum. Glicentin had no effect on contractions at any site. Pretreatment with either a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor or phentolamine and propranolol reversed the inhibitory effect of glucagon, GLP-1 and GLP-2 on contractions in the pouch, but did not alter the inhibitory effect of glucagon and GLP-1 on motility in the neurally intact stomach and duodenum. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the effects of four peptides on gastroduodenal motility differ, and changes occur in the enteric neural modulation of motor activity after chronic surgical extrinsic denervation.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Quantification of limited augmentation of myocardial (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake at exercise in stable coronary artery disease.

We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a new method for quantitative analysis of myocardial perfusion at exercise using (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin tomographic imaging. (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin imaging of an exercise-rest sequence was performed in 30 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and eight age-matched control subjects. The exercise-induced myocardial count increase was calculated as the relative value (per cent increase ratio, %IR) to that at rest by correcting for physical decay for (99m)Tc and injected doses and by a subtraction technique. Exercise and rest (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin images were assessed visually and quantitatively using the per cent peak count and %IR of the myocardial count at exercise. Segments with significant coronary stenosis (diameter stenosis=75% or more) showed a significantly lower %IR than did those without significant coronary stenosis in the CAD patients (37+/-19% vs 63+/-21%, P<0.05). The diagnostic efficacy of visual analysis for detecting coronary stenosis was as follows: sensitivity, 58.1% and specificity, 81.4%. When %IR=37% was used for detecting significant coronary stenosis, sensitivity and specificity increased to 74.2% and 93.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis significantly (P=0.04) improved the overall diagnostic accuracy from 73.3% to 86.7% compared to that of visual assessment. Thus, augmentation of myocardial (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake at exercise is blunted in the myocardium with significant coronary stenosis. The calculation of myocardial count increase at exercise relative to that at rest can improve the diagnostic value of (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin SPECT imaging and may contribute to more accurate quantification of myocardial ischaemia and impaired tracer uptake in coronary artery disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Malignant seminoma with systemic metastases in a dog.

A three-year-old male crossbred dog was presented with multiple cutaneous nodules on the dorsum. Unilateral testicular enlargement ensued. Histopathological examination of testicular tissue and the skin lesions revealed a malignant seminoma. Despite the initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy, the dog died three months later due to systemic metastases of the seminoma to the skin, scrotum, eyes, liver, kidney and peritoneum.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Impaired exercise-related myocardial uptake of technetium-99m-tetrofosmin in relation to coronary narrowing and diabetic state: assessment with quantitative single photon emission computed tomography.

Despite the diagnostic efficacy of stress myocardial perfusion imaging, the correlation between the actual perfusion tracer activity and diseased state of a coronary artery has not been studied in detail. We estimated exercise-related perfusion augmentation in relation to disease states of a coronary artery in diabetic and non-diabetic patients by a newly developed quantitative technetium (Tc)-99m-tetrofosmin myocardial imaging technique. Tc-99m-tetrofosmin tomographic imaging with an exercise-rest protocol was performed in 26 stable coronary patients and in 8 age-matched controls. Percent increase (%IR) in myocardial count during symptom-limited submaximal exercise-stress was calculated in 16 non-infarcted polar map segments and in each coronary territory by a subtraction technique with corrections for physical decay and injected tracer doses, and the results were compared with those of angiographically quantified coronary diameter stenosis (%DS). Percent IR and peak heart rate during exercise showed a positive linear correlation both in coronary territories with significant stenosis (%DS > or = 75%) and in control or nonstenotic (%DS < 75%) territories. The regression line in stenotic regions was, however. significantly (p < 0.01) shifted downward compared to that in non-stenotic regions. Percent IR in stenotic regions showed a significant inverse correlation with %DS. Coronary stenosis of 75% or more was identified by a %IR cutoff value of 40% with 77% sensitivity, 70% specificity, and an accuracy of 72%. In coronary territories with a %DS of less than 75%, %IR in diabetic patients was significantly lower (46+/-15%) than that in nondiabetic patients (61+/-25%). Thus, blunted exercise-related augmentation of myocardial uptake of Tc-99m-tetrofosmin correlates with the severity of coronary narrowing and diabetic state.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[A multicenter cross-sectional study on the Health Related Quality of Life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis using a revised Japanese version of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales Version 2 (AIMS 2), focusing on physical disability and its associative factors].

