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PubMed2026

A Qualitative Analysis of Cancer Survivors' Experience in a Time-Restricted Eating vs Control Clinical Trial to Address Cancer-Related Fatigue.

PURPOSE: To describe cancer survivors' lived experiences in a clinical trial that tested an individualized nutrition counseling with or without time-restricted eating to address cancer-related fatigue. METHODS: The Fatigue REDuction After cancer study was a two-arm, randomized controlled trial. Participants were adult cancer survivors who were 2 months to 2 years post-treatment. All participants received individualized nutrition counseling; those in the time-restricted eating group self-selected a consistent 10-hour eating window for 12 weeks. After the study, semi-structured exit interviews were conducted to gauge participants' experiences in the trial. Interviews were transcribed and two independent coders thematically analyzed the interviews using inductive and deductive coding. NVivo software was used for data organization and analysis. RESULTS: Participants (n = 24; TRE = 11; Control = 13) were 55 ± 13 years old, 75% were female, and they had a variety of cancer types. The majority of participants found that being in the study helped them to set and achieve lifestyle goals and would therefore recommend the study to others. Participants in the time-restricted eating group noted that time-restricted eating helped them set a better routine, providing a positive sense of control. However, some noted difficulty switching to a 14-hour fasting schedule, as it can interfere with their regular routine or employment schedules. Many participants noted they were happy that cancer-related fatigue was gaining more attention, hoping to find solutions for persistent cancer-related fatigue. CONCLUSION: The majority of participants found the study useful and, regardless of their group assignment or the intervention's impact on their fatigue, found the study helped them to gain better control of their dietary habits.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Effects of time-restricted eating on markers of glucose metabolism and regulation in individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) on glucose metabolism and regulation in individuals with prediabetes (fasting blood glucose of 5.6-6.9 mmol/l or HbA1c of 39-47 mmol/mol [5.7-6.4%]) or type 2 diabetes (fasting blood glucose &#x2265;7 mmol/l or HbA1c &#x2265;48 mmol/mol [6.5%]). METHODS: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL from inception to 5 August 2025. Moreover, forward and backward citation searches were performed. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, lasting &#x2265;2 weeks, reporting markers of glucose metabolism and regulation, comparing TRE (&#x2264;12 h eating window) with a non-time-restricted control diet. Studies involving pregnancy, other fasting regimens, or non-peer-reviewed publications were excluded. Data were pooled as weighted mean differences with 95% CIs using random-effects generic inverse variance models in Cochrane Review Manager Web, and results are presented as forest plots. The certainty of evidence was defined using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations methodology, and risk of bias was estimated by using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2). RESULTS: Out of 2043 records identified through the database search, as well as 1249 from forward and backward citation searches, ten RCTs including 599 participants were included. The mean length of the studies was 4 months, and the eating windows ranged from 4 to 10 h per day. The pooled meta-analysis showed no overall effect of TRE on HbA1c (-3.33 mmol/mol; 95% CI -6.87, 0.20 (-0.30% points; -0.63, 0.02); p=0.06, moderate certainty). Nevertheless, following stratification by subgroups, TRE resulted in a reduction in HbA1c of 0.93 mmol/mol (-1.70, -0.17 [-0.09% points; -0.16, -0.02]; p=0.02) in individuals with prediabetes but not in individuals with type 2 diabetes (-4.68 mmol/mol; -10.08, 0.72 (-0.43% points; -0.92, 0.07); p=0.09). TRE reduced fasting blood glucose in the pooled analysis (-0.30 mmol/l; -0.53, -0.07; p<0.01, moderate certainty) as well as in the subgroup analyses in individuals with prediabetes (-0.14 mmol/l; -0.27, -0.01; p=0.03) and with type 2 diabetes (-0.48 mmol/l; -0.78, -0.17; p<0.01). Moreover, TRE lowered body weight by 1.6 kg (-2.2, -1.0; p<0.001) in the pooled analysis. The evidence was limited by imprecision arising from wide confidence intervals in some of the included studies, which may be due to small sample sizes. Lastly, the effects of TRE on markers of insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and continuous glucose monitoring measurements were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Moderate-certainty evidence indicates that TRE reduces fasting blood glucose but not HbA1c. The subgroup analyses revealed that TRE improved HbA1c and fasting glucose in individuals with prediabetes and improved fasting glucose in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Future large-scale studies should investigate long-term effects of TRE in prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42024523591 FUNDING: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Three authors (JS, A-DT, THA) are employed at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, a public hospital and research institution under the Capital Region of Denmark, partly funded by a grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Effects of intensive lifestyle interventions with calorie-carbohydrate-restricted diet versus time-restricted eating on appetite and binge eating in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.

