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A Brand

Publications and source records attributed to A Brand.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Respiratory syncytial virus infections in human beings and in cattle.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in human beings and cattle all over the world. Most severe human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV)-associated disease is observed in children less than 1 year of age while most severe bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)-associated disease is observed in calves less than 6 months of age. Two subgroups of HRSV have been identified. The existence of two subgroups of BRSV has been repeatedly suggested but is not yet well established. BRSV and HRSV are closely related antigenically but antigenic differences have been observed. Seasonal periodicity of RSV infection is usual with highest incidences in autumn and winter. Stress such as caused by movement, crowding and temperature changes are considered to play a role in bovine outbreaks. Human beings and cattle are the natural hosts of HRSV and BRSV, respectively. Primarily infected individuals are the most important source of RSV during outbreaks. The role of other species in the spread of HRSV and BRSV is unknown. Protective efficacy of maternally derived antibodies is considered to be incomplete. Such antibodies do not reduce shedding of virus after HRSV and BRSV infection. RSV is often transmitted by contact with nasal secretions but may also be transmitted by aerosols. Seroprevalence of HRSV and BRSV among adult human beings and cattle is over 70% and is always higher than it is among younger individuals. Both human beings and cattle of all ages may be reinfected with RSV. During BRSV reinfections, signs of respiratory tract disease and shedding of virus are seldom observed whereas these are common during HRSV reinfections. Persistent HRSV and BRSV infections in human beings and cattle have been suggested but have not so far been reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Protective effect of blood transfusions on postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease in parous women.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative blood transfusion (BT) appeared to have adverse effects on survival after surgery for malignant tumors while pretransplantation BT suppressed allograft rejection. Interest grew in the effect of BT on postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To determine the effect of perioperative BT on the recurrence of Crohn's disease after primary surgery, the medical histories of 148 patients with Crohn's disease, 62 males and 86 females (49 nonparous and 37 parous), were reviewed. Eighty-seven patients received perioperative BT. RESULTS: Overall, perioperative BT showed no effect on recurrence. Patients with Crohn's disease limited to the ileum had a better prognosis with regard to recurrence than did patients with Crohn's disease located in the colon or located in both ileum and colon, but the difference was not significant. Perioperative transfusion seemed to protect against recurrent disease after colon resection, which might be explained by the fact that colon resections, which often necessitate perioperative BT, generally result in a shorter bowel segment at risk for recurrent disease. Overall, parous women showed a worse prognosis than nonparous females and men (p = 0.022). Transfusions had a beneficial effect in parous women (p = 0.068) and, after correction for type of operation, this beneficial effect was significant (p = 0.026). After perioperative BT, parous women had a similar prognosis with respect to recurrent Crohn's disease as nonparous females and men. CONCLUSION: Perioperative BT has a beneficial effect on the postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease in parous women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Role of the neutrophil leucocyte in the local and systemic reactions during experimentally induced E. coli mastitis in cows immediately after calving.

Mammary leucocytes are the major contributors to natural defence against mastitis after a microorganism has entered the gland. This paper reviews the role of the neutrophil granulocyte during acute coliform mastitis in cows in the periparturient period. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of several neutrophil cell functions before and during experimentally induced infections are briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Health management in herds.

In this paper, the general process of health management and disease prevention at the herd level is described. The important steps include data collection, calculation of performance parameters, decision making, data analysis, problem definition, and finally installing preventive and therapeutic measures. Important components of a successful health management program include reliable data collection, automated data analysis, excellent veterinary clinical skills, and knowledge of epidemiological methods.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1993

A methodology to evaluate motion of the unstable spine during intubation techniques.

Airway management in patients with an unstable cervical spine remains a challenge. A video fluoroscopic technique that transfers the image to a floppy disk for direct measurement is described. This technique enabled standardized, direct measurement of the cervical spine during airway maneuvers before and after a C5-6 posterior instability was surgically created in five cadaveric specimens. Unsupported direct oral techniques often can cause more motion than do indirect nasal techniques, and chin lift/jaw thrust and cricoid pressure can cause as much motion as do some of the intubation techniques.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1993

Within-herd and between-herd variation in diagnosis of clinical mastitis in cattle.

In a set of data on farmer-observed clinical mastitis in cattle, all milk samples were scored with regard to milk color and milk texture (presence of flakes and viscosity). During a 1-year period, 1,106 milk samples were collected from 125 farms with a bulk milk somatic cell count < 150,000 cells/ml. The overall variation, the between-herd variation, and the within-herd variation of the scores were evaluated and compared with each other. Differences between farmers were found for the scores on the visual characteristics per sample. However, these differences were not related to the reported number of cases of clinical mastitis per year. It was concluded that the diagnostic capability of farmers whose herds had low somatic cell counts did not have a negative influence on the validity of farmer-observed clinical mastitis incidence. However, care should be taken in herds with a low frequency of cases.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

In vitro induction of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against peptides of mutant and wild-type p53.

