[Papillary adenocarcinoma of the prostate].
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Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗
Biomedical subjects
A Fujisawa
Publications and source records attributed to A Fujisawa.
Structural relationship of human interferon alpha genes and pseudogenes.
We have isolated and characterized DNA segments containing IFN-alpha-related sequences from human lambda and cosmid clone banks. We describe six linkage groups comprising 18 distinct IFN-alpha-related loci, and report the nucleotide sequences of nine chromosomal IFN-alpha-genes with intact reading frames, as well as of five pseudogenes. Taking into account as yet unsequenced genes as well as clones described by others, there are now seven linkage groups and 23 loci, of which 15 correspond to potentially functional genes and six to non-functional genes; two loci remain unsequenced. Eighteen additional sequences are likely to be allelic to the above. The finding that at least two IFN-alpha genes appear to be natural hybrids of other IFN-alpha genes, and that two distinct IFN-alpha loci have completely identical coding sequences, although their flanking regions are different, is evidence for information exchange between the individual genes.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Adaptations of the left ventricle to chronic volume overload induced by mitral regurgitation in conscious dogs.
To assess the time-course of adaptive responses of the left ventricle to chronic volume overload, dogs were instrumented with a left ventricular (LV) micromanometer and pairs of ultrasonic crystals for the measurement of LV wall thickness (WTh), LV chamber diameter (D), and longitudinal segment length (L). Following a control study, mitral regurgitation (MR) was created by a transventricular section of the chordae tendineae. Heart rate was controlled during each study by atrial pacing. Plasma norepinephrine levels at rest were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Eight days (mean) after the onset of MR, enddiastolic (ED) D had increased by 9% from 34.2 +/- 2.4 mm (SEM) (P less than 0.001), with significant thinning of the wall thickness (from 8.2 to 7.7 mm, P less than 0.001). Consequently the calculated cross-sectional area (CSA) of the left ventricular wall remained the same. Peak wall stress (WSt) and EDWSt increased by 20% and 152%, respectively. During the subsequent 4 weeks, EDD progressively increased, averaging 11% above the control at 4 weeks, while EDWTh returned to the control level. Thus, the development of hypertrophy was clearly evidenced by an increase in CSA (by 8% over the control, P less than 0.001). These changes were accompanied by a consistent reduction in both peak WSt and EDWSt. Mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (meanVcf) and percentage shortening were significantly augmented following the onset of MR and remained at the same level thereafter, indicating no further use of the Frank-Starling mechanisms during chronic ventricular dilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptation, Physiological↗
[Determination of left ventricular center of contractile motion by two-dimensional echocardiography].
To quantify left ventricular (LV) regional wall motion using two-dimensional echocardiography, reference points such as the center of left ventricular gravity or an intersecting point of radial grids were conventionally used, assuming that they were near or at the center of LV contractile motion. However, since the LV does not contract homogeneously, their positions might be quite different. Endocardial high density spots in two-dimensional echocardiograms were used as markers for LV regional wall motion, and we determined the center of LV contractile motion (C) at papillary muscle level in the parasternal short-axis view for 10 normal subjects (control group) and eight patients with aortic regurgitation (left ventricular volume overload; LVVO group). In one subject, each of six endocardial high density spots extracted from different LV regions, and were traced frame by frame throughout one cardiac cycle using a video motion analyzer, and their systolic movements were shown by six vectors. Using the method of least squares, the point of convergence of vectors (C) was determined from the point toward which the six vectors were directed. The LV centers of gravity at end-diastole (Ged) and at end-systole (Ges) were also determined by tracing the endocardial surface on video frames. The distributions of C, Ges, and Ged were compared. In the control group, point C was at the point 35% distant from Ged toward the middle of the interventricular septum (IVS). Ges deviated from Ged in the same direction as point C, but the distance was one third of C(11%). In the LVVO group, the distribution of Ges referred to Ged was similar to that of the control group, however, point C was closer to Ged, since its deviation was 16% of the radius. These results suggest that point C, which is determined by the directions of regional wall motion, reflects the contractile pattern of the whole LV. This might be termed the center of LV contraction. Using it as a reference, we were able to obtain more accurate quantitative data about LV regional wall motion.
