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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

WRL 105 strain (H3N2) live attenuated influenza vaccine: acceptability, reactivity, and antibody response in normal, bronchitic, and geriatric volunteers.

The acceptability, reactivity, and antibody responses of recombinant WRL 105 strain, live, attenuated influenza virus vaccine administered intranasally were studied in seventeen normal adults, and in seventeen bronchitic and twenty-one geriatric volunteers. The effect on peak flow and 1-second forced expiratory volume (F.E.V.1) on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days after vaccination was measured in the bronchitic and normal groups. Seroconversion occurred in 80% to tht homologous virus, in 40.6% to A/Victoria/3/75, and in 26.5% to A/England/864/75 in subjects with pre-vaccination haemagglutination inhibition titres of less than 1/40. A fourfold or greater increase in homologous anti-neuraminidase antibody was found in 48% of twenty-seven infected subjects when measured by a new elution inhibition technique. The frequency and nature of symptoms were similar in both infected and non-infected groups. No significant changes in F.E.V.1 occurred, but on days 5 and 7 there was a decrease in peak flow measurements in both infected and non-infected groups when assessed as the percentage change of the pre-vaccination value.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2026

Navigating acceptance: challenges and barriers to Nipah virus vaccine uptake in Malaysia's muslim-majority context.

INTRODUCTION: The development of Nipah virus (NiV) vaccine offers a vital opportunity for pandemic preparedness in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia, where the first outbreak occurred. However, vaccine acceptance must be understood within diverse cultural, religious, and social contexts. AREAS COVERED: This review explores key challenges and barriers to NiV vaccine uptake among Malaysia's Muslim-majority population, drawing insights from past rollouts such as COVID-19 and HPV vaccines. Key issues include religious concerns, misinformation, historical hesitancy, lack of trust in health authorities, and gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions, which collectively hinder vaccine acceptance and uptake. The paper also highlights enablers namely religious endorsements, transparent communication, and culturally sensitive engagement with trusted healthcare and community leaders. Evidence-based strategies, like motivational interviewing, narrative communication, and tailored outreach, are discussed. Finally, the 7C model is introduced as a structured framework to address behavioral and psychological barriers to vaccination. EXPERT OPINION: Research gaps remain in understanding local psychological drivers, religious governance dynamics, and misinformation patterns. Future efforts should prioritize nationwide KAP studies, validation of behavioral frameworks such as the 7C model, and interventional research on culturally tailored communication. Integrating early halal certification and coordinated religious engagement will be essential for effective and equitable uptake.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Poliomyelitis epidemic in the Netherlands, 1978.

Some provisional data are given of the polio-epidemic in The Netherlands in 1978. Contrary to previous outbreaks, the present epidemic did not only affect areas with low vaccination acceptance rates, cases were also reported from many municipalities with acceptance rates of 90% and over. The epidemic caused by type 1 started mid-April 1978 in the centre of the country. Up to 1st November 110 cases were reported from a belt running from South-West (Zeeland) to North-East (Overijssel). Only one death occurred among the 80 paralyzed cases. The epidemic exclusively struck a population of some Protestant denominations which mostly reject vaccination on religious grounds. The majority of the cases belong to a population of about 66,000 individuals under the age of 27, who were not vaccinated on religious grounds. No case of polio, however, was found in about 384,000 individuals under the age of 27 who has not been vaccinated on other than religious grounds. No case of polio occurred in the vaccinated (inactivated poliovaccine) population. The exclusive spread of the epidemic in a poorly vaccinated but coherent population, whose members are thoroughy mixed in an extremely well vaccinated population (annual acceptance rate about 95%) is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Benefit-cost analysis of rubella vaccination policy.

To analyze rubella vaccination strategies we calculated benefits and costs of prevention or rubella. With no vaccination, lifetime expenditures for congenital rubella syndrome in offspring of females are greater than $35 per female (present value). Expenditures for acute rubella are less than $2.70 per person. Cost, when monovalent vaccine is used, is $3.00 per person. Vaccination of females at 12 years of age yields net benefits 80 per cent larger than vaccination of children at two. When only 80 per cent of the target group accepts vaccine, vaccination at 12 years reduces congenital rubella by 30 per cent more than vaccination at six or two. Vaccination at two and revaccination at 12 (with 80 per cent acceptance at each age) reduces expected natural infections by 80 per cent and expected congenital rubella by 95 per cent. Either single vaccination of females at 12 years or vaccination at two ages would be better than current United States practice of vaccinating children once at an early age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

The swine-influenza decision.