OBJECTIVE: A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted to study the current status of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) of Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis using a revised Japanese version of the AIMS 2, to investigate the association among the self-report physical disability scores and demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical variables in these patients. METHODS: A Japanese version of the AIMS 2 was administered to the randomly chosen 1614 patients with classical and definite rheumatoid arthritis attending arthritis clinics at eleven hospitals across the country. Self-report functional disability scores (FDSs) were calculated, by which patients were classified into five groups with graded levels of disability. Univariate correlations were examined between FDSs and the scores of the other four components of AIMS-HRQL, disease duration, age, medical costs, and physical and laboratory measures. Analysis of variance was performed to test for among level differences of these variables in each group of patients. Mean values and standard deviations of FDSs were calculated and analysis of variance was used to test for among level differences of the following factors: demographic, socio-economic, clinical measures, and treatment status. RESULTS: Among four scales composing the AIMS 2-HRQL, work disability scores were most strongly correlated with FDSs, followed by the scores of pain, affection and social interaction. The more severely disabled group proved to have weaker grip strength, higher joint count, longer disease duration, higher ESR and blood level of CRP, and lower level of Hb. Patients with more disabilities proved to be older, pay more medical costs, have longer duration of morning stiffness, and higher level of RF. Patients with more advanced Steinbrocker's functional class, doctor's global assessment, Steinbrocker's anatomical stage, higher daily dose of prednisolone intake, lower level of annual income and formal education, and patients taking more kinds of NSAIDs proved to be more severely disabled. Separate, single (never married, widowed), and divorced patients proved to be more severely disabled compared with married ones. Overall, females were more disabled than males. CONCLUSION: Physical disability is associated with the other important aspects of QOL, clinical signs and symptoms, and socio-economic conditions in RA patients. Prevention and management of physical disability should be seriously planned in consideration of the changes in these conditions in RA patients.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗

PubMed2001

Decrease in platelet count during saturation diving.

BACKGROUND: The change in platelet count (PC) occurring during saturation diving has rarely been discussed. We set out to clarify the details of this change in PC, and its relationship with: i) the storage depth and duration of the saturation dive, and ii) the presence of decompression bubbles. METHODS: In a total of 42 divers, the change in PC was measured in 8 simulated saturation dives (1992-1998) using a Deep Diving Simulator with decompression procedures based on the modified DUKE-GKSS schedule. Blood samples were taken before the dive, at the bottom (twice), during decompression, on surfacing, and about 1 wk after surfacing. Decompression bubbles were examined by ultrasonic M-mode echocardiography. RESULTS: PC (mean +/- SD x 10(4) x microl(-1)) was 23.9 +/- 4.85, 24.9 +/- 4.9, 24.2 +/- 4.8, 19.2 +/- 4.4*, 20.1 +/- 4.5*, 25.0 +/- 5.1 on the occasions listed above (*= p < 0.05 vs. pre-dive). The PC showed no correlation with either storage depth or dive duration. Decompression bubbles were detected during decompression in only 2 divers (4.8%), and the bubbles disappeared immediately after surfacing. In these 2 divers the decreases in PC values from baseline to the middle of decompression and on surfacing were 2 and 2.7 x 10(4) x microl(-1), and 3.4 and 1.7 x 10(4) x microl(-1) respectively. No diver complained of decompression sickness. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of the decrease in PC (< 5 x 10(4) x microl(-1)) and the time to recover to the pre-dive value (< 1 wk) suggests that changes in PC during saturation diving should not cause any clinical problems. The mechanisms underlying the decrease in PC remain unclear.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in a conventional water purification plant.

A one-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was conducted at a water purification plant. A total of thirteen 50 L samples of river source water and twenty-six 2,000 L samples of filtered water (treated by coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation and rapid filtration) were concentrated using a hollow fibre ultrafiltration membrane module at a purification plant. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in all raw water samples with a geometric mean concentration of 400 oocysts/m3 (range 160-1,500 oocysts/m3). Giardia cysts were detected in 12/13 raw waters (92%) with a geometric mean concentration of 170 cysts/m3 (range 40-580 oocysts/m3). Probability distributions of both Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cyst concentration in raw water were nearly log-normal. In filtered water samples, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 9/26 samples (35%) with a geometric mean concentration of 1.2 oocysts/m3 (range 0.5-8 oocysts/m3) and Giardia cysts in three samples (12%) with 0.8 cysts/m3 (range 0.5-2 oocysts/m3). The estimated removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was, respectively, 2.54 log 10 and 2.53 log10 on the basis of geometric means, 3.20 and 3.57 log10 on the basis of 50% observation level and 2.70 and 2.90 log10 on the basis of 90% observation level.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Behavioral evidence for the interaction of oleamide with multiple neurotransmitter systems.

