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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Gaze but not arrows: a dissociative impairment after right superior temporal gyrus damage.

Superior temporal sulcus (STS) activation has consistently been demonstrated in the normal brain when viewing eyes, and thus this area is implicated as a gaze processing region in humans. In a recent report, we have presented a case, M.J., with a well-circumscribed lesion to the right superior temporal gyrus (STG), who demonstrated impaired discrimination of gaze direction. In the aim to make distinct whether this impairment is unique to gaze, we have applied a spatial cueing paradigm established by Kingstone and colleagues. In our experiment, pictorial gaze and symmetrical arrows were centrally presented as non-predictive, spatial cues in detecting peripheral targets. Fifteen normal subjects and M.J. participated in the experiment. In concordance with previous reports, controls demonstrated a significant facilitation of reaction times in detecting targets cued by congruent gaze/arrows, compared with incongruent cues. In striking contrast, M.J. showed no such congruency advantage for gaze, in the face of a normal congruency advantage for arrows. We have demonstrated that a circumscribed lesion to the right STG impairs the ability to utilize biological directional information such as gaze, but leaves the non-biological counterpart (arrows) intact. This dissociation implies that indeed, the STS specializes in processing gaze.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

[Investigation of the cerebral projection of the vestibular system using positron emission tomography].

The authors investigated the cerebral projection of the vestibular system, using positron emission tomography, in right-handed subjects. Both sided cold caloric stimulation was used in every volunteer (n = 6). A detailed map of activated and deactivated brain regions is included. This portrays changes caused by vestibular stimulation. The contralaterally activated regions according to the stimulation side were: postcentral gyrus, transvers temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, posterior part of the insula, claustrum, putamen, inferior parietal lobule, precentral gyrus, premotor cortex, cingulate gyrus. The ipsilaterally activated regions were: transvers temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, posterior part of the insula. There was no hemispherial dominance. The activated regions partially correspond with previous results in the literature. It would like to be pointed out the Brodmann 6 region as the cortical manifestation of involuntary isometric tightening of muscles. The contralaterally deactivated regions were: inferior, superior and medius temporal gyrus, medial and medius frontal gyrus, inferior occipital gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus. Ipsilaterally deactivated regions were: superior and medial frontal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus, fusiform and inferior occipital gyrus. There was prominent hemispherial dominance in the stimulated, ipsilateral side. The deactivation based functional connection between the hippocampus and the vestibular system was pointed out in such a relation for the first time in this report.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Heschl's gyrus, posterior superior temporal gyrus, and mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex have different roles in the detection of acoustic changes.

A part of the auditory system automatically detects changes in the acoustic environment. This preattentional process has been studied extensively, yet its cerebral origins have not been determined with sufficient accuracy to allow comparison to established anatomical and functional parcellations. Here we used event-related functional MRI and EEG in a parametric experimental design to determine the cortical areas in individual brains that participate in the detection of acoustic changes. Our results suggest that automatic change processing consists of at least three stages: initial detection in the primary auditory cortex, detailed analysis in the posterior superior temporal gyrus and planum temporale, and judgment of sufficient novelty for the allocation of attentional resources in the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

MR imaging of the human brain at 1.5 T: regional variations in transverse relaxation rates in the cerebral cortex.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Heterogeneity in cortical signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images has been recently documented. Using a whole-brain, multiecho MR imaging technique, we sought to determine the T2 relaxation times of nine predefined regions in the cerebral cortex and one region in the deep gray matter. METHODS: Ten adult volunteers (nine men and one woman; age range, 18-40 y; average age, 30.8 y) underwent whole-brain imaging with an oblique coronal multiecho 3D Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill MR sequence at 1000/25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 (TR/TE). T2 measurements were obtained, with variably sized regions of interest, from the primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, caudate nucleus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, insula cortex, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess the existence of differences in T2 measurements among the anatomic locations. RESULTS: On the basis of T2 measurements, the gray matter structures examined could be divided into four statistically different groups. In ascending order of T2 measurements, the first group consisted of the primary auditory cortex and primary visual cortex; the second group, the caudate nucleus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus; the third group, the insula cortex; and the fourth group, the cingulate gyrus and hippocampus. CONCLUSION: Significant variation in T2 values among the cortical gray matter of the human brain exists.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A deficit in discriminating gaze direction in a case with right superior temporal gyrus lesion.

