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Biomedical subjects

A B Miller

Publications and source records attributed to A B Miller.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

A study of diet and breast cancer.

A case-control study has been conducted in four areas in Canada in which 400 cases of breast cancer matched by age and marital status with neighborhood controls were administered a medical and dietary history questionnaire, a 24-hour recall for dietary information and a four-day diet record. The Study has produced evidence of an association between an increased intake of nutrients, especially total fat, in both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women with breast cancer. Reasons why a weak association might have been anticipated are discussed, and it is concluded that in reality the association is stronger. Furthermore, its consistency with other evidence, both experimental and international, suggests that it is causal.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

An epidemiologic study of breast cancer.

A case-control study has been conducted in four areas of Canada in which 400 cases of breast cancer matched by age and marital status with neighborhood controls were administered medical and dietary questionnaires. The study is suggestive of an increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women with younger age at menarche and an increased risk with delay of age at natural menopause. No protective effect of early age at first pregnancy was demonstrated in either pre- or post-menopausal women. An increased frequency of pregnancies of four months duration or less was found in cases compared to controls and a greater frequency in pre-menopausal cases compared to controls of a history of irregular menstrual periods. In pre-menopausal women no association has been found between increased height and weight as risk factors for breast cancer. For post-menopausal women, however, a weak association with increased height has been found, while a strong association with increased weight both at the time of menopause and the 12 months preceding diagnosis has ben confirmed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

An overview of hormone-associated cancers.

Data on the etiology of hormone-associated cancers are reviewed. Although for breast cancer many risk factors point to the relevance of hormonal factors, findings are not uniform. Evidence points to the importance of dietary factors, and one study appears to confirm an association with high total fat intake. Dietary factors, although possibly mediated through a hormonal mechanism, may eventually be found to play a major role in the etiology of breast cancer. Studies of both endometrial and ovarian cancer also show the importance of hormonally associated factors, although not always in the same way as for breast cancer. In addition, both for these sites and for cancer of the prostate, dietary factors may also be relevant in their etiology. As yet, no direct assessment of the importance of diet has been attempted for these sites, but this could be rewarding.

Black People↗
PubMed1978

Epidemiology and colorectal cancer.

Data from international sources and from Canada are reviewed concerning the incidence and mortality for colorectal cancer. Nutritional factors are almost certainly relevant in etiology although, with differing sex ratios for different sites of the colon and rectum, it cannot be assumed that they will operate to the same extent throughout the large bowels. The results of studies currently available are conflicting and further study is obviously required.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1977

Artificial sweeteners and human bladder cancer.

A positive association between the use of artificial sweetners, particularly saccharin, and risk of bladder cancer in males has been observed in a case-control study of 480 men and 152 women in three Provinces in Canada. The risk ratio for ever versus never used is 1-6 for males (P=0-009, one-tailed test), and a significant dose-response relationship was obtained for both duration and frequency of use. The population attributable risk for males is estimated at 7%, though for diabetics, who have a similar risk ratio for artificial sweetner use as non-diabetics, the attributable risk is 33%.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1977

Recent trends in lung cancer mortality in Canada.

In the last decade lung cancer mortality has continued to increase in men, especially those aged 35 to 64 in the province of Quebec, and it has increased strikingly in women. The percentage of regular smokers of cigarettes has decreased recently among men but has increased among women. It is concluded that it may be some years before mortality begins to decrease in either sex, though decreases may be anticipated earliest in men in Ontario, the Prairies and British Columbia. More antismoking efforts directed to individuals are required, especially for young women.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Role of nutrition in the etiology of breast cancer.

International differences in breast cancer morbidity and mortality and studies on migrating populations point to the overriding importance of environmental factors in the etiology of breast cancer. Factors directly or indirectly associated with ovarian activity do not appear to explain international differences. Population correlation studies have indicated that much of the difference appears to be explicable on the basis of nutritional factors, particularly, high total fat intake. Animal experimental studies confirm the importance of high fat diet, possibly mediated through prolactin. Other indirect support for the nutritional hypothesis is supplied by changing incidence rates in Iceland, possibly correlated with changing nutritional practices and the association of breast cancer with weight and possibly also with height. The association with height (which would suggest nutritional effects mediated through childhood diet) has not been supported by a study in Canada. Direct investigation of the association between nutrition and breast cancer is difficult because of problems in dietary methodology. Nevertheless, the results of a Canadian case-control study provide support for the importance of high fat intake. Further studies of this question are undoubtedly required, however, before specific recommendations on dietary modification can be made.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Combined treatment with BCG and chemotherapy for metastatic gastrointestinal cancer.

