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Biomedical subjects

A Digranes

Publications and source records attributed to A Digranes.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Norfloxacin: in vitro activity compared with that of seven other antibacterial agents against urinary tract pathogens.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (4:1), mecillinam, cefaclor , sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (20:1) and netilmicin against 435 clinical isolates of bacterial urinary tract pathogens have been determined. An agar dilution method was employed. Norfloxacin was the most active agent in the study on a weight-for-weight basis. The drug was highly active against Enterobacteriaceae. Norfloxacin was more active than netilmicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MICs less than or equal to 2 mg/l and less than or equal to 4 mg/l, respectively). Norfloxacin was also active against Gram-positive bacteria including enterococci and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (MICs less than or equal to 4 mg/l). Norfloxacin may well become a useful agent for the oral treatment of urinary tract infection, particularly as a drug for the treatment of infections caused by multiresistant organisms.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

Ceftazidime: in vitro comparison with cephalothin, cefuroxime, and netilmicin. A Norwegian study.

The in vitro activity of ceftazidime has been compared with those of cephalothin, cefuroxime, and netilmicin against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in order to register sensitivity patterns in the western part of Norway. An agar dilution method was used for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. Ceftazidime was the most active agent against Enterobacteriaceae; all isolates being inhibited by 2 mg/l or less, whereas netilmicin was slightly less active, especially against Providencia. Cephalothin and cefuroxime were markedly less active than the other two agents against Enterobacteriaceae. Ceftazidime and netilmicin were active against our Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (MICs less than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 8 mg/l, respectively). Only netilmicin had useful activity against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Ceftazidime was the least active agent against Staphylococcus aureus; nearly all the isolates had MICs of 4-8 mg/l. Cefuroxime was the most active agent against Bacteroides fragilis, whereas ceftazidime was inactive. Ceftazidime may, in the future, be a useful alternative to the aminoglycosides in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections, particularly when P. aeruginosa might be involved.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Clinical effect and pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulphadiazine in children with urinary tract infections.

The clinical effect and pharmacokinetics of the combination trimethoprim (TMP)-sulphadiazine (SD) were studied in 18 children with acute urinary tract infections (UTI), aged 2-56 months. A suspension of TMP-SD (9 + 41 mg/ml) was taken orally twice daily for 10 days. Various doses of TMP (2.9-3.7 mg/kg/day) and SD (12.9-16.7 mg/kg/day) were also given to children of different ages. After 2-4 days of treatment, bacterial cultures of urine were negative and C-reactive protein in serum, WBC count and ESR in all patients had become normal. Steady state serum levels for both components were reached after 4 or more days of treatment. At steady state, mean peak serum concentrations of TMP and SD of 1.4 micrograms/ml and 27 micrograms/ml, respectively, were found within 2-4 h after a fasting morning dose. The biological half-lives of TMP and SD were of the same order of magnitude, but the total clearance of TMP was 5 times greater than that of SD. The concentrations of TMP-SD in urine were invariably more than 10 times the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for the causative organisms (tested at the ratios 1:20 and 1:4 of TMP and SD). Non-metabolized SD constituted 77% of total SD in urine of infants, and 55% of total SD in children of 1 year or more. The TMP-SD combination showed a satisfactory clinical effect and favourable pharmacokinetic properties in children with UTI.

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary↗
PubMed1983

The in vitro activity of gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin against 500 clinical isolates of bacteria. A comparative study using three different test media.

The in vitro activities of the three aminoglycoside antibiotics, gentamicin, and tobramycin have been compared against 500 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. An agar dilution method was employed with three sensitivity media: Iso-Sensitest Agar, Mueller-Hinton Agar and PDM-Antibiotic Sensitivity Medium. All three aminoglycosides were highly active against S. aureus (MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l) and the majority of Enterobacteriaceae (MIC90 approx. 1 mg/l). Tobramycin showed the highest activity against P. aeruginosa (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l). No major difference in measured MIC were found on the three media. Gentamicin and netilmicin were somewhat less active against P. aeruginosa on Mueller-Hinton Agar. MICs for tobramycin against Enterobacteriaceae were a little higher on PDM than on the other two agars. Our results show that measured MIC varied very little on the three sensitivity media. All media are suitable for routine use, provided that control strains are employed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

N-formimidoyl thienamycin: in vitro comparison with cefoxitin and tobramycin against clinical, bacterial isolates.

The in vitro activity of the novel beta-lactam antibiotic, N-formimidoyl thienamycin (N-f thienamycin) has been compared with those of cefoxitin and tobramycin. An agar dilution method was employed. N-f thienamycin was active against all Enterobacteriaceae isolates (MIC less than or equal to 4 mg/l). All Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were inhibited by 2 mg/l. N-f thienamycin was also active against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (96 per cent inhibited by 0.5 mg/l) and Gram-positive cocci. All enterococci were inhibited by 2 mg/l. The drug was active against Haemophilus influenzae (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) and the Bacteroides fragilis group (MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l). Cefoxitin was inactive against most Enterobacter and A. calcoaceticus isolates and all P. aeruginosa and enterococcal isolates. Tobramycin was virtually inactive against Gram-positive cocci other than Staphylococcus aureus. N-f thienamycin thus has a broad spectrum of in vitro activity, greater than that of cefoxitin and tobramycin, and may therefore be useful in the treatment of serious infection, particularly when the aetiology is unknown.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1983

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: in vitro susceptibility of 150 clinical isolates to five beta-lactam antibiotics and tobramycin.

