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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

The influence of diets based on whole wheat, wheat flour and wheat bran on exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs.

Six pigs, initially 40 kg live weight, were prepared with a duodenal pouch for collection of pancreatic juice to assess the influence of the type and amount of dietary fiber on exocrine pancreatic secretion. Four isonitrogenous diets were fed to each pig: W (whole wheat); WBS (whole wheat, wheat bran, wheat starch); WFS (whole wheat, wheat flour, wheat starch); and FC (wheat flour, wood cellulose). Wheat and wheat fractions came from the same batch of wheat. Crude fiber and dietary fiber (nonstarch polysaccharide) contents of diets W, WBS, WFS and FC (g/kg), respectively, were 40.8, 101.8; 63.7, 201.2; 20.5, 50.3; and 39.0, 60.7. Mean volumes of pancreatic juice (mL/24 h) for diets W, WBS, WFS and FC, respectively, were 4108, 4560, 2556 and 1757. Total enzymic and electrolyte concentrations were not significantly affected by diet changes, but mean protein and amylase outputs were lower for diet FC than for the others. It was concluded that the principal effect of increasing the dietary fiber content of the diets was to increase the volume of pancreatic juice and that this may have been due to noncellulosic components of the dietary fiber.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Wheat embryo ribonucleates. XIV. Mass isolation of mRNA from wheat germ and comparison of its translational capacity with that of mRNA from imbibing wheat embryos.

Commercially milled wheat germ is shown to be a convenient source material for facile recovery of mass (milligram) quantities of highly purified poly(A)-rich RNA. This poly(A)-rich RNA is efficiently translated in a nuclease-treated extract of rabbit reticulocytes. By sucrose density gradient fractionation of bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from wheat germ, it has been possible to show that there is a direct relationship between the molecular weights of the polypeptide products of cell-free synthesis and the molecular weights of the wheat mRNA molecules which program their synthesis. As assessed by SDS -- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the same array of polypeptides is synthesized when nuclease-treated reticulocyte extract is programmed by poly(A)-rich RNA from either commercially supplied or laboratory-prepared wheat embryos. Significantly, there are gross quantitative if not qualitative differences between the translational capacities of poly(A)-rich RNA from dry and imbibing wheat embryos, and the possible importance of these differences for interpreting a changing pattern of polypeptide synthesis in imbibing wheat embryos is the subject of a brief discussion.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Wheat embryo ribonucleates. VI. Comparison of the 3'-hydroxyl termini in 'rapidly labelled' RNA from metabolizing wheat embryos with the corresponding termini in ribosomal RNA from differentiating embryos of wheat, barley, corn and pea.

The NaCl-insoluble (2.5 M, 0 degrees C) fraction of wheat embryo RNA (iRNA) can be labelled when wheat embryos are subjected to either short-term (0.5 h) or long-term (24 h) imbibition in a medium that contains tritium-labelled adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and uridine. Electrophoretic analyses reveal that, after short-term labelling, there is a broadly heterodisperse distribution of radioactivity in 'rapidly labelled' i[3H]RNA, but after long-term labelling, there is an essentially trimodal distribution of radioactivity in i[3H]RNA. End-group analyses reveal that, after short-term labelling, adenosine is the principal 3'-hydroxyl terminus in all centrifugal subfractions of 'rapidly labelled' i[3H]RNA, whereas cytidine (in 5.8S rRNA), guanosine (in 18S rRNA) and uridine (in 26S rRNA) are the principal 3'-hydroxyl termini in centrifugal subfractions of wheat embryo i[3H]RNA. Guanosine is also the principal 3'-hydroxyl terminus in the 18S rRNA of differentiating embryos excized from both monocotyledonous (wheat, barley, corn) and dicotyledonous (pea) seedlings. The implications that the end-group measurements may have for current views about the possible biochemical involvements of 3'-hydroxyl terminal sequences in both mRNA and 18SrRNA are subjects of discussion. Incidental to the principal investigation, an existing technique for analyzing the RNA contents of cellular materials has been appropriately modified to circumvent interference from uv-absorbing pigments, which, when present, prevent application of the method to plant materials.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1977

Wheat embryo ribonucleates. IX. Generation of N2-dimethylguanylate when bulk wheat embryo tRNA is used as substrate for wheat embryo S-adenosylmethionine-tRNA methyltransferases, in vitro.