While the endogenous fatty acid amide oleamide has hypnotic properties, neither the breadth of its behavioral actions nor the mechanism(s) by which these behaviors may be mediated has been elucidated. Therefore, the effects of oleamide on the performance of rats in tests of motor function, analgesia, and anxiety were investigated. Oleamide reduced the distance traveled in the open field (ED50 = 14, 10-19 mg/kg, mean, 95% confidence interval), induced analgesia and hypothermia, but did not cause catalepsy. Moreover, a dose of oleamide without effect on motor function was anxiolytic in the social interaction test and elevated plus-maze. These actions of a single dose of oleamide lasted for 30 to 60 min. While rats became tolerant to oleamide following 8 days of repeated administration, oleamide is a poor inducer of physical dependence. Pretreatment with antagonists of the serotonin (5HT)1A, 5HT2C, and vanilloid receptors did not modify oleamide's effects. However, the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A inhibited oleamide-induced analgesia in the tail-flick assay, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor antagonist bicuculline reversed the analgesia and hypothermia, and the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist L 741626 blocked oleamide's locomotor and analgesic actions. Interestingly, oleamide analogs resistant to hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) maintained but did not show increased behavioral potency or duration of action, whereas two FAAH inhibitors produced analogous behavioral effects. Thus, oleamide induces behaviors reminiscent of the actions of endogenous cannabinoids, but the involvement of GABAergic and dopaminergic systems, either directly or indirectly, in the actions of oleamide cannot be ruled out.

Amidohydrolases↗

PubMed2001

Assessment of underlying etiology and cardiac sympathetic innervation to identify patients at high risk of cardiac death.

UNLABELLED: Cardiac (123)I-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) activity has significant incremental prognostic value, but the difference between the long-term prognostic value of MIBG imaging for ischemic cardiomyopathies and the long-term prognostic value of MIBG imaging for idiopathic cardiomyopathies is not clear. This study aimed to determine whether assessment of cardiac (123)I-MIBG activities in ischemic and idiopathic cardiomyopathies have equally prognostic values and whether the kinetics are different because of the underlying etiologies. METHODS: After quantitative (123)I-MIBG imaging, 76 ischemic and 56 idiopathic cardiomyopathy patients were prospectively followed up for 54 mo. In addition to conventional parameters, cardiac (123)I-MIBG activity was quantified as a heart-to-mediastinum ratio (H/M) for early and late images and the washout kinetics were calculated using tomographic imaging. The data were compared with those obtained from 16 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: During follow-up, 29 deaths from heart failure, 11 sudden cardiac deaths, 2 deaths from arrhythmia, and 5 deaths from acute myocardial infarction were documented. Multivariate discriminant analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed that, in comparison with other variables, late H/M was the most powerful independent predictor of a lethal clinical outcome in ischemic (Wald chi(2) = 18.6502; P = 0.0000) and idiopathic (Wald chi(2) = 5.3394; P = 0.0208) groups. When patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% were considered, late H/M had the greatest statistical power in both groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed late H/M to have an identical threshold (1.82) for both groups for identifying patients at risk of cardiac death. Likewise, when analysis was restricted to patients with an LVEF < 40%, the upper cutoff value of late H/M was 1.50 (P = 0.0358; log rank = 4.41) for ischemic patients and 2.02 (P = 0.0050; log rank = 7.86) for idiopathic patients. For patients with an LVEF < 40% and a late H/M less than the identified threshold of late H/M, the annual rate of cardiac death was greatest, 18.2%/y for the ischemic group and 11.9%/y for the idiopathic group. CONCLUSION: Cardiac (123)I-MIBG activity has the most powerful independent long-term prognostic value for both ischemic cardiomyopathy patients and idiopathic cardiomyopathy patients, indicating that both disease processes have common pathophysiologic and prognostic implications of impaired cardiac sympathetic innervation. Although combined testing of cardiac function and (123)I-MIBG activity is most likely to identify patients at increased risk of cardiac death, the underlying etiology of cardiac dysfunction may affect the threshold of (123)I-MIBG activity for the differentiation of high-risk patients.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗

PubMed2001

A graph-based clustering method for a large set of sequences using a graph partitioning algorithm.

