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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Sugar metabolism in the crystalline lens.

Research on the sugar metabolism of the crystalline lens, past and preent, is reviewed. The chief energy source in the lens is the Embden-Meyerhof pathway; respiration and oxidative phosphorylation become more important as the lens ages. The function of the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle is not fully understood. The mechanisms involved in cataract formation, including those of hypoglycemic cataract and osmotic cataracts, are discussed. Sugar cataracts can be delayed or prevented with such aldose reductase inhibitors as flavonoids. By inhibiting aldose reductase, the formation and accumulation of sugar alcohols is stopped. This approach may be useful as a medical therapy for human diabetic senile cataracts.

Aldehyde Reductase↗
PubMed1978

Relation between sugar metabolism and riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of Eremothecium ashbyii.

The present experiments were carried out to investigate the relation between sugar metabolism and riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of eremothecium ashbyii incubated with various sugars (related compounds) and purines. Glycerol, gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone markedly stimulated riboflavin formation with increasing concentrations up to 0.5% or with increasing incubation times, but above the concentration range the effects of these substances on flavinogenesis were different. Ribose, xylose and ribitol brought about a weak stimulation of riboflavin formation in a concentration range of 0-0.2%. Glucose and fructose enchanced flavinogenesis in a concentration range of 0-0.5% but were inhibitory above the range. Glucosamine strongly restricted riboflavin formation in lower concentrations and the inhibition effect occurred immediately after its addition. The inhibition of riboflavin formation due to glucosamine (0.15%) was almost completely recovered by glucose (1.0%) but not by glycerol. Caffeine (5mM) reduced the yields of riboflavin to a fairly greater extent. The decrease was reversed not by xanthine, guanine and theobromine but by glycerol, ribose and glucose, especially by glycerol (0.5%). Accordingly, caffeine was considered to inhibit a pentose phosphate pathway and glucosamine to inhibit a glycolytic pathway closely related to flavinogenesis.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2024

Sulfonamide-induced DNA hypomethylation disturbed sugar metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

DNA methylation is well-accepted as a bridge to unravel the complex interplay between genome and environmental exposures, and its alteration regulated the cellular metabolic responses towards pollutants. However, the mechanism underlying site-specific aberrant DNA methylation and metabolic disorders under pollutant stresses remained elusive. Herein, the multilevel omics interferences of sulfonamides (i.e., sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine), a group of antibiotics pervasive in farmland soils, towards rice in 14 days of 1 mg/L hydroponic exposure were systematically evaluated. Metabolome and transcriptome analyses showed that 57.1-71.4 % of mono- and disaccharides were accumulated, and the differentially expressed genes were involved in the promotion of sugar hydrolysis, as well as the detoxification of sulfonamides. Most differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were hypomethylated ones (accounting for 87-95 %), and 92 % of which were located in the CHH context (H = A, C, or T base). KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that CHH-DMRs in the promoter regions were enriched in sugar metabolism. To reveal the significant hypomethylation of CHH, multi-spectroscopic and thermodynamic approaches, combined with molecular simulation were conducted to investigate the molecular interaction between sulfonamides and DNA in different sequence contexts, and the result demonstrated that sulfonamides would insert into the minor grooves of DNA, and exhibited a stronger affinity with the CHH contexts of DNA compared to CG or CHG contexts. Computational modeling of DNA 3D structures further confirmed that the binding led to a pitch increase of 0.1 Å and a 3.8° decrease in the twist angle of DNA in the CHH context. This specific interaction and the downregulation of methyltransferase CMT2 (log2FC = -4.04) inhibited the DNA methylation. These results indicated that DNA methylation-based assessment was useful for metabolic toxicity prediction and health risk assessment.

DNA Methylation↗
PubMed1975

Action of cytochalasin A, a sulfhydryl-reactive agent, on sugar metabolism and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of yeast.