The impact of intensive lifestyle interventions on appetite regulation and binge eating in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of combined lifestyle interventions on appetite responses and binge eating in overweight or obese adults with T2D. In a randomized trial, 120 participants with T2D were allocated to three groups (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;40 each): (1) Calorie-carbohydrate restriction (CCR), (2) Time-restricted eating with CCR (TRE&#xa0;+&#xa0;CCR), or (3) Control. Intervention groups received structured exercise and behavioral education based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model. Appetite perceptions (hunger, satiety, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption) and binge eating (Binge Eating Scale; BES and objective binge episodes) were evaluated at baseline, week 12, and week 24 using linear mixed models. Both CCR and TRE&#xa0;+&#xa0;CCR significantly improved subjective appetite compared with the control group at 12 and 24 weeks (all p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.01). At 24 weeks, hunger decreased by -24.1&#x202f;mm (95% CI: -35.8, -12.5) in the CCR group and -32.7&#x202f;mm (95% CI: -44.2, -21.3) in the TRE&#xa0;+&#xa0;CCR group. Satiety also increased by 21.7&#x202f;mm (95% CI: 9.46, 33.9) and 29.4&#x202f;mm (95% CI: 17.4, 41.4), respectively. Significant reductions were observed for desire to eat and prospective food consumption. In contrast, changes in BES and objective binge episodes were not significantly different between groups at any time point. No significant differences were detected between the CCR and the TRE&#xa0;+&#xa0;CCR groups. Intensive lifestyle interventions incorporating CCR or TRE&#xa0;+&#xa0;CCR effectively reduced appetite in adults with T2D but did not significantly affect binge eating. Future research should target individuals with higher baseline BES scores to clarify potential benefits for binge eating behavior.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Changes in weight and metabolic health during and after cessation of a time-restricted feeding plus aerobic training in Swiss mice fed a high-fat diet.

Obesity is a chronic disease, representing a significant health problem worldwide. Unhealthy eating habits and sedentarism are key contributors to the development of obesity. Dietary and exercise strategies are the first-line therapies for weight loss or maintenance and have proven effective in controlling weight. However, long-term adherence is challenging, and rapid weight regain often follows intervention cessation. In mice, time-restricted feeding (TRF) and exercise (EXE) independently prevent weight gain and maintain metabolic health, yet weight regain is observed upon cessation. Whether combining TRF and EXE provides longer-lasting benefits remains unclear. Here, we assessed weight and metabolic parameters in Swiss male mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) during an 8-wk intervention of TRF (8-h food access in the active phase) or TRF combined with EXE (60-min treadmill running daily) and after cessation and transfer to ad libitum feeding. TRF and EXE interventions successfully mitigate weight gain, improve glycemic homeostasis, and attenuate lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue hypertrophy compared to mice fed HFD ad libitum. However, cessation of both strategies led to rapid weight regain, impaired glycemic control, and increased circulating lipid levels. Although the combination of TRF and EXE led to the lowest body weight and best metabolic health, this group showed no protection against the metabolic impairments observed after TRF cessation alone. In conclusion, TRF and EXE are complementary strategies for managing metabolic health, but cessation of these interventions leads to rapid weight regain and metabolic deterioration, with only partial preservation of select metabolic adaptations. These findings underscore the critical need for sustained adherence to lifestyle interventions in obesity management.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that combining time-restricted feeding with aerobic training improves weight and metabolic health in Swiss mice fed a high-fat diet. Importantly, we show that most metabolic benefits are lost after intervention cessation. However, insulin sensitivity and aspects of hepatic lipid metabolism are partially maintained after cessation of the intervention. These findings provide new insight into the durability of metabolic improvements induced by lifestyle interventions and highlight the potential of combined dietary and exercise strategies to counteract diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction.

Animals↗