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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

International standard for anti-Brucella abortus serum: comparison of the complement-fixing activity of the first and second international standards and the EEC standard.

Although the three standards have similar agglutinating activities, it was found that the first International Standard had about half the complement-fixing activity of the second International Standard and the EEC standard. The complement-fixing activities of the latter two standards were similar. On the basis of these results, showing that the agglutination and complement-fixation tests measure different biological activities in anti-Brucella abortus sera, the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in 1976 assigned separate unitages of agglutinating and complement-fixing activity to the second International Standard for Anti-Brucella abortus Serum.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1990

[National Institute of Hygienic Sciences Standard (the Japanese Pharmacopoeia Standard) "Endotoxin Reference Standard" (Control 891)].

The second "Endotoxin Reference Standard" (Control 891) of the National Hygienic Sciences (Japanese Pharmacopoeia Standard) was prepared. As a result of the test of its potency against the preceding lot of the Reference Standard (Control 881), the second "Endotoxin Reference Standard" (Control 891) containing 16000 endotoxin units per vial was authorized.

Endotoxins↗
PubMed1988

Suggested standards for reports dealing with cerebrovascular disease. Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Cerebrovascular Disease, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery/North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery.

The evaluation of clinical reports on vascular disease is often made difficult by variations in descriptive terms, clinical classification, and outcome criteria. In 1983 the Joint Council of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the North American Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery created the Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards to address these problems and recommend solutions. Some general problems were addressed in the initial report dealing with lower extremity ischemia. This article concerns clinical standards for reports dealing with cerebrovascular disease, suggests a scheme for clinical classification, and recommends standardized reporting practices for grading risk factors, angiographic and other diagnostic findings, and the results and complications of therapeutic intervention.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Suggested standards for reporting on arterial aneurysms. Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Arterial Aneurysms, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery.

The literature on arterial aneurysms is subject to potential misinterpretation because of inconsistencies in reporting standards. The joint councils of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the North American Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery appointed an ad hoc committee to address this issue. This communication, prepared in response to the need for standardized reporting, defines and classifies arterial aneurysms and recommends standards for describing the causes, manifestations, treatment, and outcome criteria that are important when publishing data on aneurysmal disease.

Aneurysm↗
PubMed1990

Standard karyotype of the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Committee for standardized karyotype of Equus caballus. The Second International Conference for Standardization of Domestic Animal Karyotypes, INRA, Jouy-en Josas, France, 22nd-26th May 1989.

The following decisions concerning the banded karyotype of the horse (Equus caballus) were made at the second International conference for Standardization of Domestic Animal Karyotypes, held at Jouy-en Josas, France, 22nd-26th May 1989: (1) numbering of the chromosomes was modified to correspond to an arrangement into only two groups (the non-acrocentrics and the acrocentrics) within which the autosomes are placed according to length alone; (2) a more compact karyotype arrangement was adopted: chromosomes 1 to 5 on the first row, 6 to 10 on the second, 11 to 13, and, at the far right, X and Y on the third row, 14 to 19 on the fourth row, chromosomes 20 to 25 on the fifth, and 26 to 31 on the sixth row; (3) the NOR-bearing horse chromosomes were identified as numbers 1, 28 and 31.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Reporting standards in venous disease. Prepared by the Subcommittee on Reporting Standards in Venous Disease, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery/North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery.

This report comprises suggested reporting standards for publications dealing with (1) acute lower extremity venous thrombosis, (2) chronic lower extremity venous insufficiency, (3) upper extremity venous thrombosis, and (4) pulmonary embolism. Attempts have been made to set forth numeric grading schemes for disease severity, risk factors, and outcome criteria. Some of the recommendations had to be arbitrary of necessity, but they were judged the most generally acceptable by members of the committee. They are offered not as binding rules but as guidelines whose observance will serve the clarity and precision of communication.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

National standard setting for quality of care in general practice: attitudes of general practitioners and response to a set of standards.

The Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (NHG), the college of general practitioners in the Netherlands, has begun a national programme of standard setting for the quality of care in general practice. When the standards have been drawn up and assessed they are disseminated via the journal Huisarts en Wetenschap. In a survey, carried out among a randomized sample of 10% of all general practitioners, attitudes towards national standard setting in general and to the first set of standards (diabetes care) were studied. The response was 70% (453 doctors). A majority of the respondents said they were well informed about the national standard setting initiatives instigated by the NHG (71%) and about the content of the first standards (77%). The general practitioners had a positive attitude towards the setting of national standards for quality of care, and this was particularly true for doctors who were members of the NHG. Although a large majority of doctors said they agreed with most of the guidelines in the diabetes standards fewer respondents were actually working to the guidelines and some of the standards are certain to meet with a lot of resistance. A better knowledge of the standards and a more positive attitude to the process of national standard setting correlated with a more positive attitude to the guidelines formulated in the diabetes standards. The results could serve as a starting point for an exchange of views about standard setting in general practice in other countries.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

Standardization and harmonization of the blood count: the role of International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH).