Although the cellular ribonucleates in normally growing cells are virtually saturated with respect to their customary complement of methyl substituents, it has often been reported that 'marginal' levels of (homologous) methylation can be detected when ribonucleates and enzymes from the same source material are incubated, together with S-adenosylmethionine, in vitro. Experiments were designed to acquire new insights that might be useful for circumscribing the number of possible interpretations that could be advanced to account for the introduction of 'supernumerary' methyl groups during (homologous) methylation of wheat RNA by wheat enzymes, in vitro. For a large fraction of the supernumerary methyl groups that can be introduced into wheat RNA, in vitro, it was not possible to adduce convincing evidence in support of the view that any appreciable quantity of methyl groups is ever introduced at these same sites, in vivo. The possibility that these supernumerary methyl groups might have transient existence, in vivo, and the potential physiological significance of any such occurrence are dealt with as part of a more general discussion of the experimental findings.

Guanosine↗
PubMed1987

Apparent digestibility of amino acids, gross energy and starch in corn, sorghum, wheat, barley, oat groats and wheat middlings for growing pigs.

Apparent nutrient digestibilities of yellow-dent corn, low-tannin sorghum, hard red winter wheat, barley, oat groats and wheat middlings were determined near the end of the small intestine and over the total digestive tract of growing pigs. Gross energy digestibilities for corn, sorghum and oat groats were similar; wheat had a slightly lower (P less than .05) digestibility, followed by barley (P less than .05), with wheat middlings being the least (P less than .05) digestible. About 7% of the gross energy in corn, sorghum, wheat and oat groats was digested in the large intestine, compared with 11% for barley and 17% for wheat middlings. The starch in all products was essentially 100% digestible by the end of the small intestine. Ileal amino acid digestibilities tended to be highest for wheat and oat groats, followed by corn, sorghum, barley and wheat middlings. The range in ileal digestibilities was 73.8 (sorghum) to 84.2% (wheat) for lysine, 69.6 (corn) to 81.4% (wheat) for tryptophan and 63.4 (wheat middlings) to 77.9% (oat groats) for threonine. Amino acid digestibilities determined over the total tract were generally higher than ileal digestibilities; however, values for lysine, methionine and phenylalanine were generally lower, indicating a net synthesis of these amino acids in the large intestine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

Relative nutritional availability to rats of selenium in Finnish spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fertilized or sprayed with sodium selenate and in an American winter bread wheat naturally high in Se.

A Finnish national programme to fertilize crops with sodium selenate led us to compare the nutritional availability to rats of selenium in two Finnish spring wheats (Triticum aestivum L.), either fertilized or sprayed with sodium selenate, with that in an American winter bread wheat naturally high in Se. Weanling male rats were given a Se-deficient Torula yeast diet for 4 weeks followed by either continued depletion or repletion for 4 weeks with graded levels of Se as sodium selenite (standard) or wheat (test food). Plasma and liver Se levels and plasma and liver glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSH-Px) activities were used as criteria of body Se status. The availability of Se under these conditions was calculated with the point-slope technique at two dietary levels of Se (Expt 1) and with the slope-ratio method (Expt 2). In the point-slope assay, the level of dietary Se fed had a considerable effect on the apparent availability values obtained which made interpretation of the results difficult. In the slope-ratio assay, no difference in the availability of Se from the various wheats was observed when plasma or liver Se levels were used as the response criteria. The Se in the fertilized wheat was somewhat more available than that in the sprayed wheat when plasma or liver GSH-Px activities were the response criteria. Overall, availability values (%) derived by averaging all four response criteria were 86, 77 and 73 for the fertilized and sprayed Finnish wheats and the American wheat respectively (sodium selenite 100). These results show that wheat is a relatively available source of Se to rats regardless of whether its Se content is naturally high or is increased by fertilization or spraying.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Wheat bran and wheat germ: effect on digestion and intestinal absorption of dietary lipids in the rat.