Aortic Valve Insufficiency↗
Cerebral ischemic response-like hemodynamic changes induced by telencephalic ischemia in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).
The effect of bilateral common carotid occlusion on systemic hemodynamics was investigated in the gerbil with and without bilateral carotid sinus denervation. Irrespective of the sinus denervation, telencephalic, severe ischemia produced significant changes in the heart rate and systemic arterial blood pressure, similar to those observed in cerebral ischemic response. These hemodynamic changes, associated with cerebral ischemia, may play an important role in affecting the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia itself.
Animals↗
Enhancement of left ventricular contractility after opening of an arteriovenous fistula in dogs.
The effect of opening and closing the infrarenal arteriovenous (A-V) fistula on left ventricular (LV) function was analysed in 12 anaesthetised dogs, instrumented with a micromanometer and a pair of ultrasonic crystals for measurement of LV diameter (D). Plasma noradrenaline (NA) levels sampled from the right ventricular cavity were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Immediately after opening of the A-V fistula, the peak LV pressure (P) decreased by 4.3 kPa from the control value of 14.4 kPa and returned to the control level within 30 s. End-diastolic diameter did not significantly change immediately after opening the fistula but then gradually augmented to 28.3 mm, at the stable stage 5 min later. End-systolic diameter was significantly reduced from 22.0 to 20.8 mm immediately after opening and remained reduced until the fistula was closed. The percentage shortening of the LVD increased from 17.1 to 20.1% with the initial fall in LVP, and continued to increase to 26.6% with subsequent enlargement of diameter. With closure of the fistula, a directionally opposite response was observed. The end-systolic P-D relation, obtained by superimposing the series of loops and plotting end-systolic pressure against end-systolic diameter, fell on the single function curve during the initial pressure change, and clearly shifted to the left during the stable stage of volume loading and returned to the control relation with closure of the A-V fistula.2+ leftward shift of the end-systolic P-D relation during the stable stage of volume loading.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Differential effect of cerebral ischemia on monoamine content of discrete brain regions of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).
The effect of bilateral cerebral ischemia on noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin concentrations in six brain regions (i.e., the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, midbrain-diencephalon, cerebellum, and pons-medulla oblongata) was examined in the gerbil stroke model. The relative changes in regional cerebral blood flow after bilateral common carotid occlusion were also assessed using the radioactive microsphere technique. At 1 h after bilateral carotid occlusion, a significant decrease of monoamine concentration was observed in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and midbrain-diencephalon whereas no significant change was detected in the cerebellum and pons-medulla oblongata. The fall in NA content was most prominent in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and percentage reductions of dopamine and serotonin were greatest in the striatum and cerebral cortex, respectively. These results suggest that the monoamine neurons in various brain regions might have different vulnerabilities to ischemic insult and show no evidence of transtentorial diaschisis.
Animals↗
Why are infant gerbils more resistant than adults to cerebral infarction after carotid ligation?
Younger gerbils have been found to be more resistant than adults to cerebral infarction after carotid ligation. In this study, the perfused cerebral area after bilateral common carotid occlusion was evaluated in infant, young, and adult Mongolian gerbils by the carbon black perfusion method to assess the existence and significance of collateral blood vessels between the vertebrobasilar and carotid circulations. Nineteen gerbils were divided into three groups (i.e., infant, young and adult gerbils aged 3-4, 5-7, and 10-17 weeks, respectively). After bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, carbon black was injected directly into the left ventricle by cardiac puncture through the closed thorax. In five of eight infant gerbils, the whole brain was perfused by carbon black, while in the remaining three, only the cerebellum and brainstem were stained well, and marked bilateral cerebral pallor was observed. On the other hand, carbon black did not perfuse the brain region supplied by the carotid arteries, both in young and adult gerbils (11 animals in total). These results suggest that infant gerbils might have a more highly developed network of collateral blood vessels between the vertebrobasilar and carotid circulations, and the existence of such a significant network might be the basis for the fact that infant gerbils are resistant to cerebral infarction following carotid ligation. We propose that gerbils should be used as a stroke model only when they are 5 weeks old or older.