The survival of patients who have cancers of the gastrointestinal tract is poor even after surgical resection of all gross disease. In an initial consecutive series of patients with metastatic or recurrent cancers, an attempt to improve survival with combined nonspecific immunostimulation by the intraperitoneal administration of BCG followed by oral BCG cycled with chemotherapy was studied. The results suggested that a population of patients with gastric and colonic cancers showed improved survival with this treatment. A randomized trial of combined chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy alone was begun on November 1, 1974, for all cancers of the stomach and pancreas and all colorectal cancers beyond stage C by Dukes' classification. The initial results with patients entered by December 31, 1975, and followed until March 1, 1976, are reported.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1977

Postexercise systolic time intervals in the midsystolic click syndrome.

Postexercise systolic time intervals (STI) were measured in ten patients (PMV group) with auscultatory evidence of the midsystolic click syndrome (i.e. one or more systolic nonejection clicks alone or in association with the late systolic murmur), and compared to eight age-matched volunteers (control group) with no evidence of heart disease. Following measurement of supine STIs, the subjects pedalled an upright bicycle ergometer at progressive work loads until a target heart rate (HR) representing 85% of the age-adjusted maximum was attained, or an abnormal end point was noted. Immediately postexercise, a repeat measurement of STIs, was obtained. A shortened or unchanged postexercise left ventricular ejection time corrected for HR (deltaLVETc) and a marked shortening of total electromechanical systole after exercise (deltaQS2c) constituted a normal STI response to stress testing and was noted in all control subjects. All of the PMV group exhibited evidence of left ventricular dysfunction characterized by a prolonged deltaLVETc. It is concluded that an abnormal STI response to exercise consistent with left ventricular dysfunction can be demonstrated in patients with prolapse of the mitral valve by the response of the STI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Mortality from cancer of the uterus in Canada and its relationship to screening for cancer of the cervix.

Age-standardized death rates at ages 30-64 from cancer of the uterus in the 10 provinces of Canada have been assessed in 1950-52, 1960-62 and 1970-72, and changes in rats over these periods related to screening for cancer of the cervix and variables derived from the censuses of 1961 and 1971. Death rates at the county and census division level have also been assessed for the provinces of Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Alberta for 1960-62 and 1970-72 and related to screening and census-derived variables. There is little indication of a contribution of screening to the fall in death rates that occurred in eight of the 10 provinces from 1950-52 to 1960-62. There is, however, evidence of an important and significant contribution of the intensity of screening (as indicated by the number of cervical cytology examinations conducted in 1966 expressed as a rate per 1,000 female population aged 20 or more) to the fall in death rates at both the provincial and county or census division levels from 1960-62 to 1970-72, and this effect is not abolished by taking the census-derived variables into account. It is concluded that a significant effect of intensity of screening on the reduction in mortality from cancer of the uterus in Canada in the age-group 30-64 over the period 1960-62 to 1970-72 has been demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Left axis deviation: diagnostic contribution of stress testing and post-exercise systolic time intervals.

The response to graded submaximal upright bicycle ergometry combined with resting and postexercise systolic time intervals (STIs) was investigated in ten ambulatory subjects (study group) with normal electrocardiograms except for a frontal plane axis of greater than or equal to -30 degrees, or left axis deviation (LAD) mean -40 degrees); and eight age-matched volunteers (control group) with a normal ECG and frontal plane axis (mean +35 degrees). Following a 12-lead resting ECG, supine STIs were measured. The subjects then exercised on a bicycle ergometer at progressive workloads with ECG and blood pressure monitoring until a heart rate based on 85 percent of tha age-predicted maximum was attained or an abnormal end point was noted. STIs were repeated immediately postexercise. Prolongation of left ventricular ejection time corrected for heart rate (LVETc) of 8 msecs or more from rest to post-exercise. (deltaLVETc) was considered an abnormal STI response. The deltaLVETc can elicit left ventricular dysfunction and possible latent organic heart disease in patients with isolated left axis deviation.

Adult↗