The central role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene product in oncogenesis is gradually being clarified. Point mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are common in most human cancers and are often associated with p53 protein overexpression. Overexpressed wild-type or mutant determinants of the p53 protein thus represent an attractive target for immunotherapy of cancer directed against a structure involved in malignant transformation. An important step towards this goal is identification of epitopes of p53 that can be recognized by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We identified peptides of (mutant) p53 capable of binding to HLA-A2.1 in an in vitro assay. These HLA-A2.1-binding peptides were utilized for in vitro induction of primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses using a human processing-defective cell line (174CEM.T2) as antigen-presenting cell. These cells display "empty" HLA class I surface molecules, that can efficiently be loaded with a single peptide. We obtained CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones capable of specifically lysing target cells loaded with wild-type or tumor-specific mutant p53 peptides. This strategy allows the in vitro initiation of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against target molecules of choice.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Spontaneous recovery from the Guillain-Barré syndrome is associated with anti-idiotypic antibodies recognizing a cross-reactive idiotype on anti-neuroblastoma cell line antibodies.

The presence of suppressive antibody activity in sera from patients spontaneously recovered from the Guillain-Barré syndrome was investigated by analyzing the ability of postrecovery serum to inhibit anti-neuroblastoma cell line antibody binding in sera from seven patients in the prerecovery phase or with a chronic form of the disease. All 12 recovered patients analyzed were found to have inhibitory IgG antibodies in their postrecovery sera, of which the F(ab')2 fragments mediated the inhibitory effect. The pattern of inhibition suggests that about half of the patients share cross-reactive idiotypes of high affinity. The efficiency of the inhibition mediated by anti-idiotypic antibodies in spontaneously recovered patients was twice as high as that mediated by anti-idiotypes present in therapeutical preparations of polyclonal immunoglobulins for intravenous use (IVIG). Affinity chromatography of IVIG and serum from a recovered Guillain-Barré syndrome patient on autoantibody-containing F(ab')2 fragments revealed, first, that inhibitory anti-idiotypic antibodies are specifically retained on autoantibodies and, second, that these antibodies constitute less than 1% of the total IgG antibody content.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1993

Dynamics of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections: a longitudinal epidemiological study in dairy herds.

To study the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections during the year, the incidences of primary infections and reinfections were monitored by titrating antibodies to bovine RSV (BRSV) in cattle above 2 months of age in 6 dairy herds in the Netherlands. From August 1990 until September 1991, 884 cattle were sampled at one-month intervals. A total of 155 cattle, most under two years of age, had a primary antibody response. Antibody rises were found in 259 cattle of all ages. The highest incidences of BRSV infections were found in one period either in autumn or winter. In other seasons, primary infections were rare, whereas reinfections were not uncommon. In 5 out of the 6 herds, two seronegative sentinel calves were introduced at the end of the winter and none developed specific antibodies before the next winter. The observations strongly suggest that, in spite of regular reinfections, BRSV circulates during spring or summer at a very low level or not at all. Persistent BRSV infection in a number of cows might be a means for the virus to survive during summer, but a steady rate of reinfection of seropositive cows throughout the year at a low level might also maintain a reservoir of infectious virus. This study adds to the knowledge of frequency and timings of primary infections and reinfections of BRSV and it might contribute to the study of these issues of human RSV.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Multiple minor histocompatibility antigen disparities between a recipient and four HLA-identical potential sibling donors for bone marrow transplantation.

A patient with acute leukemia and her family including four HLA-identical siblings were analyzed to select a donor who was not only HLA- but also minor histocompatibility (mH) antigen compatible for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The HLA-A2 restricted mH antigen-specific HA-1, -2, -4, and -5 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones were used to type the family members for expression of these mH antigens. The patient and one HLA-identical sibling were compatible for these mH antigens. This sibling was selected as the bone marrow donor. The patient engrafted promptly but developed acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease. To study the presence of other mH antigen disparities between recipient and donor, host-versus-graft CTL lines and clones were generated by stimulation of recipient peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with donor bone marrow cells, and graft-versus-host CTL lines were generated after BMT by stimulation of PBLs of donor origin with recipient bone marrow cells. These CTL lines were cytotoxic to cells from the bone marrow donor and from the recipient, respectively, and to cells from several other family members. T-cell lines, generated from the patient after BMT by stimulation of recipient-derived PBLs with donor bone marrow cells, exhibited no specific cytotoxicity to donor or recipient cells. Chimerism studies after BMT revealed that the PBLs and T-cell lines generated after BMT were of donor origin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1993

Classification of newly calved cows into moderate and severe responders to experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis.

In the present study newly calved cows were tentatively classified as moderate and severe responders to experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis based upon the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating capacity of their blood neutrophils before infection. The groups differed in blood and milk composition prior to infection. This initial classification was supported by the corresponding variation in clinical symptoms and in the changes in milk production and composition measured during mastitis. Responses of newly calved cows to Esch. coli challenge varied from mild to severe symptoms of inflammation in infected glands and differed in the intensity of systemic disturbances and general illness. Losses in milk yield and compositional changes were most pronounced in inflamed glands and in severe responders. In inflamed glands milk yield and composition did not return to preinfection level in either moderate or severe responders. The yields of lactose, alpha-lactalbumin, casein and fat followed the same pattern as milk yield. It is concluded that the severe and long lasting systemic disturbances observed in severe responders can be ascribed to absorption of endotoxin from infected glands into circulation, indicating the important role of endotoxin in the pathology of coliform mastitis in periparturient cows. Evaluation of the ROS-generating capacity of blood neutrophils and blood and milk composition before infection might help to predict the cow's sensitivity to Esch. coli mastitis.

Animals↗