A graph-based clustering method is proposed to cluster protein sequences into families, which automatically improves clusters of the conventional single linkage clustering method. Our approach formulates sequence clustering problem as a kind of graph partitioning problem in a weighted linkage graph, which vertices correspond to sequences, edges correspond to higher similarities than given threshold and are weighted by their similarities. The effectiveness of our method is shown in comparison with InterPro families in all mouse proteins in SWISS-PROT. The result clusters match to InterPro families much better than the single linkage clustering method. 77% of proteins in InterPro families are classified into appropriate clusters.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2001

A serological survey of minute virus of canines (MVC; canine parvovirus type-1) in dogs in the Tokai area of Japan.

A serological survey for antibodies to minute virus of canines (MVC) by use of a hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was performed on sera collected from dogs in the Tokai area of Japan. Forty-one of 266 (15.4%) sera had positive titers of 1:40 or higher against the MVC. Results suggest that MVC may have been present in dogs in Japan since, at least, 1990. From this serosurvey, MVC appears to be established in the dog population in Japan. MVC may have a role as a newly recognized viral pathogen of dogs in Japan.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Right ventricular abnormalities assessed by myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography using technetium-99m sestamibi/tetrofosmin in right ventricle-originated ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether right ventricular (RV) perfusion imaging with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi or tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography has diagnostic benefit for RV-originated ventricular tachyarrhythmias (RVT). BACKGROUND: Identification of RV abnormalities is clinically important to establish RVT etiology. METHODS: Forty-seven patients with RVT (23 with idiopathic and 24 with organic RVT due to arrhythmogenic RV or dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac sarcoidosis or myocarditis) were compared to 25 control subjects. Right ventricular uptake score, as assessed by modified tomographic imaging, and regional RV count relative to peak left ventricular (LV) count (RV/LV count ratio) were compared with RV regional and global function. RESULTS: Regional RV uptake score correlated well with the RV/LV count ratio, and segmental abnormality was more frequently (p = 0.001) detected in the organic RVT group (22 [92%] of 24 patients) than in the idiopathic RVT group (4 [17%] of 23 patients) or the control group (8 [32%] of 25 patients). The total RV score (8.4+/-3.8) in the organic RVT group was significantly lower than that in the idiopathic RVT group (15.6+/-1.6) or the control group (15.1+/-1.8). The total RV score correlated with RV EF (r = 0.702, p<0.001). A total RV score <12 differentiated the organic RVT group from the other two groups, with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 100%. The asynergic RV regions had a significantly lower RV/LV count ratio and RV score as compared with the nonasynergic regions and were identified by RV assessment, with a sensitivity of 76.1% and a specificity of 76.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Right ventricular perfusion tomography using a Tc-99m-labeled tracer is clinically useful for the noninvasive detection of RV myocardial damage in patients with RVT and for differentiating organic from idiopathic RVT.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Cutting edge: essential role of phospholipase C-gamma 2 in B cell development and function.

Cross-linking of the B cell Ag receptor (BCR) induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular substrates, including phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma 2, which is involved in the activation of the phosphatidylinositol pathway. To assess the importance of PLC-gamma 2 in murine lymphopoiesis, the PLC-gamma 2 gene was inducibly ablated by using IFN-regulated Cre recombinase. Mice with a neonatally induced loss of PLC-gamma 2 function displayed reduced numbers of mature conventional B cells and peritoneal B1 cells and defective responses in vitro to BCR stimulation and in vivo to immunization with thymus-independent type II Ags. In contrast, T cell development and TCR-mediated proliferation were normal. Taken together, PLC-gamma 2 is a critical component of BCR signaling pathways and is required to promote B cell development.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

A low-operating-temperature solid oxide fuel cell in hydrocarbon-Air mixtures

The performance of a single-chamber solid oxide fuel cell was studied using a ceria-based solid electrolyte at temperatures below 773 kelvin. Electromotive forces of approximately 900 millivolts were generated from the cell in a flowing mixture of ethane or propane and air, where the solid electrolyte functioned as a purely ionic conductor. The electrode-reaction resistance was negligibly small in the total internal resistances of the cell. The resulting peak power density reached 403 and 101 milliwatts per square centimeter at 773 and 623 kelvin, respectively.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Differential expression of plastidic aldolase genes in Nicotiana plants under salt stress.