We investigated the effects of fiber-rich wheat bran and wheat germ on dietary fat and cholesterol assimilation. Rats were given a test meal containing [14C]triolein and [3H]cholesterol. After various digestion periods, addition of the wheat fractions (10% of meal solids) did not modify the lipid gastric emptying rate. Gastric and intestinal triglyceride lipolysis was significantly reduced when wheat fractions were present. The mucosal uptakes of [14C]lipids and [3H]cholesterol were significantly modified by the wheat fractions after 1 and 2.5 h. No shift in the site of intestinal absorption and no change in the distribution of labeled lipid in the intestinal mucosa was observed. Plasma [14C]lipids and [3H]cholesterol were significantly decreased by both wheat fractions whereas these increased cecal accumulation of dietary lipids and cholesterol. Thus wheat bran and wheat germ alter fat and cholesterol processing in rats. A mechanism of action accounting for the data observed in proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Binding of zinc and iron to wheat bread, wheat bran, and their components.

Wholemeal wheat bread decreases the availability and intestinal absorption of divalent metals. To define this action further, binding of zinc in vitro to a wheat wholemeal bread (Tanok), dephytinized Tanok, and cellulose was determined at pH 5.0 to 7.5. Zinc binding by each was highly pH-dependent and reached a maximum at pH 6.5 to 7.5. Removal of phytate from Tanok did not reduce its binding capability. Wheat bran at pH 6.5 and 6.8 bound 72% of iron (0.5 microgram/ml of solution) and 82.5% of zinc (1.43 microgram/ml solution), respectively. Lignin and two of the hemicellulose fractions of wheat bran and high binding capabilities for zinc (85.6, 87.1, and 82.1%, respectively) whereas a third had a lower zinc-binding capability (38.7%). Binding of zinc to various celluloses and dextrans is also demonstrated. Formation of complexes of these metals with wheat fiber can explain, at least in part, the decreased availability of dietary iron and zinc in wholemeal wheat bread.

Bread↗
PubMed1978

Wheat embryo ribonucleates XI. Conserved mRNA in dry wheat embryos and its relation to protein synthesis during early inhibition.

It has been found that bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos is broadly heterodisperse when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos has been translated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from the same commerically supplied, roller-milled wheat embryos. Compatiable with the electrophoretic heterodispersity observed for poly(A)-rich RNA, the radioactive products of its cell-free translation, when examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, have mobilities that are broadly coincident with the many dye-stained (nonradioactive) proteins present in wheat extracts. With due allowance for the limitations of the cell-free system, which is known to translate, selectively, lower molecular-weight species of mRNA, it has been concluded that the conserved poly(A)-rich mRNA in dry wheat embryos probably has the translational capacity required to account for the highly eclectic protein synthesis that we have observed during early (40-min) inhibition of viable wheat embryos.

Cell-Free System↗
PubMed1976

Flow rates of components in digesta of pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, and fed semipurified, hard wheat, and soft wheat diets.

Four pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were used to study flow rates of total digesta, insoluble dry matter, nitrogen, and amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine. The pigs received a semipurified diet, a hard wheat diet, or a soft wheat diet. These were approximately isonitrogenous. A higher rate of passage of digesta through the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were measured in pigs receiving the hard wheat diet. Peak flow of digesta at the duodenum of all pigs occurred at 1 h post feeding. Peak flow of digesta at the ileum occurred at 9 h post feeding on the soft wheat diet, but somewhat earlier on the hard wheat and semipurified diet. More nitrogen and essential amino acids flowed in the solid fraction of duodenal digesta during the first 2 h post feeding for the wheat diets and 4 h post feeding for the semipurified diet. It was concluded that flow rate of most nutrients from the stomach and through the small intestine of pigs is modified by the composition and texture of the food ingested. It is postulated that efficiency of mixing of digesta with digestive secretions in the stomach is a major factor influencing rate of flow.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1990

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in wheat. I. Genomic DNA library construction and RFLP analysis in common wheat.

To develop detailed linkage maps of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites in wheat chromosomes, it was necessary to construct a genomic DNA library and to characterize the clones obtained. Forty-nine per cent of the clones were of single or low copy number per genome. With 91 clones of this class, as probes, and with two to four restriction endonucleases, for DNA digestion, RFLPs were examined among eight common wheats and a single emmer wheat. About 20% of the probes, and 13% of the probe-enzyme combinations revealed genetic polymorphism among the common wheats. DNA deletions account for most of the genetic differences among these wheat genomes. Based on the RFLP data, phylogenetic distances among the nine polyploid wheats were estimated, and a dendrogram showing the genetic relationships among them was constructed.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed2026