Aging↗
Isolation and characterization of a glycoprotein from a human rectal adenocarcinoma.
A mucin-type glycoprotein was isolated from a human rectal adenocarcinoma, mainly be gel filtration and hydroxyapatite treatment. The glycoprotein, designated as rectal mucin-type glycoprotein (RMG), was great in amount, accounting for about 1% of the wet tissue weight. From a non-cancerous area of the patient's intestine, a similar glycoprotein reacting with anti-RMG antibodies was obtained, but the tissue content was less than 10% of the RMG content. Purified RMG contained about 70% carbohydrate in mass, and is composed of about equimolar amounts of sialic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine. The polypeptide core was characterized by high contents of threonine, serine, and proline. A marked difference between RMG and the normal glycoproteins was that the sialic acid content was much higher in RMG. Of the total N-acetylgalactosamine convertible to N-acetylgalactosaminitol by reductive cleavage with alkaline borohydride, about 15% was free and the rest occupied the reducing ends of acidic oligosaccharides. The acidic oligosaccharides were fractionated into a fraction of high molecular weight and a series of oligosaccharides in which di- and trisaccharides containing sialic acid were dominant. The high molecular weight fraction contained esterified sulfate.
Adenocarcinoma↗
[New approach for quantifying left ventricular regional wall motion in ischemic heart disease: motion vector analysis of endocardial surface by two-dimensional echocardiography].
To quantify regional wall motion of the left ventricle with two-dimensional echocardiography, the motion of an endocardial surface point in echocardiograms was analyzed throughout systole on frame by frame using video motion analyzer. With a fixed external reference system and in the "69% point (C)" by Ingels et al, the motion vector (M) of a point was expressed in two components; the contracting component (Y) directed toward the point C, and the component vertical to it, the shearing component (X). In the control group, the magnitude of M and its contracting component were widely varied with the location along the endocardial surface (5.6 +/- 1.6, 5.0 +/- 1.5 mm in the apex, 10.9 +/- 2.2, 10.4 +/- 2.0 mm in the inferior base, p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, respectively). The shearing component and the angle theta at which M and Y meet, showed narrow normal ranges (1.9 +/- 1.4 mm, 15.1 +/- 1.4 mm, 15.1 +/- 11.2 degrees), and were independent of their locations. In the ischemic group, however, the points of non-ischemic regions showed low values of theta (14.9 +/- 8.9 degrees), which were not significantly different from those of the control group, while the points of ischemic regions showed high values of theta (over 2SD of the control group). The distribution of these points with abnormal theta values was well correlated to that of the segments with asynergic motion evaluated by both real-time two-dimensional echocardiography and left ventriculography (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, respectively). These results suggest that this new approach with quantitative echocardiography is sensitive and specific for the assessment of regional wall motion of the left ventricle and may provide accurate clinical information for the evaluation of ischemic heart disease.
Adolescent↗
Structure and expression of human IFN-alpha genes.
