Cellular stress response: stress proteins--physiology and implications for cancer.
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Animals↗
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Serotonin targets the DAF-16/FOXO signaling pathway to modulate stress responses.
Stress response is a fundamental form of behavioral and physiological plasticity. Here we describe how serotonin (5HT) governs stress behavior by regulating DAF-2 insulin/IGF-1 receptor signaling to the DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor at the nexus of development, metabolism, immunity, and stress responses in C. elegans. Serotonin-deficient tph-1 mutants, like daf-2 mutants, exhibit DAF-16 nuclear accumulation and constitutive physiological stress states. Exogenous 5HT and fluoxetine (Prozac) prevented DAF-16 nuclear accumulation in wild-type animals under stresses. Genetic analyses imply that DAF-2 is a downstream target of 5HT signaling and that distinct serotonergic neurons act through distinct 5HT receptors to influence distinct DAF-16-mediated stress responses. We suggest that modulation of FOXO by 5HT represents an ancient feature of stress physiology and that the C. elegans is a genetically tractable model that can be used to delineate the molecular mechanisms and drug actions linking 5HT, neuroendocrine signaling, immunity, and mitochondrial function.
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus↗
Affirmation of personal values buffers neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses.
Stress is implicated in the development and progression of a broad array of mental and physical health disorders. Theory and research on the self suggest that self-affirming activities may buffer these adverse effects. This study experimentally investigated whether affirmations of personal values attenuate physiological and psychological stress responses. Eighty-five participants completed either a value-affirmation task or a control task prior to participating in a laboratory stress challenge. Participants who affirmed their values had significantly lower cortisol responses to stress, compared with control participants. Dispositional self-resources (e.g., trait self-esteem and optimism) moderated the relation between value affirmation and psychological stress responses, such that participants who had high self-resources and had affirmed personal values reported the least stress. These findings suggest that reflecting on personal values can keep neuroendocrine and psychological responses to stress at low levels. Implications for research on the self, stress processes, health, and interventions are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Gene expression profiling in peripheral blood leukocytes as a new approach for assessment of human stress response.
Stress is the coordinated physiological processes to maintain a dynamic equilibrium under stressful conditions. The equilibrium is threatened by certain physiological and psychological stressors. Stressors trigger physiological, behavioural, and metabolic responses that are aimed at reinstating homeostasis. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system play an essential role in the stress response. Excessive,prolonged, or inadequate response that is termed as "allostasis" or "allostatic load" leads to pathological outcomes. Dysregulation of the HPA axis activity is involved in the pathogenesis of stress-related disorders including major depression. The complex brain-immune-endocrine network regulates the HPA axis, and hereditary predisposition as well as environmental factors such as traumatic experiences in early life also modifies the capacity of an individual to cope. Therefore, it is difficult to correctly assess the complex stress response. We have developed a microarray carrying 1,467 cDNAs that were selected to specifically measure stress response in peripheral blood leukocytes. Using this tool, we have succeeded to objectively assess individual response to acute psychological stress and to detect unique expression profiles in patients with depression. Gene expression profile in peripheral blood leukocytes may be a potentially useful for the detection of disease-associated, abnormal stress responses.
Gene Expression Profiling↗
Daily limited access to sweetened drink attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis stress responses.
Stress can promote palatable food intake, and consumption of palatable foods may dampen psychological and physiological responses to stress. Here we develop a rat model of daily limited sweetened drink intake to further examine the linkage between consumption of preferred foods and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis responses to acute and chronic stress. Adult male rats with free access to water were given additional twice-daily access to 4 ml sucrose (30%), saccharin (0.1%; a noncaloric sweetener), or water. After 14 d of training, rats readily learned to drink sucrose and saccharin solutions. Half the rats were then given chronic variable stress (CVS) for 14 d immediately after each drink exposure; the remaining rats (nonhandled controls) consumed their appropriate drinking solution at the same time. On the morning after CVS, responses to a novel restraint stress were assessed in all rats. Multiple indices of chronic stress adaptation were effectively altered by CVS. Sucrose consumption decreased the plasma corticosterone response to restraint stress in CVS rats and nonhandled controls; these reductions were less pronounced in rats drinking saccharin. Sucrose or saccharin consumption decreased CRH mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Moreover, sucrose attenuated restraint-induced c-fos mRNA expression in the basolateral amygdala, infralimbic cortex, and claustrum. These data suggest that limited consumption of sweetened drink attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis stress responses, and calories contribute but are not necessary for this effect. Collectively the results support the hypothesis that the intake of palatable substances represents an endogenous mechanism to dampen physiological stress responses.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Responses to stress in adolescence: measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses.