We analyzed the economic aspects of mass immunization against swine-like influenza in 1976-1977, and have used the Delphi technic for estimating the likelihood and characteristics of an epidemic. If an epidemic occurs and no preventive efforts are made, total costs could exceed $6 billion for the whole population and $3 billion for those in the high-risk group. Expected net benefits from immunization vary with (1) the target population, (2) costs of vaccine administration and (3) vaccine acceptance rates. With an epidemic probability of 0.10 and with costs of purchasing and administering the vaccine each estimated at $0.50 per person in the target population, maximum net benefits cannot be obtained by an offer of vaccine to the entire population. Economic considerations do not require limitation of vaccination to high-risk groups. If the program is restricted to adults 25 years of age and over, and if acceptance rates exceed 59 per cent, the program is economically justifiable.

Adult↗
PubMed2024

Promoters and Barriers of Vaccine Hesitancy.

This systematic review explores the psychological antecedents of Vaccine Hesitancy, a significant determinant of vaccination behavior. Following PRISMA guidelines, an extensive search was conducted starting from 1673 papers and resulting in 48 publications from various databases. The review identifies psychological factors, specifically cognitive, personality, experiential, and social factors contributing to hesitancy. Cognitive factors include health literacy, conspiracy beliefs, trust, and perceived risk. Personality traits such as extraversion, openness, and psychological capital impact hesitancy, while psychopathy increases it. Personal experiences, like perceived stress and racial discrimination, indirectly affect hesitancy. Social factors, including social relationships and norms, play a significant role in reducing hesitancy. Tailored interventions addressing these factors can enhance vaccine acceptance.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical acceptability of live influenza vaccine in high risk subjects and children. Experience with three consecutive recombinant strains.

Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of three recombinant strains, Alice, RIT 4025 and RIT 4050, were re-examined by a retrospective analysis of the data from clinical trials and routine vaccination campaigns. Special emphasis was put on the acceptability of vaccinal strains for the elderly, patients with chronic pulmonary diseases, subjects with atopy and children, as well as on the safety of repeated administrations of the vaccine to the general population. The incidence and nature of postvaccinal symptoms in high risk populations were similar to those observed in healthy subjects. Tolerance of the vaccine by children (2-10 years old) was excellent for both Alice and RIT 4050 strains. At the present time, we have evidence that the vaccine was administered to approximately 2500 subjects without any significant adverse effects, during the course of two or three consecutive vaccination campaigns. This holds true also for 12 vaccinees who received the vaccine for more than three years. The maximal number of doses administered to one person was 14. The vaccinal strains studied have been shown safe and immunogenic both in the general population and in high risk subjects and children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Swine influenza vaccine program in the community: acceptability, reactions and responses.

The operation of the national swine influenza immunization program was observed in the community of Tecumseh, Michigan. The purpose was to determine acceptability of a parenteral vaccine intended for the general population. Participation of the residents was excellent. More than 64 per cent of eligibles were vaccinated; this figure resembled that of the rest of the local area, but not the national figures nor a suburban area of Michigan where a similar study was carried out. Sore arm after vaccination was reported most frequently in younger female participants; however, sore arm was accepted as part of the process of vaccination and not considered a reaction by most. Such perceived reactions were not as commonly reported as in the large suburban area. Antibody response to the vaccine was excellent, not only in terms of antibodies to the swine virus itself but also in terms of cross reactive antibodies to the emergent H1N1 (Russian) influenza strain. As a result of the program, many vaccine recipients in the 25 to 49 year age groups are protected against this new epidemic virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Acceptibility and antigenicity of influenza A/Victoria/75 virus vaccines in adults of different ages.

Influenza A/Victoria/75 virus vaccines were tested for acceptability and antigenicity in adults of different ages. Whole-virus vaccines prepared by Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) and Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio) and subunit vaccines prepared by Parke, Davis and Company (Detroit, Mich.) and Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) were given intramuscularly in concentrations of 800, 400, or 200 chick cell-agglutinating units per dose. Systemic and local side effects of all vaccine preparations were negligible. In volunteers with low or absent (less than or equal to 10) titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody before vaccination, titers of greater than or equal to 40 were attained after vaccination in 43%-67%, 40%-58%, and 20%-38% of volunteers receiving the 800, 400, and 200 chick cell-agglutinating unit preparations, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Vaccination against influenza: a five-year study in the Post Office.

