[Taste effectiveness of mixtures of sodium 5'-inosinate and various amino acids].
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Amino Acids↗
Biomedical subjects
A Adachi
Publications and source records attributed to A Adachi.
Thermosensitive and osmoreceptive afferent fibers in the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve.
The hepatic vagus nerve contains various thermosensitive afferent fibers which are widely varied in their sensitivity. Their Q10 values lie between 4 and 16. The discharge rate is positively correlated with increase of liver temperature (warm fiber type). The result supports the existence of a thermosensitive structure in the liver which may possibly contribute to maintain thermal homeostasis. Neural responses to the osmotic changes in the perfusion solution have been analyzed. It was found that two different types of osmosensitive afferent fibers exist in the hepatic vagus; one is characterized by increasing the frequency of spike discharges in response to higher osmotic pressure, while the other shows the same response to lowered levels. Behavioral changes caused by hepatic vagotomy were observed. These results provide evidence for the existence of an osmoreceptor mechanism. The role of these hepatic afferent nerves in homeostasis are briefly discussed.
Animals↗
Projection of the hepatic vagal nerve in the medulla oblongata.
Afferent neurons in the solitary tract nucleus (NTS) which innervate the liver were identified by electrical stimulation of the hepatic branch of the vagus. This nerve branch projects predominantly into the left side of the medulla. A collision test was employed to discriminate the afferent unit discharges from the efferent ones. These afferent neurons are characterized by no cancellation of the evoked unit discharges by the collision. Latencies were widely scattered and lay between 73.2 and 222.5 ms. A variable latency in each response was always recognized. Excitability curves obtained by applications of conditioning and test stimuli revealed that there exist two different types of units; one is characterized by a higher safety factor for synaptic transmission, while the other shows a lower safety factor than the former. It is concluded that the neurons in the NTS activated by the hepatic vagal afferent nerve locate predominantly in the left side of the medulla and also these nerve fibers are mostly non-medullated fibers in which conduction velocities are slower than 1 m/s. The variable latency recognized in each neuron and low safety factors for synaptic transmission recognized in some neurons indicate integrative action within the NTS as well as a relay of the afferent signals from the liver.
Animals↗
Hepatic thermogenesis relation to food intake in the conscious rat.
It is well known that the body temperature increases during food intake. However, probably because of high thermal conduction within the body, it is rather difficult to determine the main organ that is the source of participates heat production in association with food intake. Our study revealed that increased temperature in the liver during food intake was more predominant than that in the other parts of the abdomen. To further confirm this, we attempted to measure the temperature of both the liver and blood in the portal vein, simultaneously. The temperature of the liver was always higher than that of the portal blood. This implies that hepatic thermogenesis is continuous. The difference between these two temperatures may indicate whether or not hepatic thermogenesis contributes to the increase in body temperature during food consumption. It becomes apparent that the participation of thermogenesis of the liver, along with that of the brown adipose tissue in body temperature increase, is influenced by the composition of food, such as high or low protein in the diet.
Animal Feed↗
Clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 not producing cholera toxin.
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Cholera↗
In vivo microdialysis studies of pineal and ocular melatonin rhythms in birds.
Pineal and retinal melatonin has an important role in the control of avian circadian rhythms. In order to study the mechanisms of circadian rhythms of melatonin synthesis in the pineal and in the eye, in vivo microdialysis was applied to these organs. In both pigeons and Japanese quails, pineal and ocular melatonin levels were high during the dark and low during the day under light-dark (LD) cycles. These rhythms persisted under constant dim light (LLdim) conditions indicating the circadian nature of pineal and ocular melatonin release. Light has two effects on melatonin synthesis. One is acute inhibition of melatonin synthesis and the other is entrainment of circadian melatonin rhythms. We have examined photoreceptors mediating these effects in the pigeon. The results have indicated that the eyes are not involved in light-induced suppression and photic entrainment of pineal melatonin release, and pineal photoreceptors themselves are likely to mediate these effects. Concerning ocular melatonin, retinal photoreceptors seem to mediate light-induced suppression and photic entrainment and no evidence supporting mediation of extraretinal photoreceptors was obtained. Because dopamine is implicated in retinal melatonin synthesis, we measured dopamine and melatonin release simultaneously from the eye of pigeon. In contrast to melatonin rhythms, dopamine increased during the day and decreased during the dark. This antiphase relationship between melatonin and dopamine persisted in LLdim, suggesting an interaction between these two rhythms. The results of an intraocular injection of dopamine or melatonin in the phase of melatonin and dopamine rhythms indicated that the interaction is required for maintaining the antiphase relationship between the two rhythms.
Animals↗
Kappa/lambda ratios of IgG, IgA and IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome.
The kappa/lambda (kappa/lambda) ratios of IgG, IgA and IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the sera of 10 patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome were analyzed. The kappa/lambda ratios of IgG, IgA and IgM in the CSF and in the serum were not significantly different between the acute and the late stages of Guillain-Barré syndrome nor between Guillain-Barré syndrome and the normal controls. In the CSF, however, the concentration of albumin, IgG, IgA and IgM in the acute phases of Guillain-Barré syndrome were significantly higher than in the normal controls. These results suggest that in Guillain-Barré syndrome, the increase of immunoglobulins may not be due to intrathecal synthesis and therefore there are no significant changes in the kappa/lambda ratios in the CSF.
Adolescent↗