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) region is well recognized as being heavily involved in detecting and discriminating gaze. Lesions confined to this area are quite rare in humans, and so the research has mainly depended on animal studies and functional neuroimaging in normal human subjects. We report one such rare case, a 54-year-old Japanese female with a possible congenital s anomaly who, after a cerebral hemorrhage, demonstrated a lesion almost completely confined to the entire right superior temporal gyrus (STG). In the subacute phase, the patient showed evidence of left hemispatial neglect, from which she gradually recovered. In the chronic phase, she showed a puzzling difficulty in obtaining eye-contact. We have conducted, in conjunction with conventional neuropsychological evaluations, experimental assessment of her ability in gaze cognition. Her performance on neuropsychological testing demonstrated no compromise in intellect, memory, or language skills, and a close-to-full recovery from neglect. On gaze cognition experiments, she was repeatedly shown to perceive left gaze as straight, and to a lesser degree, straight gaze as right. We suggest that the function of the STG in detecting gaze, together with the directional information it receives from earlier visual areas, may be associated, when damaged, with this deficit in detecting contra-directional gaze. We have demonstrated for the first time that a single circumscribed lesion to the STG results in both gaze processing deficit and concurrent aberrant gaze behavior of the victim herself, implicating a mechanism within the STG as an interface between gaze of others and gaze of self.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed2006

Fractional anisotropy is higher in Heschl's gyrus than in superior temporal gyrus in normal subjects.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The first Heschl's gyrus (HG) is believed to receive the core projection of the acoustic radiation. We examined if it were possible to differentiate the subcortical white matter of the HG from the superior temporal gyrus (STG) using diffusion tensor (DT) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved and informed consent was obtained in accordance with the guidelines of our Institutional Review Board for human subject studies. We examined six healthy adult volunteers with DT images using 20 orientations and repeated 11 times. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated. RESULTS: The mean FA of the subcortical white matter of the HG (0.37) was higher than that of the STG (0.27) on both sides (P < .01). There was no statistically significant difference when comparing left and right HG and STG (P > .05). There was no statistically significant difference in mean ADC of the HGs and STGs (0.75 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: The FA in the subcortical white matter of the HG was higher than that of the STG in both hemispheres. These changes in DT imaging may be accounted for by the presence of the auditory radiations.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Auditory cortex on the human posterior superior temporal gyrus.

The human superior temporal cortex plays a critical role in hearing, speech, and language, yet its functional organization is poorly understood. Evoked potentials (EPs) to auditory click-train stimulation presented binaurally were recorded chronically from penetrating electrodes implanted in Heschl's gyrus (HG), from pial-surface electrodes placed on the lateral superior temporal gyrus (STG), or from both simultaneously, in awake humans undergoing surgery for medically intractable epilepsy. The distribution of averaged EPs was restricted to a relatively small area on the lateral surface of the posterior STG. In several cases, there were multiple foci of high amplitude EPs lying along this acoustically active portion of STG. EPs recorded simultaneously from HG and STG differed in their sensitivities to general anesthesia and to changes in rate of stimulus presentation. Results indicate that the acoustically active region on the STG is a separate auditory area, functionally distinct from the HG auditory field(s). We refer to this acoustically sensitive area of the STG as the posterior lateral superior temporal area (PLST). Electrical stimulation of HG resulted in short-latency EPs in an area that overlaps PLST, indicating that PLST receives a corticocortical input, either directly or indirectly, from HG. These physiological findings are in accord with anatomic evidence in humans and in nonhuman primates that the superior temporal cortex contains multiple interconnected auditory areas.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Functional connections between auditory cortex on Heschl's gyrus and on the lateral superior temporal gyrus in humans.

