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PubMed1978

Comparison between the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in summer and that in winter in normal subjects.

A comparison was made between the thyrotropin (TSH) response to 500 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in summer and that in winter in ten healthy normal adults living in Supporo. The serum resin triiodothyronine (T3) uptake (RT3U), thyroxine (T4) and T3 levels were also measured. While the TSH response to TRH in summer was similar to that in winter, serum T3 concentration and free T3 index were significantly higher in winter than in summer, associated with the similar values in RT3U and T4 levels in serum. Independently measured 86 specimens (43 in summer and 43 in winter) from normal adults living in the same district also showed a significant increase in serum free T3 index as well as a slight elevation of serum T3 concentration in winter but not in serum T4 level. These results indicate that the primary change in cold winter would be the stimulation of peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 rather than the activation of hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The relevance of this interpretation was discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Museum genomics links MC1R alleles to adaptive winter coat color polymorphism in the long-tailed weasel.

Understanding the architecture of biological adaptations is a major endeavor of evolutionary biology. Using Natural History collections, we study the genetic basis and evolution of white/brown winter coat color variation in the long-tailed weasel (Neogale frenata), a crucial phenological adaptation for camouflage in habitats with seasonal snow. We produced whole-genome sequencing data for museum specimens, along two winter color morph transition areas in North America, at the West and East coasts. Genome-wide association scans identified a single genomic region linked to color variation polymorphism with approximately 300 kb and 200 kb in the West and East regions, respectively, which included the pigmentation gene MC1R. We identified three MC1R alleles, two of which with deletions of nine or eight amino acids, alternatively associated with the winter brown morphs in the West and East, respectively. These deletions affect the second transmembrane domain, and in one case also the first extracellular loop, which in silico analyses predicted to impact the protein's function. Our findings show alternative intraspecific evolutionary solutions for environmental adaptation in long-tailed weasels, building on the evidence that major genes of the melanin production pathway are hotspots for recurrent and independent evolution of winter camouflage adaptation. This adaptive variation may be crucial to anchor adaptive responses facing future environmental change.

Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1↗

PubMed2025

A case of Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome diagnosed by whole-exome sequencing.

Here we report a heterozygous missense variant in the ACTB gene, NM_001101.5:c.209C>T (p.Pro70Leu), detected in a case of a mildly affected infant with Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome, characterized by unique craniofacial features, coloboma and mild developmental delay, but without lissencephaly. Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome cases with a similar mild phenotype have been reported to have the same variant in different populations, suggesting a genotype-phenotype correlation in this syndrome.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1979

Hazards to wintering geese and other wildlife from the use of dieldrin, chlorfenvinphos and carbophenothion as wheat seed treatments.

Chemical treatments of cereal seeds are used in the United Kingdom to prevent damage by a number of pests including the wheat bulb fly, which is a serious pest of winter wheat. The persistent organochlorine dieldrin was introduced in the 1950s as a seed treatment but caused the death of large numbers of grain eating birds and gave rise to unacceptable environmental contamination. The withdrawal of dieldrin as a seed treatment was made possible by the introduction of two less persistent organophosphate insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and carbophenothion. Although the introduction of these chemicals has been beneficial in reducing environmental contamination, some side-effects on wildlife have still been discernible and carbophenothion has now been withdrawn from use in Scotland owing to the deaths of wintering geese from carbophenothion poisoning. Subsequent laboratory studies have demonstrated that Anser geese are particularly susceptible to carbophenothion poisoning, and the underlying biochemical mechanism has been investigated. The fundamental problem of species variation in toxicity among the organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides which this investigation illustrates presents difficulties for registration authorities when they are considered for clearance for agricultural use. The implications of the environmental problems encountered with dieldrin, chlorfenvinphos and carbophenothion for the pre-clearance testing of new chemicals are discussed and the critical surveillance of the early years of commercial use of a chemical is recommended to support pre-clearance studies aimed at assessing the potential hazard to the environment.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

No evidence of fine-scale local adaptation of winter moths to variable tree phenology.