Two Bacillus PGPB Strains in Wheat and Soybean: Wheat Growth Promotion Without Detectable Rhizosphere Microbiome Restructuring.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are increasingly deployed as biofertilizers, yet the link between an inoculant's genomic potential and its realized effect on the plant is rarely assessed within an integrative framework that jointly captures the rhizosphere microbiome, plant phenotype, and strain genome. Two Bacillus strains-B. halotolerans 1453 and B. pumilus 630-were applied to wheat and soybean in a factorial pot experiment (2 strains &#xd7; 2 application methods &#xd7; 3 frequencies + control, 3-4 replicates). Rhizosphere samples (n = 67 after filtering) were profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing with PICRUSt2 functional prediction and compositional validation (Aitchison PERMANOVA, ALDEx2, ANCOM-BC2). The PGPB gene repertoire was characterized by genome mining (481 marker genes, 14 categories). Wheat phenotype (six traits) and soybean height were analyzed with models appropriate for count data (Negative Binomial and binomial GLMs) for treatment-vs.-control comparisons, and with factorial ANOVA for decomposition into main effects and interactions. Crop identity was the dominant factor shaping both microbiome structure and function (PERMANOVA R2 = 14.7% taxonomically and R2 = 7.8% functionally, both p < 0.001), with biologically meaningful taxonomic differences between wheat and soybean; strain, application count and method had no significant effect on community composition (R2 < 4% each), and co-occurrence networks showed no reliable differences between crops once read depth and sample size were controlled for. Despite this neutrality at the microbiome level, inoculation significantly increased wheat spike count (NB-GLM, all 12 treatments vs. control, padj 0.0002-0.031), ear weight, and stem count, with application count the strongest source of variability and a pronounced strain &#xd7; application count. Strain 1453 outperformed 630 in spike count (+23.1%, p = 0.012) and ear weight (+20.4%, p = 0.023); we hypothesize that this may be related to its more complete DNRA pathway (narGHI + nirB-nirD) and biocontrol genes (bacE, srfAA). Strain 630 produced a less pronounced effect than strain 1453 but was subject to smaller fluctuations across replicates (CV &#x2248; 16-21% vs. &#x2248;24-26% for 1453), which may reflect better resilience to environmental fluctuations, possibly due to its confirmed rsbV/rsbW stress-tolerance regulon. Rhizosphere microbiome composition differed clearly by crop (wheat vs. soybean) but showed no detectable response to strain, application method, or application count. Despite this lack of a microbiome signal, inoculation significantly increased wheat spike count and ear weight, with the magnitude and stability of this effect differing by strain. We hypothesize that this strain-dependent difference relates to underlying genomic differences-particularly in nitrogen metabolism (DNRA pathway) and stress-tolerance genes-though this link has not been tested directly and remains a hypothesis for future work.

Triticum↗
PubMed1990

Binding of wheat and chicken high mobility group chromosomal proteins to DNA and to wheat and chicken mononucleosomes.

We have used an electrophoretic retardation assay to investigate the interactions of wheat high mobility group (HMG) proteins with DNA and with isolated trimmed mononucleosomes (complexes which contain a histone octamer and approximately 146 base pairs of DNA). In order to characterize these interactions, we have compared the binding of each of the wheat HMG proteins, HMGa, b, c, and d, with those of the low molecular weight chicken HMG proteins HMG14 and 17. These vertebrate animal HMG proteins have previously been shown to occupy two specific binding sites on animal nucleosomes and to have a greater affinity for nucleosomes than for naked DNA (Mardian, J. K. W., Paton, A. E., Bunick, G. J., and Olins, D. E. (1980) Science 209, 1534-1536; Sandeen, G., Wood, W. I., and Felsenfeld, G. (1980) Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 3757-3778). As a criterion for "specific binding," we have used the property of HMG14 and 17 binding of causing a discontinuous shift of nucleosomes to a distinct band of lower electrophoretic mobility. According to this criterion, wheat HMGb, c, and d do not bind nucleosomes specifically. These HMG proteins have approximately the same affinity for nucleosomes and naked DNA. Wheat HMGa does bind nucleosomes specifically by this criterion, but other aspects of the binding are reminiscent of histone H1-nucleosome binding. We present evidence that trimmed mononucleosomes of wheat are conformationally distinct from their animal counterparts. Despite the conformational differences, competition studies indicate that chicken and wheat mononucleosomes have essentially identical affinity for the low molecular weight animal HMG proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Effects of oat bran, rice bran, wheat fiber, and wheat germ on postprandial lipemia in healthy adults.