Functional connections between auditory fields on Heschl's gyrus (HG) and the acoustically responsive posterior lateral superior temporal gyrus (field PLST) were studied using electrical stimulation and recording methods in patients undergoing diagnosis and treatment of intractable epilepsy. Averaged auditory (click-train) evoked potentials were recorded from multicontact subdural recording arrays chronically implanted over the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and from modified depth electrodes inserted into HG. Biphasic electrical pulses (bipolar, constant current, 0.2 ms) were delivered to HG sites while recording from the electrode array over acoustically responsive STG cortex. Stimulation of sites along the mediolateral extent of HG resulted in complex waveforms distributed over posterolateral STG. These areas overlapped each other and field PLST. For any given HG stimulus site, the morphology of the electrically evoked waveform varied across the STG map. A characteristic waveform was recorded at the site of maximal amplitude of response to stimulation of mesial HG [presumed primary auditory field (AI)]. Latency measurements suggest that the earliest evoked wave resulted from activation of connections within the cortex. Waveforms changed with changes in rate of electrical HG stimulation or with shifts in the HG stimulus site. Data suggest widespread convergence and divergence of input from HG to posterior STG. Evidence is presented for a reciprocal functional projection, from posterolateral STG to HG. Results indicate that in humans there is a processing stream from AI on mesial HG to an associational auditory field (PLST) on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Increased density of GABAA receptors in the superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia.

The superior temporal gyrus (STG) is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, particularly with regards to auditory hallucinations. In a previous study we reported a decrease in the density of M1 and M2/M4 muscarinic receptors in the STG in schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated the density of GABA(A) receptors in the left STG of schizophrenia patients compared to control subjects. We used quantitative autoradiography to investigate the binding of the agonist [(3)H] muscimol to GABA(A )receptors in the STG. A significantly higher density of [(3)H] muscimol binding was observed in the upper three quarters of the STG grey matter (corresponding to layers I-IV) than in the lower one-quarter (layers V-VI) in both groups. A significant increase (about 30%, P<0.05) in binding of [(3)H] muscimol was clearly observed in schizophrenia patients compared to control subjects. There were no significant correlations between [(3)H] muscimol binding density and age, post-mortem interval, brain pH or final recorded antipsychotic drug use. These results suggest an increase of GABA(A) receptor densities in the STG of schizophrenia patients.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

An MRI study of superior temporal gyrus volume in women with schizotypal personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: An abnormal superior temporal gyrus has figured prominently in schizophrenia research, and left superior temporal gyrus volume has been shown to be smaller in male subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. This is the first structural magnetic resonance imaging study to examine a group of female subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. METHOD: The superior temporal gyrus was drawn on coronal images acquired from female subjects recruited from the community (schizotypal personality disorder group: N=21, comparison group: N=29). RESULTS: There were no gray matter volume differences in the left or right superior temporal gyrus between the subjects with schizotypal personality disorder and the comparison subjects. Within the schizotypal personality disorder group, however, there was an interaction between hemisphere and family history of mental illness. Moreover, subjects with schizotypal personality disorder did demonstrate formal thought disorder and a negative correlation between left superior temporal gyrus volume and odd speech. CONCLUSIONS: This study of female subjects with schizotypal personality disorder showed no superior temporal gyrus volume differences, but preliminary findings indicate that among female subjects with schizotypal personality disorder, there is a left-right difference in those who have a family history of mental illness relative to those who do not. These data also suggest an association between abnormal speech and left superior temporal gyrus volume, a finding similar to that found in schizophrenia. Results from this study thus clearly reinforce the importance of studying female subjects separately.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reduced superior temporal gyrus volume in young offspring of patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: The superior temporal gyrus, a heteromodal auditory and language association cortex, has been found to be smaller in patients with schizophrenia than in normal subjects. However, genetic and/or neurodevelopmental underpinnings of superior temporal gyrus alterations are unknown. Nonpsychotic children with greater genetic risk for schizophrenia exhibit language deficits. The authors studied the superior temporal gyrus in nonpsychotic children at risk for schizophrenia. METHOD: Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the right and left superior temporal gyrus of 29 young nonpsychotic subjects who had a parent with schizophrenia and 27 age- and sex-matched comparison subjects who had no family psychiatric history. RESULTS: After controlling for age and intracranial volume, the authors found that the volumes of the right and left superior temporal gyrus of the subjects at risk for schizophrenia were significantly smaller than those of the comparison subjects. Comparison subjects, but not at-risk subjects, showed an inverse correlation between age and left superior temporal gyrus volume. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide new evidence that superior temporal gyrus abnormalities may result from genetically mediated developmental deviance reflecting greater susceptibility to schizophrenia. Further studies and follow-up will lead to greater understanding of the role of the superior temporal gyrus in the premorbid vulnerability to schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Multimodal architectonic mapping of human superior temporal gyrus.