Copy DNA (cDNA) was prepared from induced leucocyte poly(A) RNA and cloned in Escherichia coli. IFN-alpha cDNA clones were isolated by subculture cloning with the use of a translation hybridization assay. Definitive identification of the clones was based on the production of an interferon-like protein by the transformed bacteria. Different IFN-alpha cDNAs, with characteristic target cell specificities, were identified. The cloned cDNAs typically encode a mature polypeptide of 166 (or, for IFN-alpha 2, 165) amino acids and a signal sequence of 23 amino acids. A human chromosomal library was screened with IFN cDNA and 17 distinct IFN-alpha-related sequences were isolated and identified, of which 7 proved to be nonallelic authentic genes and 4 pseudogenes; 6 sequences remain to be elucidated. Taking into account the work of Goeddel and his colleagues, 13 non-allelic authentic genes and 6 pseudogenes can be distinguished. In addition, 9 genes believed to be allelic to the 13 authentic genes have been sequenced. The IFN-alpha genes may be classified into two major subfamilies, which diverged at least 33 Ma ago, but perhaps much earlier, if sequence rectification occurred. At least one IFN-alpha gene appears to have resulted by a recombinational event between members of the subfamily I and II. IFN-beta is distantly related to IFN-alpha's and may have diverged from a common ancestor at least 500 Ma ago. Both IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes differ from most other genes of higher organisms by being devoid of introns. The mouse was found to possess an IFN-alpha gene family of a size similar to that of man; the murine genes also do not have introns. IFN-alpha genes devoid of their signal sequence were joined to prokaryotic promoters to produce the mature interferons in E. coli in high yield. IFN-alpha 2, purified to homogeneity, has been crystallized by T. Unge and B. Strandberg (Uppsala). Hybrid genes consisting of IFN-alpha 1 and IFN-alpha 2 segments were constructed and expressed in E. coli; the target cell specificities of such hybrids were dependent on the arrangement of the segments and were different from those of either parent. The chromosomal gene for HuIFN-alpha 1 was introduced into mouse L cells to study the mechanism of its expression. Correct transcription was only detected after induction (with Newcastle disease virus); expression was transient, with the same kinetics as those of the endogenous mouse IFN mRNA. Natural murine IFNs and human IFN-beta and IFN-gamma are glycosylated. Because E. coli cells transformed with the genes of eukaryotic glycoproteins are not expected to yield correctly glycosylated polypeptides, we prepared lines of hamster cells permanently transformed with hybrid plasmids, which contained an IFN gene linked to the SV40 early promoter, as well as dihydrofolate reductase as a selective marker. After intracellular amplification of the introduced genes, cell lines were obtained which constitutively produced IFN at about 40 000 units ml-1 and could be propagated for at least several months.
Base Sequence↗
Regional blood flows measured in Mongolian gerbil by a modified microsphere method.
Regional blood flow to major organs and regional cerebral blood flow were determined in seven anesthetized male gerbils by a modified microsphere method. Carbonized microspheres, 15 micrometers in diameter and labeled with 85Sr or 141Ce, were injected into the left ventricle by cardiac puncture through the closed thorax, and reference samples of known volume were withdrawn from tail-artery cannula. No significant hemodynamic alterations were observed during microsphere administration, and extraction of 15-micrometers microspheres by the pulmonary or systemic capillary beds was nearly 100%. The adequacy of mixing of microspheres in the left ventricle was also validated. The absolute regional blood flow to various organs and regional cerebral blood flow were expressed in terms of milliliters per minute per gram tissue weight, and the values mostly agreed with those reported previously in rats. The results indicate that the reference sample method can be applied to the gerbil. This method should allow the gerbil, which is an animal widely used in stroke research, to be conveniently used for hemodynamic studies when organ blood flow and regional cerebral blood flow are necessary.
Adrenal Glands↗
Structure and expression of human alpha-interferon genes.
cDNA was prepared from induced leukocyte poly(A) RNA and cloned in Escherichia coli. Interferon (IFN)-alpha cDNA clones were isolated by subculture cloning using a translation hybridization assay. Definitive identification of the clones was based on the production of an interferon-like protein by the transformed bacteria. Different IFN-alpha cDNAs, with characteristic target cell specificities, were identified. The cloned cDNAs typically encode a mature polypeptide of 166 (or, in the case of IFN-alpha 2, 165) amino acids and a signal sequence of 23 amino acids.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid and thromboxane generation in patients with hypertension or cerebrovascular disease.