Six normolipidemic males ingested on separate days a low-fiber test meal [2.8 g dietary fiber (TDF)] containing 70 g fat and 756 mg cholesterol, enriched or not with 10 g TDF as oat bran, rice bran, or wheat fiber or 4.2 g TDF as wheat germ. Fasting and postmeal blood samples were obtained for 7 h and chylomicrons were isolated. Adding fibers to the test meal induced no change in serum glucose or insulin responses. The serum triglyceride response was lower (P less than or equal to 0.05) in the presence of oat bran, wheat fiber, or wheat germ and chylomicron triglycerides were reduced with wheat fiber. All fiber sources reduced chylomicron cholesterol. Cholesterolemia decreased postprandially for 6 h and was further lowered in the presence of oat bran. Serum apolipoprotein (apo) A-1 and apo B concentrations were not affected. Thus, dietary fibers from cereals may reduce postprandial lipemia in humans to a variable extent.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Wheat Ec metallothionein genes. Like mammalian Zn2+ metallothionein genes, wheat Zn2+ metallothionein genes are conspicuously expressed during embryogenesis.

A cDNA library was prepared from the bulk mRNA of mature wheat embryos and screened with mixed 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes that encoded parts of the partial amino-acid sequence for the Zn-containing Ec protein. Each DNA insert in 11 positives from a screen of 10(5) plaques encoded a 5' untranslated and a 3' untranslated region, in addition to an open reading frame (of 81 amino acids) which, in every case, corresponded to at least 56 of the 59 amino acids in the partial polypeptide sequence previously determined for the Ec protein. The three different mRNA sequences encoded in the cDNA probably correspond to single-copy genes in the A, B and D genomes of hexaploid wheat. A wheat genomic library was screened with 32P-labeled cDNA and gave a single positive in a screen of 5 x 10(5) plaques. A 3.1-kb genomic fragment (gf-3.1) was sequenced and a cap site for the encoded mRNA was determined by primer extension. The gf-3.1 sequence encodes an intronless mRNA for the Ec protein and contains appreciable amounts of 5' and 3' flanking sequences. In addition to a putative TATA box, two inverted-repeat sequences and one direct-repeat sequence, the 5' flank in gf-3.1 contains a sequence similar to the abscisic-acid-responsive element in other higher-plant genes but does not contain sequences similar to the metal-responsive elements in animal metallothionein genes. Consistent with these findings, RNA blotting shows that accumulation of Ec mRNA is abundant in immature embryos, undetectable in germinated embryos and can be induced by adding abscisic acid, but not by adding Zn2+ to the medium in which mature wheat embryos are germinated. The findings suggest that the wheat Ec metallothionein genes, like mammalian liver metallothionein genes, are conspicuously expressed during embryogenesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Cellulases and xylanase of an anaerobic rumen fungus grown on wheat straw, wheat straw holocellulose, cellulose, and xylan.

The activities of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes produced by an anaerobic fungus (R1) which resembled Neocallimastix sp. were investigated. Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), cellobiase, and filter paper (FPase) activities had pH optima of 6.0, 5.5, and 6.0, respectively. CMCase and cellobiase activities both had a temperature optimum of 50 degrees C, whereas FPase had an optimum of 45 degrees C. The pH and temperature optima for xylanase activity were pH 6.0 and 50 degrees C, respectively. Growth of the fungus on wheat straw, wheat straw holocellulose, or cellulose resulted in substantial colonization, with at least 43 to 58% losses in substrate dry matter and accumulation of comparable amounts of formate. This end product was correlated to apparent loss of substrate dry weight and could be used as an indicator of fungal growth. Milling of wheat straw did not enhance the rate or extent of substrate degradation. Growth of the R1 isolate on the above substrates or xylan also resulted in accumulation of high levels of xylanase activity and lower cellulase activities. Of the cellulases, CMCase was the most active and was associated with either low or trace amounts of cellobiase and FPase activities. During growth on xylan, reducing sugars, including arabinose and xylose, rapidly accumulated in the medium. Xylose and other reducing sugars, but not arabinose, were subsequently used for growth. Reducing sugars also accumulated, but not as rapidly, when the fungus was grown on wheat straw, wheat straw holocellulose, or cellulose. Xylanase activities detected during growth of R1 on media containing glucose, xylose, or cellobiose suggested that enzyme production was constitutive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anaerobiosis↗