The in vitro activities of azlocillin, carbenicillin, ceftriaxone, piperacillin, N-formimidoyl thienamycin (N-f thienamycin) and tobramycin have been compared against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 100) and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (n = 50). An agar dilution method was employed for measurement of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Tobramycin was the most active drug against P. aeruginosa (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l). Of the beta-lactam antibiotics, N-f thienamycin and tobramycin were highly active against A. calcoaceticus (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l), although one isolate was resistant to tobramycin (MIC greater than 16 mg/l). The other drugs were only moderately active against A. calcoaceticus.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1983

Treatment of Salmonella carriers with pivmecillinam alone or in combination with pivampicillin: experience with three patients.

3 patients with salmonella infections who continued to excrete salmonella in fecal samples for more than 6 months were treated with pivmecillinam alone or in combination with pivampicillin. Mecillinam alone cured 1 of the carriers, but was without success in the 2 others. One of these patients was cured after treatment with pivmecillinam and pivampicillin. In the last patient salmonella excretion ceased after treatment with pivmecillinam, pivampicillin and probenecid. The choice of treatment was based upon in vitro demonstration of synergism between mecillinam and ampicillin. In the last patient the final treatment was chosen after studies of the bactericidal effect of the patient's serum during various regimes.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Therapy of staphylococcal septicaemia in compromised hosts.

Despite advances in antibiotic therapy, infection remains one of the major causes of death in compromised patients, and the severity of the underlying disease often determines the outcome of the infectious disease. During a 5-year period (July 1, 1974--June 30, 1979), septicaemia was diagnosed in 604 patients admitted to Haukeland Hospital, and 175 (29%) of these patients died. 640 septic episodes occurred in the 604 patients, and 684 bacterial strains were isolated from the blood. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for 96 (14%) and 45 (6.6%) of the causative strains, respectively. 85 patients had septicaemia caused by S. aureus and 40 by S. epidermidis. 19 (22.4%) patients with S. aureus septicaemia and 9 (22.5%) with S. epidermidis septicaemia died. 12 of 21 (57%) patients with S. aureus or S. epidermidis septicaemia and underlying malignant disease died and only 16 of 104 (15%) patients with staphylococcal septicaemia and non-malignant disease. More than 96% of the S. aureus strains were susceptible to isoxazolylpenicillins, cephalothin, lincomycin or gentamicin, but only 18% to benzylpenicillin. The S. epidermidis strains were less susceptible to lincomycin and gentamicin. Single antibiotic treatment (a penicillin, cephalosporin or vancomycin) seemed as effective in staphylococcal septicaemia as combined penicillin/aminoglycoside therapy or other combinations. In compromised patients staphylococcal septicaemia is often fulminant, and antimicrobial therapy must be started as soon as specimens for microbiological cultures are obtained. So far, there is no clinical proof that antibiotic combination therapy is superior to single drug treatment. However, if penicillins can not be used or the response to single drug therapy is poor, combination therapy should be considered.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

The in vitro activity of moxalactam against 430 clinical, bacterial isolates.

The in vitro activity of the novel beta-lactam antibiotic moxalactam against 430 bacterial isolates was determined by an agar dilution method. Moxalactam was highly active against Enterobacteriaceae including indole-positive Proteus and Providencia, all isolates being susceptible to 1.0 microgram/ml or less. The drug was somewhat less active against Gram-positive cocci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci were highly resistant. All Haemophilus influenzae isolates were inhibited by 0.06 microgram/ml or less. Activity against Bacteroides fragilis was good but wide variations of minimal inhibitory concentrations were noted. Moxalactam may become a useful alternative to the aminoglycosides in the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

The N/F and Oxi/Ferm systems for identification of oxidative-fermentative Gram-negative rods: a comparative study.

Two commercial systems, the Flow N/F System and the Roche Oxi/Ferm Tube for identification of oxidative-fermentative Gram-negative rods were compared. Both systems were easy to use, but several reactions in both kits were sometimes difficult to interpret. Of 53 reference strains, 70 per cent were identified correctly by the N/F System, whereas the Oxi/Ferm Tube identified 43 per cent. Incorrect identities were obtained in 9 per cent and 26 per cent of cases by the N/F and Oxi/Ferm kits respectively. The remaining isolates required additional tests for definite identification. Of 67 clinical isolates, 27 per cent were identified differently by the 2 systems and only 30 per cent were in complete agreement. The N/F System should be of considerable use to the routine clinical laboratory for the identification of this group of organisms. The Oxi/Ferm Tube requires additional tests frequently and seems to be less accurate in our hands than the N/F System.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1981

Characteristics of 20 human Pasteurella isolates from animal bite wounds.

The bacteriological characteristics of 18 isolates of Pasteurella multocida and two isolates of Pasteurella pneumotropica from infected animal bite wounds have been studied. A high proportion (8/18) of the P. multocida isolates fermented lactose and five fermented maltose. Two failed to ferment sorbitol. Neither of the P. pneumotropica strains showed ornithine decarboxylase activity. Other biochemical characteristics were mainly in agreement with previous reports. The susceptibility of the isolates to 10 antibacterial agents has been determined by the disc diffusion method. Ampicillin, cephalothin and cotrimoxazole showed uniformly good activity whereas penicillin G and doxycycline were slightly less active. Apart from one horse bite, all bites were inflicted by cats and dogs. Two cases were serious. P. multocida seems to be a commoner occurrence in infected animal bite wounds than reports suggest. P. pneumotropica bite infections are seemingly uncommon.

Animals↗