The development of a measure of coping and involuntary stress responses in adolescence is described. The Responses to Stress Questionnaire (RSQ) reflects a conceptual model that includes volitional coping efforts and involuntary responses to specific stressful events or specified domains of stress. The psychometric characteristics of the RSQ were examined across 4 domains of stress in 3 samples of adolescents and parent reports obtained in 2 samples. The factor structure of the RSQ was tested and replicated with an adequate degree of fit using confirmatory factor analysis across 3 stressors in 2 samples. Internal consistency and retest reliability for the 5 factors were adequate to excellent. Concurrent validity was established through correlations with another measure of coping, heart rate reactivity, and correlations of self- and parent-reports. Significant correlations with both adolescents' and parents' reports of internalizing and externalizing symptoms were consistent with hypotheses.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
A portion of RNA polymerase II molecules has a component essential for stress responses and stress survival.
Cells respond to stress by altering gene expression, and these adjustments facilitate stress tolerance. Although transcriptional changes are integral to most stress responses, little is known about the mechanisms that permit the transcription apparatus itself to tolerate stress. Here we report that a major role of the RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 is to permit appropriate transcriptional responses during stress. Yeast cells lacking RPB4 have essentially wild-type growth rates at moderate temperatures (18 to 22 degrees C), but their growth rates are substantially reduced at temperatures outside this range. When subjected to a heat shock, cells lacking RPB4 rapidly lose the ability to transcribe genes and experience a dramatic loss in viability. When cells lacking RPB4 are subjected to the nutrient stress that accompanies entry into stationary phase, they also exhibit a substantial decline in mRNA synthesis and in viability relative to wild-type cells. Interestingly, the portion of RNA polymerase II molecules that contain RPB4 is small in log phase but increases substantially as cells enter stationary phase. We propose that the association of RPB4 with the other RNA polymerase II subunits increases the tolerance of the enzyme to stress.
Blotting, Western↗
[Central control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis for stress response].
Stress reaction is an adaptive response of all living organism to stressful events and essential for their survival. The main feature of stress reaction is activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, central control of which is very complex. The hippocampus is involved in integration of sensory information, interpretation of environmental information, and execution of appropriate behavioral and neuroendocrine responses. The amygdala is an executor of stress behavioral, autonomic and neuroendocrine responses. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is responsible for initiating HPA axis stress reaction. The negative feedback regulation of stress hormones, local hypothalamic circuits and cytokines probably are involved in regulation of HPA activation.
Amygdala↗
The dnaB-pheA (256 degrees-240 degrees) region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome containing genes responsible for stress responses, the utilization of plant cell walls and primary metabolism.
Within the framework of the international programme to sequence the genome of Bacillus subtilis strain 168, we were allocated the region between dnaB (256 degrees) and pheA (240 degrees). The sequencing of this region is now complete and we report our primary analysis of the 114 kb region containing 114 ORFs. In addition to previously characterized genes, we have identified genes involved in the utilization of plant cell wall polysaccharides, stress responses and the metabolism of amino acids, cell walls, DNA and fatty acids. We also discuss various structural and physical features, including the orientation of genes with respect to replication, putative start and stop codons, ribosome binding sites and rho-independent transcription terminators.
Bacillus subtilis↗
Dual function of an Arabidopsis transcription factor DREB2A in water-stress-responsive and heat-stress-responsive gene expression.
Transcription factor DREB2A interacts with a cis-acting dehydration-responsive element (DRE) sequence and activates expression of downstream genes involved in drought- and salt-stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Intact DREB2A expression does not activate downstream genes under normal growth conditions. A negative regulatory domain exists in the central region of DREB2A, and deletion of this region transforms DREB2A to a constitutive active form (DREB2A CA). We carried out microarray analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis-overexpressing DREB2A CA and found that the overexpression of DREB2A CA induces not only drought- and salt-responsive genes but also heat-shock (HS)-related genes. Moreover, we found that transient induction of the DREB2A occurs rapidly by HS stress, and that the sGFP-DREB2A protein accumulates in nuclei of HS-stressed cells. DREB2A up-regulated genes were classified into three groups based on their expression patterns: genes induced by HS, genes induced by drought stress, and genes induced by both HS and drought stress. DREB2A up-regulated genes were down-regulated in DREB2A knockout mutants under stress conditions. Thermotolerance was significantly increased in plants overexpressing DREB2A CA and decreased in DREB2A knockout plants. Collectively, these results indicate that DREB2A functions in both water and HS-stress responses.
Arabidopsis↗
Stress and active oxygen species--effect of alpha-tocopherol on stress response.
Stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders such as cardiovascular diseases or neurodegeneration. The extensive overlap between diseases attributed to stress and oxidative damage is indicative of their potential relationship. We hereby study the influence of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-toc) on the development of stress biomarkers (morphological and biochemical), on specific biomarkers of radical insult (lipid peroxidation, oxidized proteins, or glutathione content in brain and liver), as well as on drug metabolism. In our experimental protocol two groups of female rats are exposed to stress conditions, i.e. cold plus starvation. Before stress and during its application one group is treated with alpha-toc for 20 d (0.42 mmol/kg per os, once daily). Our results indicate that oxidative damage accompanies the development of stress, while treatment with alpha-toc completely prevents stress-induced radical attack and reduces stress indices like plasma corticosterone, uropepsinogen, and morphological changes. It is found that stress increases the drug metabolic potential of the liver (total P450, CYP2E1, or CYP3A1 activity). Administration of alpha-toc, in combination with stress, further increases erythro mycin N-demethylation (CYP3A1) compared to stress control, while 4-nitrophenol hydroxylation (CYP2E1) is not affected significantly.