The aggregability of platelets to arachidonic acid (AA) was investigated in 26 control subjects, 40 patients with essential hypertension, 20 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) not taking aspirin and 11 patients with CVD taking aspirin. The aggregability of platelets was evaluated on the basis of threshold concentrations of AA to induce irreversible platelet aggregation. The enhanced sensitivity of platelets to AA was observed more frequently in hypertensives and/or CVD patients not taking aspirin than in the controls. The relationship between platelet aggregation induced by AA and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) formation from AA or prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) in platelets was also studied in the subjects taking or not taking aspirin. It was proposed that the assessment of platelet aggregability with AA could provide a tool for identifying a subgroup of patients who might substantially benefit from the secondary preventive treatment with aspirin or other anti-platelet drugs. The clinical usefulness of this aggregation test for the management of the patients taking aspirin was also discussed.
Adolescent↗
Plasma concentrations of thromboxane B2 in patients with hypertension or cerebrovascular disease.
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Adolescent↗
Diurnal variations in monoamine contents in discrete brain regions of the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).
Under controlled conditions of environmental light and darkness of 12:12 h, the concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin in six brain regions (i.e., cortex, hippocampus, striatum, midbrain including hypothalamus, pons-medulla oblongata, and cerebellum) of the male Mongolian gerbil, an animal widely used in stroke research, were measured fluorometrically at different times of the day. The significant daily fluctuations in these monoamine concentrations were observed in cortex, striatum, hippocampus, midbrain including hypothalamus, and pons-medulla oblongata. Thus, diurnal variations have to be taken into account when studying the effects of ischemia on the change of monoamine concentrations in these brain areas of the gerbil.
Animals↗
[Localized disorders of left ventricular wall motion in congestive cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].
Left ventricular wall motion was studied by two-dimensional echocardiography in 11 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy and was compared with the data of the electrocardiogram and cardiac catheterization. A segmental analysis of left ventricular wall motion was performed using 9 segments obtained by short- and long-axis views of the left ventricle. Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction were calculated from the apical long-axis view by area-length method. Asynergy such as dyskinesis or akinesis was detected in 8 of the 11 patients. Two patients with complete left bundle branch block had asynergy in the septal, anterior and apical segments. In 3 patients with abnormal Q waves inI, aVL and V5,6, asynergy was observed in the different area of the left ventricle in addition to the corresponding region with EKG abnormalities. However, in 3 patients, asynergy occurred without any Q waves. The left ventricle with asynergy had an increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a decreased ejection fraction as compared to those without asynergy. As congestive cardiomyopathy had high incidence of asynergy, it was difficult to differentiate congestive cardiomyopathy from ischemic heart disease by two-dimensional echocardiography.
Adult↗
Separation of four components of the phosphoenolpyruvate: glucose phosphotransferase system in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Four classes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus mutants defective in the phosphoenolpyruvate: glucose phosphotransferase system (PTS) are described. They were phenotypically different, and were defective in different PTS components. The components designated tentatively as II, I, III, and H were separated by gel filtration of a wild-type extract. Component II, which was specific for glucose and found in the particulate fraction, is probably membrane-bound, glucose-specific enzyme II. Both components I and H were soluble proteins, and the latter was relatively heat-stable. Component I was required for phosphorylation of glucose, trehalose, fructose, mannose, and mannitol. Component H was also required for phosphorylating all the above sugars except fructose. These and some additional findings strongly suggest that components I and H correspond to enzyme I and HPr, respectively. Component III, a soluble heat-stable protein, may be equivalent to the sugar-specific factor III found in other organisms, although it seems to participate in phosphorylating two sugars, glucose and trehalose. There were evidences that mutants defective in components I and III were deficient in cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate synthesis under certain conditions.
Carbohydrate Metabolism↗