Cytochalasin A at 10-20 mug/ml inhibits growth and sugar uptake by Saccharomyces strain 1016. The effects of cytochalasin A in intact cells were completely prevented when 1 mM cysteine or dithiothreitol was added along with cytochalasin A, but were not eliminated by thiols added after inhibition had occurred. Purified yeast hexokinase, glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase were not sensitive to cytochalasin A (20 mug/ml). Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase was strongly inhibited by cytochalasin A (5 mug/ml); activity was promptly restored by thiols. Anaerobic glycolysis was inhibited by cytochalasin A or by iodoacetate; unlike iodoacetate, cytochalasin A did not cause accumulation of sugar phosphates. In contrast, cytochalasin A, but not iodoacetate, inhibited isolated membrane-bound ATPases. Cytochalasin A is a sulfhydryl-reactive agent and has membrane-related effects (adenosine triphosphatase) which may well be the basis of its interference with energy-dependent uptake of solutes.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2025

Cultivar-Specific Differences in C6 and C7 Sugar Metabolism During Avocado Ripening: Comparative Insights from Bacon, Fuerte, and Hass.

Avocado is a unique fruit in which of seven-carbon (C7) sugars (notably D-mannoheptulose and perseitol) dominate the carbohydrate profile at harvest. Despite growing interest in sugar-mediated ripening processes, limited comparative data exist across cultivars. This work characterises the dynamic changes in non-structural carbohydrates in the mesotecarp of three commercially relevant avocado varieties-Bacon, Fuerte, and Hass-across four defined ripening stages, from unripe to overripe, with five biological replicates per stage. Using a validated hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) method, we quantified five key sugars and assessed their evolution through ripening. Concentrations varied among the studied samples within the following ranges: D-mannoheptulose, 0.4-49 mg/g dry weight (DW); perseitol, 0.5-23 mg/g DW; glucose, 0.8-5.3 mg/g DW; fructose, 0.6-4.5 mg/g DW; and sucrose, 0.5-3.4 mg/g DW. C7 sugar levels consistently declined, while C6 sugars increased-primarily between the intermediate and ready-to-eat stages-with distinct cultivar-specific patterns. Bacon maintained elevated C7 concentrations for a longer period; Fuerte exhibited a rapid transition from C7 to C6 sugars; and Hass displayed a more gradual and balanced shift. Multivariate analysis (partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) effectively discriminated between cultivars at each ripening stage, confirming cultivar-specific metabolic signatures. These findings offer new insights into avocado carbohydrate metabolism, emphasising variety-dependent pathways that could inform breeding strategies, optimise postharvest ripening protocols, and support the nutritional characterisation of different avocado cultivars.

Persea americana↗
PubMed1977

[Biochemistry and metabolism of sugar substitutes].

The metabolisms of the sugar substitutes fructose, sorbitol and xylitol and their interdependence with the metabolism of glucose are demonstrated. The metabolic characteristics of these substitutes are discussed with regard to therapeutical utilization. Differences between oral and parenteral administration are shown and finally dosage guidelines for parenteral administration are established on the basis of the different metabolic effects depending on the administered dose.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2026

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed the action mechanism of nesfatin-1 gene on glucolipid metabolism during early development stage of largemouth bass.

Nesfatin-1 has biological roles including the suppression of food intake and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the information available regarding nesfatin-1 in the glycolipid metabolism in the early development stage of fish is still limited. In order to investigate the role of the nesfatin-1 gene in the early development stage of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), the nesfatin-1 gene was knocked down using siRNA interference technology. Then, we evaluated its mRNA expression levels, transcriptomes and metabolomes. The mRNA expression levels of nesfatin-1 gene were appreciably decreased at 48 h, 72 h and 96 h after injection of nesfatin-1 siRNA in the early development stage. The omics results revealed that knockdown of the nesfatin-1 gene induced 1833 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2370 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). Bioinformatic analysis enriched the most affected molecular pathways (sphingolipid metabolism, fatty acid elongation, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids) and metabolic pathways (biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, sphingolipid metabolism and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism) in early development stage of largemouth bass. In amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, increased expression levels of genes such as chic, chs1, and gck genes, alongside decreased expression levels of the chia.1 gene, resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, β-d-fructose 6-phosphate, β-d-Fructose, D-mannose 6-phosphate, d-glucose, d-glucose 1-phosphate, UDP-glucose, and UDP-glucuronate, whilst the concentration of UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine was markedly reduced. Therefore, the nesfatin-1 gene may influence the early development stage of largemouth bass by affecting signaling pathways associated with glycolipid metabolism. Our findings further expand the understanding of molecular mechanisms of the nesfatin-1 gene, and provide further theoretical support for the initial breeding and feed adaptation of largemouth bass.

Animals↗