Although it is generally accepted that human superior temporal gyrus is activated by a huge variety of auditory and linguistic tasks, little is known about the exact positions and extents of cortical areas that are located on the lateral convexity of the gyrus (e.g., Brodmann's area 22). Such information, however, is relevant for a rigorous testing of structural-functional relationships in both normal volunteers and patients suffering from disorders of auditory and language perception. The present combined cytoarchitectonic and receptorarchitectonic study identifies a distinct area (Te3) in the lateral bulge of the superior temporal gyrus by using an algorithm-based approach for the detection of cortical borders. Our mapping data show that, in contrast to Brodmann's area (BA) 22, only small portions of Te3 reach the dorsal and ventral banks of the gyrus. Therefore, we labelled the newly defined area as "Te3" and not as "BA 22". The cytoarchitectonically defined borders of Te3 coincide with abrupt changes in the receptorarchitecture of several classical neurotransmitters, suggesting that Te3 represents a functionally relevant area of the human superior temporal gyrus. Since position and extent of area Te3 varied considerably between subjects, probability maps were created that show for each voxel of the standard references space, the frequency with which Te3 was present in it. These maps, in combination with previously published maps of the primary auditory cortex, can directly be compared with functional imaging data, and may open new perspectives for the analysis of structural-functional correlations in the human auditory and language systems.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Superior temporal gyrus differences in childhood-onset schizophrenia.

The posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) is the approximate site of Wernicke's area, a language region, which in previous studies has been reported to be abnormal in adults with schizophrenia. The present study assesses volumetric differences in the superior temporal gyrus of subjects with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS). MRI scans of 18 subjects diagnosed with childhood-onset schizophrenia and 16 age- and sex-matched normals were analyzed to assess possible volume differences. The COS subjects displayed significant enlargement of the right posterior superior temporal gyrus, showing white matter increases bilaterally in this region. Our findings are consistent with studies that have found increased volumes in temporal lobe regions in COS and may provide a possible neural correlate for the language impairment observed in COS patients.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Superior temporal gyrus abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia: similarities and differences with adult-onset schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: The superior temporal gyrus is associated with developmental mechanisms of brain lateralization and the pathogenesis of language-related schizophrenic symptoms. It therefore lends itself to investigation of developmental deviance in the early onset of schizophrenia. METHOD: Using stereological methods, the authors obtained bilateral measurements of the superior temporal gyrus (total, gray matter, and white matter volumes) from 40 adolescents with recent-onset schizophrenia and an equal number of matched healthy volunteers. Symptoms were rated by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS: The total and gray matter volume of the right superior temporal gyrus was significantly lower in patients with early-onset schizophrenia than in the healthy volunteers, even after differences in whole brain volume were controlled. Bilateral superior temporal gyrus volumes were positively correlated with the age at onset of psychosis, while severity of thought disorder and hallucinations were inversely related to right superior temporal gyrus volume. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with early-onset schizophrenia, the predominantly right-sided volumetric abnormalities found in the superior temporal gyrus may reflect a particularly early neurodevelopmental disruption. The relationship between language-related symptoms and superior temporal gyrus volume is similar to that seen in adult-onset cases but not as lateralized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Characteristics of neuronal lipofuscin in the superior temporal gyrus in Alzheimer's disease do not differ from non-diseased controls: a comparison with disease-related changes in the superior frontal gyrus.