An injection of influenza vaccine was offered to approximately 60 000 Postal and Telecommunications staff at the beginning of five successive winters. The sickness absence of this group, which included those who accepted the offer of vaccine as well as those who did not, was compared throughout the winter with that of a similar number of employees who were not offered vaccine. The two groups, ;vaccinated' and control, comprised the staff of nearly 400 Post Office units scattered throughout Great Britain, the units of the two groups being matched as far as practicable for numbers employed, type of work, region and type of location.The proportion who accepted vaccine fell from 42% in the first year (when only 26 000 Telecommunications employees were offered vaccine) to 35% in the second year, and 25% by the fifth year.With the exception of Telecommunications employees in 1972-73, the sickness absence rate of the group offered vaccine was less than that of the group not offered vaccine, and the difference was evident during the winter observation periods both when influenza was prevalent and when it was not. In the last four years of the study the average difference in sickness absence between the ;vaccinated' and control groups was 1.26 days per 100 employees per week during and 1.12 days outside the influenza periods. Moreover, the difference during the influenza periods was greater than could be expected from the acceptance rate of vaccine and the estimated attack rate of influenza. The apparent reduction in sickness absence of the group offered vaccine in comparison with the group not offered vaccine represented an appreciable saving in cost.It is suggested than an annual influenza vaccination campaign in industry may produce financial benefit, but that only a proportion of the benefit is due to an improvement in health.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of a ribosomal vaccine against pertussis.

A crude ribosomal vaccine derived from Bordetella pertussis administered to ICR and N:NIH (SW) strains of mice protected them effectively against a standardized intracranial challenge. The dose of vaccine that protected half the mice was less for N:NIH (SW) than for ICR mice and compared favorably with a killed reference vaccine. Ribosomes prepared from bacteria ground with washed sea sand were more immunogenic than those obtained by rupture with alumina or with a Braun homogenizer. The protective effect of the crude ribosomes was not an innate part of the organelle but was due to a substance or substances that could be removed from them by a 1 M NH4Cl wash. The material in the wash was highly immunogenic and retained both the histamine-sensitizing and leukocytosis-promoting properties. It lost much of the dermonecrotic activity and was poorly pyrogenic in rabbits. The most potent pyrogen was present in the washed ribosomes, which apparently, retained the endotoxic components of the cell wall. The best vaccines permitted acceptable weight gain in the immunized mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Potential of attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine for infants and children.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease is a major cause of death and hospitalization in infancy and a frequent cause of morbidity throughout childhood. Serum antibody does not protect as is evident from the study of natural disease and use of killed vaccines. Local antibody responses occur in natural illness. Possibly serum antibody in the absence of local antibody plays a part in illness. We have studied local and serum antibody response to potential attenuated vaccines: a 26 degrees C adapted RSV and a ts mutant RSV. Both produced the desired infection as evidenced by virus recovery, serum and local antibody response. However, both appear to have had residual pathogenicity for young infants. This included mild bronchitis after the 26 degrees C RSV and mild rhinitis, which might be acceptable, but also fever and otitis in one infant after the ts RSV. Also, some of the virus recovered in the ts studies had wild type characteristics. An acceptable RSV vaccine strain will (a) infect without undergoing reversion or other genetic changes, (b) induce resistance to wild type virus, (c) cause no or very mild inflammatory changes such as the rhinitis associated with the vaccines thus far tried.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1977

[Vaccination complications after oral poliomyelitis vaccination (author's transl)].

A vaccination complication is only to be recognized if, taking into consideration the incubation time, the clinical picture coincides with that of spontaneous poliomyelitis. Apart from exceptional cases, virological studies are only of importance for the assessment if they are carried out in the acute or subacute stages. Only six out of more than 150 cases could be accepted as vaccination complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Benefits and risks of immunization against pertussis.

The benefit of pertussis vaccine in the control of pertussis is described in relation to the changes in incidence of pertussis during the past thirty years in the U. K. The current large epidemic of pertussis since November 1977 followed a decline in the acceptance of pertussis vaccine (DTP) from an average level of 70 to 80% of children in different areas in 1973 to less than 40% in 1976. The hazards of vaccine range from minor local to systemic (febrile) reactions. Convulsions, infantile spasms and more serious neurological illnesses have been described following inoculation. Serious neurological illnesses have been reported retrospectively and their causation in relation to pertussis vaccine inoculations is doubtful. They do not differ from similar illnesses in children of the same age which have developed without relationship to inoculations. Prospective studies of reactions in recently inoculated children are described. A national study of encephalopathy in babies and infants admitted to hospital in Great Britain is now taking place. Public acceptance of vaccine is hindered by publicity concerning the risks of vaccine and the need exists for improved health education concerning the merit of immunization.

Child↗