Two homologous genes of plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (AldP) isozymes were isolated from green leaves of a salt stress-tolerant Nicotiana species, Nicotiana paniculata, by differential screening. The products of the corresponding genes, NpAldP1 and NpAldP2, were 91% identical to each other and 70-85% identical to the other known plant plastidic aldolases. Although these two genes showed similar organ-specific expression and daily cycles, their responses to salt stress differed: mRNA accumulation of NpAldP2 increased, but that of NpAldP1 slightly decreased. The mRNA accumulations of their counterparts of two other Nicotiana species, NeAldP1 and NeAldP2 (Nicotiana excelsior), and NaAldP1 and NaAldP2 (Nicotiana arentsii) were studied under the same stress condition. N. arentsii conserved accumulation profiles similar to N. paniculata, but N. excelsior did not. In N. excelsior, accumulation of NeAldP1 decreased to 50% of the control after stress and gradually recovered thereafter, whereas accumulation of NeAldP2 temporarily decreased and reached 250% of the control by the third day of stress. Southern blot analysis indicated that NpAldP1, NpAldP2, NaAldP1, and NaAldP2 include one or two closely related genes and NeAldP1 and NeAldP2 several.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and in their pedigrees.

Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluations in 18 patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and 29 family members (25 males and 25 females from 7 pedigrees) aged 5 to 64 years (mean +/- 1 SD 30 +/- 16) revealed that 5 of 28 ARVC family members (17%) fulfilled ARVC Task Force criteria. Indexes on late potentials of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram had a significant linear correlation with the age of patients with ARVC and of family members with echocardiographic wall motion abnormality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Suppressive effects of dominant negative ras mutant N116Y on transformed phenotypes of human bladder cancer cells.

To investigate the suppressive effect of dominant negative H-ras mutant N116Y on transformed phenotypes, we established two N116Y ras mutant stable transfectant clones (C5, C13) of human bladder cancer cell line, UMUC-2. These N116Y ras mutant transfectants, especially the C5 cells, showed a dramatic change of cellular morphology and significantly reduced growth in soft agar compared to their control. Furthermore, phosphorylation of the Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) was significantly decreased in these transfectants compared to the control. These results suggest that the N116Y-induced suppression of transformed phenotypes in UMUC-2 cells is associated with inhibition of JNK phosphorylation.

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic↗

PubMed2000

Estrogen agonistic/antagonistic effects of miproxifene phosphate (TAT-59)

PURPOSE: We evaluated miproxifene phosphate (TAT-59) to elucidate its efficacy in antiestrogen therapy for breast cancer patients and to assess its tissue-selective estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity. METHODS: Using DP-TAT-59, a major and active metabolite of TAT-59, an in vitro cell growth inhibition test was performed. Antitumor activity was determined using TAT-59 against human tumor xenografts of the MCF-7 and the Br-10 cell lines and MCF-7-derived tamoxifen-resistant cell lines, R-27 and FST-1. The antitumor activity of DP-TAT-59 and DM-DP-TAT-59, major metabolites of TAT-59 found in human blood following a TAT-59 dose, was also examined after intravenous administration to experimental animals. The residual estrogenic activity of TAT-59, evaluated in terms of bone and lipid metabolism in ovariectomized rats, was then compared with that of tamoxifen. RESULTS: DP-TAT-59 significantly inhibited the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 and T-47D tumor cells in the presence of 1 nM estradiol. TAT-59, given to mice bearing MCF-7 or Br-10 xenografts, at the dose level of 5 mg/kg, exerted a significant growth inhibitory effect that was stronger than that of tamoxifen. Moreover, R-27 and FST-1 tumors, which show a resistance to tamoxifen, responded strongly to TAT-59, suggesting that TAT-59 might be effective against tumors resistant to tamoxifen. The metabolites of TAT-59, DP-TAT-59 and DM-DP-TAT-59, showed similar antitumor activity. Both TAT-59 and tamoxifen suppressed the decrease in bone density and reduced the blood cholesterol levels in ovariectomized rats, suggesting that the estrogenic activity of TAT-59 is comparable to that of tamoxifen. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the above results, one may expect TAT-59 to become an effective drug in patients with tumors less sensitive to tamoxifen, while its estrogenic activity as determined by bone and lipid metabolism is similar to that of tamoxifen.

Animals↗