Neuronal lipofuscin characteristics in the superior temporal gyrus from 21 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and from 18 age-matched non-diseased subjects were compared with previously reported findings from the superior frontal gyrus. A discriminant function analysis of lipofuscin characteristics in the superior temporal gyrus did not provide a significant predictive level for cases whose diagnoses were correctly classified (56.4%, P=0.63). In contrast, AD-related decrease in the number of smaller lipofuscin regions in the neurons of the frontal gyrus was confirmed, and the same analysis of lipofuscin characteristics in this region gave a significant predictive level for membership of the AD group of 86.6% (P<0.001). The findings indicate that changes in neuronal lipofuscin related to AD, which may reflect an increased rate of lipofuscin formation, show differences between neocortical regions. This study provides additional information on the distribution of neuropathological characteristics in AD.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Superior temporal gyrus volume in schizophrenia: a study using MRI morphometry assisted by surface rendering.

OBJECTIVE: Interpretation of the literature concerning superior temporal gyrus volume in patients with schizophrenia is complicated by methodological variation between studies and by the difficulty of identifying gyral boundaries in serial sections. METHOD: With the aid of three-dimensional cortical renderings, the authors developed a morphometric approach in which information from the cortical surface is incorporated into gyral boundary decisions. Using this technique, they assessed superior temporal gyrus volume in young, right-handed male patients with schizophrenia and in right-handed male comparison subjects. They also compared their technique with existing slice-based morphometric methods by using previously reported subcortical landmarks to define the gyral boundaries. RESULTS: There was no significant main effect of diagnosis and no significant diagnosis-by-hemisphere interaction. Significant leftward laterality was present only among comparison subjects. Leftward superior temporal gyrus laterality did not correlate with leftward laterality of the planum temporale. No significant reduction in superior temporal gyrus volume was revealed in the patients. No significant leftward laterality was detected with the slice-based technique, suggesting that a significant portion of superior temporal gyrus tissue is omitted with this approach. The lack of findings could not be explained by a general absence of morphometric abnormalities in this group of subjects because the patients had significantly larger lateral ventricles. CONCLUSIONS: Significant reduction in the superior temporal gyrus volume was not confirmed in this group of patients with schizophrenia, probably because of the small effect size of this finding. Methodological variation is an important factor in determining superior temporal gyrus volume on magnetic resonance imaging scans.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphologic characteristics of the superior temporal gyrus vascular network].

The investigation of the morphological features of vascular network of superior temporal gyrus was carried out on eight hemispheres of brains of adults from 36 to 48 years old died in accidents without visible signs of central nervous system diseases. Vascular network of auditory areas is characterised by very dense capillary network of the third vascular layer which is the densest one in these areas. The vascular network of the anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus is distinguished by equal density of the third and fourth vascular layer. Fountain-like arteries are mostly of type A3 and A4 and have been found in all parts of the superior temporal gyrus. Vertical functional units of the cortex are supplied by a number of precapillary arterioles being arranged in the shape of a ring. In the center of each unit there is postcapillary venule through which it is drained.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Progressive decrease of left superior temporal gyrus gray matter volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Smaller temporal lobe cortical gray matter volumes, including the left superior temporal gyrus, have been reported in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of patients with chronic schizophrenia and, more recently, in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. However, it remains unknown whether there are progressive decreases in temporal lobe cortical gray matter volumes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and whether similarly progressive volume decreases are present in patients with affective psychosis. METHOD: High-spatial-resolution MRI scans at initial hospitalization and 1.5 years later were obtained from 13 patients with first-episode schizophrenia, 15 patients with first-episode affective psychosis (mainly manic), and 14 healthy comparison subjects. MRI volumes were calculated for gray matter of superior temporal gyrus and for the amygdala-hippocampal complex. RESULTS: Patients with first-episode schizophrenia showed significant decreases in gray matter volume over time in the left superior temporal gyrus compared with patients with first-episode affective psychosis or healthy comparison subjects. This progressive decrease was more pronounced in the posterior portion of the left superior temporal gyrus (mean=9.6%) than in the anterior portions (mean=8.4%). No group differences in the rate of change over time were present in other regions. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate a progressive volume reduction of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus gray matter in patients with first-episode schizophrenia but not in patients with first-episode affective psychosis.

Adolescent↗