Spatial variation in plant phenology can impose strong selective pressures on herbivorous insects whose fitness relies on synchrony with host plants, promoting local adaptation to host timing. Winter moths (Operophtera brumata) have been shown to synchronize egg hatching with host budburst, but whether this reflects local adaptation remains unclear. We used three complementary approaches to assess small-scale local adaptation of winter moths to oak phenology in Wytham Woods, UK, a 385-hectare woodland with repeatable variation in individual oak budburst phenology. We experimentally investigated whether host tree phenology predicts hatch timing using common gardens across multiple temperatures, evaluated fitness benefits of synchrony using translocations, and assessed population structure and gene-environment associations using whole-genome sequencing. We found no support for local adaptation to individual trees. Common garden experiments revealed systematic differences in hatch timing which were unrelated to host budburst, while translocations indicated no fitness consequences of asynchrony. Genetic analyses showed no detectable population structure or association with budburst timing. Local adaptation to host phenology therefore appears not to arise on individual trees but may instead occur at broader spatial scales. Understanding the scale of local adaptation is essential for predicting how insect-plant synchrony will respond to environmental change across heterogeneous landscapes.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Dissecting the genetics of forage quality traits in soft red winter wheat in the U.S. southeast region.

Winter wheat plays a viable role in agriculture, not only as a primary grain crop but also as a valuable forage source that bridges fall-spring forage gaps in many regions, including the southeastern (SE) U.S. Despite its nutritive potential, genetic basis of forage-quality traits remains insufficiently understood, limiting breeding efforts for dual-purpose cultivars. This study aimed to dissect the genetic architecture of forage quality in 182 soft red winter wheat (SRWW) genotypes adapted to the SE U.S. using genome-wide association study (GWAS). Field experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design across three Georgia locations over two growing seasons (2023-2025), with forage sampled at the end of tillering and evaluated using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Significant phenotypic variation was observed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid and neutral detergent fiber (ADF, NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), total digestible nutrients (TDN), sugars (SUG), and relative forage quality (RFQ). Heritability estimates ranged from low-to-moderate in combined environments and from low-to-high within individual locations. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations among fiber-related traits and negative associations with TDN, RFQ, and SUG, while CP declined with increasing fiber. Genome-wide association analysis identified 282 significant marker-trait associations (P < 1×10-4) across 19 chromosomes, which were consolidated into 121 QTLs, including 27 major-effect QTLs. Three QTLs QRfq.uga-3B.1, QRfq.uga-3B.2 (RFQ) and QDm/Sug.uga-7A (DM, SUG) were stable across locations while QAdf/Adl.uga-2A (ADF, ADL) and QDm/Sug.uga-7A (DM, SUG) indicated multi-trait control. Notably, 25 of the 27 major QTLs were putatively novel, highlighting substantial untapped allelic diversity for forage-quality improvement in SE SRWW. Favorable allele accumulation resulted in an overall improvement in forage quality, increasing desirable nutritive traits (DM, RFQ, SUG, CP) while reducing undesirable traits (ADF, ADL). Candidate gene analysis linked six major QTLs with genes implicated in abiotic stress response, plant development, and metabolic regulation, supporting their functional relevance in forage-quality determination. Incorporating these loci into breeding programs provides a robust genetic framework for marker-assisted selection, enabling the development of dual-purpose wheat cultivars with enhanced forage quality, thereby strengthening wheat's utility as a reliable forage resource during periods of seasonal feed scarcity in SE production systems.

GWAS↗

PubMed1977

Virus-like particles in winter vomiting disease.

In an outbreak of winter vomiting disease affecting both pupils and staff in a primary school, virus-like particles were found in 7 out of 8 faecal specimens examined by electron microscopy. The particles measured 26 nm in diameter and had a buoyant density of 1-38--1-40 g/cm3 in caesium chloride. They could not be cultured in tissue-culture or organ-culture. In immune electron microscopy tests the particles appeared to differ antigenically from the Norwalk and Hawaii agents. Two out of three patients examined more than one month after their illness were still excreting the particles.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS T-related genes and their putative gene regulatory network in semi-winter Brassica napus cultivar Zhongshaung11.