Administration, Oral↗
Blunted HPA axis response to stress influences susceptibility to posttraumatic stress response in rats.
BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with low levels of circulating cortisol, and recent studies suggest that cortisol administration may reduce PTSD symptoms. This study investigated the role of cortisol in the manifestation of anxiety- and fear-like symptoms in an animal model of PTSD. METHOD: Magnitude of changes in prevalence of anxiety-like behaviors on the elevated plus-maze and nonhabituated exaggerated startle reaction were compared in three strains of rats exposed to predator stress, with and without prior corticosterone treatment. Extreme behavioral changes in both paradigms implied an extreme behavioral response (EBR), representing PTSD-like symptoms. RESULTS: Lewis rats exhibited greater baseline anxiety-like behaviors and greater stress-induced increases in anxiety-like behaviors than Fischer F344 or Sprague-Dawley rats, with only minor corticosterone increases following stress. Prevalence of EBR was 50% among Lewis rats compared with 10% of Fischer F344 and 25% of Sprague-Dawley rats. Administering corticosterone 1 hour before stress exposure reduced the prevalence of EBR from 50% to 8% in the Lewis rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a blunted HPA response to stress may play a causal role in this model of PTSD and that this susceptibility may be prevented by administration of cortisol before stress exposure.
Analysis of Variance↗
Hfq modulates the sigmaE-mediated envelope stress response and the sigma32-mediated cytoplasmic stress response in Escherichia coli.
Hfq, a chaperone for small noncoding RNAs, regulates many processes in Escherichia coli, including the sigma(S)-mediated general stress response. Here we used microarray analysis to identify the changes in gene expression resulting from lack of Hfq. We identify several potential new targets for Hfq regulation, including genes encoding outer membrane proteins, enzymes, factors, and transporters. Many of these genes are involved in amino acid uptake and biosynthesis, sugar uptake and metabolism, and cell energetics. In addition, we find altered regulation of the sigma(E)- and sigma(32)-mediated stress responses, which we analyze further. We show that cells lacking Hfq induce the sigma(E)-mediated envelope stress response and are defective in sigma(E)-mediated repression of outer membrane proteins. We also show that the sigma(32)-mediated cytoplasmic stress response is repressed in cells lacking Hfq due to increased expression of DnaK. Furthermore, we show that cells lacking Hfq are defective in the "long-term adaptation" of sigma(32) to chronic chaperone overexpression. Together, our results indicate that Hfq may play a general role in stress response regulation in E. coli.
Amino Acids↗
Adrenal cortical responses to stress in normal men and in those with personality disorders; some stress responses in normal and psychotic subjects.
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Adrenal Glands↗
Divergence in behavioural responses to stress in two strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with contrasting stress responsiveness.
The aim of this study was to establish whether two lines of rainbow trout divergent for their plasma cortisol response to a standardized stressor would show consistent differences in their behavioural response to a range of challenging situations. Our results show that the high- and low-responding (HR and LR) lines of rainbow trout did not differ in the aggression shown towards an intruder or in their response to the introduction of a novel object to their home environment. However, there was a difference in behaviour between the two selection lines when they were exposed to two unfamiliar environments. These results suggest that the behaviour of the HR and LR fish differs when they are challenged in unfamiliar environments, while their behaviour does not differ when they are challenged in their home environment. These observations are in agreement with studies on mammals that show that individuals with reactive coping styles perform similarly to proactive animals when they are challenged in a familiar environment, while they show different behaviour when they are challenged in unfamiliar environments. Thus, these results provide further evidence that the HR and LR selection lines of rainbow trout exemplify the two different coping styles described in mammals.
Aggression↗
Deciphering the mammalian stress response - a stressful task.
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Animals↗
[Stress response and stress proteins].
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Animals↗
[Consequences of AIDS in the lives of hemophiliacs and their caregiving families in Quebec: stress, response to stress and social support].
The following article focuses on the Québec portion of a national survey on the care needed by hemophiliacs with AIDS or having contracted the HIV virus. The survey was based on an approach that considers social support as a means to face stress. It also examined the needs of dispensers of care and relatives (whether mourning or not) of these persons. Participants revealed having experienced more stress because of an absence of support or simply negative support, than because of the physical deterioration caused by the disease. In addition, the question of confidentiality was often raised. In general, participants said they were satisfied with the support they had received, especially on the part of members of their family.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