In many species, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like genes promote the floral transition by integrating environmental signals, in particular photoperiod, and internal cues. Here we show that Brassica napus contains six FT-like genes and two pseudogenes belonging to three orthogroups. All B. napus FT-like genes induce early flowering when expressed at the shoot apical meristems of Arabidopsis thaliana ft mutants; however, BnaFT.C6 and non-orthologous FT-like genes do not encode fully functional mobile florigens. In the case of BnFT.C6, the functional change is associated with a T to C amino acid change that is restricted to semi-winter accessions. Expression of orthologs of FT is photoperiod-dependent, and two distal enhancers are conserved; however, the homeologs BnaFT.A7 and BnaFT.C6 show rearrangements of DNA motifs binding NF-Y/CO and NF-Y transcriptional activator complexes between the promoter and downstream enhancers. Motif rearrangements correlate with differences in tissue-specific expression. Furthermore, homeologs with rearranged motifs could not be transactivated by B. napus CO in transient assays, although they show LD photoperiod-dependent expression. We propose that differential diurnal expression of NF-Y genes contributes to the photoperiod-dependent regulation of B. napus FT genes.

Brassica napus↗

PubMed1979

The effects of low temperature acclimation of winter rye on catalytic properties of its ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.

A comparison was made of the kinetics of the carboxylation reaction of bicarbonate-magnesium-activated ribulose biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase purified from cold-hardened and unhardened winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma). The activity of the (NH4)2SO4-precipitated enzyme from hardened plants was stable at -20 degrees C for a month, whereas the form from unhardened plants was reversibly cold inactivated. The KmCO2 of the unhardened form increased more rapidly with decreasing pH below 8.2, but the estimated pKa of chemical groups associated with the active site was not affected by the cold hardening. The temperature dependencies of the KmCO2 of the two forms of the enzyme crossed at 10 degrees C with the effect that the catalysis of carboxylation by ribulose biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase from Puma rye was most efficient in the temperature range to which the plants had been adapted.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1978

Renal sugar transport in the winter flounder: V. secretion of 2-deoxy-D-galactose.

Isolated renal tubules and renal clearance techniques were used to characterize the renal handling of 2-deoxy-D-galactose (2-d-Gal) by the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). In vitro, energy-dependent, pH-sensitive uptake of 2-d-Gal (2-100 micron) was seen at the antiluminal face of the cell. Clearance measurements showed net secretion of 2-d-Gal in vivo. The mean clearance of 2-d-Gal in 18 fish was 0.98 +/- 0.16 ml/h while the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was only 0.37 +/- 0.10 ml/h. Secretion was associated with marked renal accumulation of both 2-d-Gal and phosphorylated derivatives (2-d-Gal-1-phosphate). Tissue-to-plasma ratios (T/P) averaged 19 for free sugar and 59 for total sugar. Both clearance ratio and T/P were reduced to approximately 1 by injection of galactose (2.5 mmol/kg) simultaneously with 2-d-Gal (25 mumol/kg). Phlorizin (2.5 mumol/kg) increased net 2-d-Gal secretion, whereas glucose (2.5 mmol/kg) produced no change in secretion. Both compounds depressed 2-d-Gal T/P. This result suggests the presence of readsorptive transport at the brush border, sensitive to glucose and phlorizin.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of the nematode fauna of winter wheat and wild grain in the foothill and lowland zones of Dagestan].

The nematode fauna of winter wheat and wild cereals in the foothill zone of Dagestan is richer than that in the lowland zone. From 117 species of nematodes recorded from the rhizosphere and organs of examined plants 105 species are reported from foothills and only 78 species from the lowland zone. In the foothill zone the average number of nematodes in 10g of root soil and organs of wheat amounts to 619 specimens, in wild cereals--to 347 specimens, in lowland zone--to 310 and 236 specimens respectively. This difference is caused by soil--climatic conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed1979