Scientific principles of standardization were first applied in haematology in 1963 when the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology was established with a primary objective to improve the measurement of haemoglobin. Subsequently, ICSH has established Expert Panels on a wide range of haematological topics, including especially a Panel on Cytometry. The purpose of haematological standardization is to obtain precision, accuracy, specificity and harmonization of results between different laboratories in all countries and also between different instruments or methods in the same laboratory. To achieve these objectives ICSH sponsors collaborative studies by scientists from academic centres and from industry and uses a consensus procedure for establishing standards on the basis of the scientific data, followed by an educational programme to ensure that the standards are adopted worldwide. ICSH defines material standards and standardized methods. Material standards are classified as primary international standards, certified reference materials, secondary standards and calibrators. These must be distinguished from control preparations which are intended exclusively for quality control. Standardization of methods must also be considered at four levels: definitive, reference, selected and routine. Each has a place in practice but their roles must be clearly defined. ICSH has an established protocol for evaluation of automated blood cell counters. This defines the levels of precision and accuracy of instrument performance. It is also necessary to assess "clinical utility". The main requirement of the practising haematologist is clinical reliability and harmonization of results for comparability. One of the major functions of ICSH is to provide an interface for collaboration between the manufacturers who develop the instruments and the users in order to achieve this goal.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1991

The effect of 'standard drink' labelling on the ability of drinkers to pour a 'standard drink'.

Australia's National Health Policy on Alcohol has recommended that beverage containers be labelled so that alcohol content is 'readily understandable by the public'. Health promotion to increase the responsible use of alcohol now relies extensively on the concept of a standard drink--usually defined as 10 g of ethyl alcohol. Numerous difficulties confront a drinker who wishes to apply the standard drink system to monitor alcohol intake. This report describes a series of experimental tests of the proposal that these difficulties are minimised if alcohol containers have their alcohol content indicated in terms of standard drinks in addition to the usual percentage alcohol by volume method. Subjects were drinkers recruited from a Perth shopping mall and were tested only on beverage types they had consumed within the previous week. They were required to pour what they judged to be a single standard drink from a 750 ml bottle of either wine or beer. Beer drinkers achieved greater accuracy in this task when the bottles had standard drink labels, even when the glass size and beverage strength were varied. Wine drinkers had equal difficulty with this task whether standard drink or percentage labels were used. The addition of a 'ladder' up the side of a wine bottle with graduations in standard drinks would be necessary for wine drinkers to achieve a high level of accuracy. We conclude that labelling drink containers with their alcohol content in terms of standard drinks would better equip all drinkers to follow the advice of health educators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Standardization of protein C in plasma: establishment of an international standard.

An international collaborative study, involving 18 laboratories, was carried out to establish an international standard for protein C in plasma. The proposed standard, which consisted of a freeze-dried ampouled plasma preparation coded 86/622, was assayed against fresh normal plasma and the participants' local standards. Protein C activity assays were placed in four groups, depending on the method of activation and detection of protein C. The combined potencies (units per ampoule) for the proposed international standard were: thrombin activation/clotting assays, 0.86; thrombin activation/chromogenic assays, 0.81; snake venom activation/clotting assays, 0.81 and snake venom activation/chromogenic assays, 0.82. Measurement of protein C antigen gave potency estimates of 0.81 and 0.82 unites per ampoule for the Laurell electroimmunoassay and ELISA techniques, respectively. The good agreement in potency estimates between the different methods indicates that the overall combined figure (226 assays) for the international standard of 0.82 international units per ampoule should serve for all methods. Accelerated degradation studies have indicated that the standard should be suitably stable when stored at -20 degrees C. The freeze-dried plasma 86/622 has been established by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization as the 1st International Standard for Protein C in Plasma; with an assigned unitage of 0.82 international units per ampoule.

Blood Coagulation Tests↗
PubMed1992

Rabies vaccine standardization: International Collaborative Study for the Characterization of the fifth International Standard for Rabies Vaccine.

A collaborative study was carried out to establish a replacement for the International Standard for Rabies Vaccine, the stocks of which are exhausted. Three rabies vaccines for human use derived from different rabies virus strains and prepared on different cell culture substrates were compared with the International Standard for Rabies Vaccine using in vivo and in vitro assay methods in a collaborative study involving 14 participants. The proposed fifth International Standard (PISRAV) which was derived from the same virus strain as the present international standard preparation, the Pitman Moore (PM) strain, was found to be approximately twice as potent relative to the International Standard in immunogenicity assays as in antigenicity assays. On the other hand another vaccine, derived from the LEP strain, was considerably more potent in antigenicity assays than in immunogenicity assays. The glycoprotein of the proposed replacement standard measured in antigenicity assays appeared to be stable at +37 degrees C for 245 days, whereas the immunogenicity of the proposed replacement vaccine was sensitive to this heat treatment and the vaccine lost 66% of its immunogenic potency. The results of this study indicate that the NIH protection test should continue to form the primary basis for potency assay of rabies vaccine as glycoprotein content does not appear to correlate with immunogenic potency for different types of vaccine. The vaccine coded PISRAV has been established as the fifth International Standard for Rabies Vaccine and a potency of 16 International Units of Rabies Vaccine (based on the immunogenicity assays) assigned to the contents of each ampoule. Each ampoule has also been assigned a unitage of 10 IU of PM Rabies Virus Glycoprotein and 135 IU of PM Rabies Virus Ribonucleoprotein.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Gene differences between the sex ratio and standard gene arrangements of the X chromosome and linkage disequilibrium between loci in the standard gene Drosophila pseudoobscura.

The Standard and Sex Ratio gene arrangements of the X chromosome of D. pseudobscura differ from each other in allele frequencies at the four X chromosome loci, esterase-5, adult acid phosphatase-6, phosphoglucomutase-1 and octanol dehydrogenase-3. The Standard arrangement which is the common arrangement in all populations is polymorphic at these loci in varying degrees, the geographically less widespread Sex Ratio arrangement has little polymorphism and is genically predominantly E-5(1.04) AP-6(-) Pgm1(1.0) ODH-3(1.0). The Sex Ratio arrangement from different populations is alike at all of the four loci, the Standard arrangement shows some gene frequency differences among populations. The Standard and Sex Ratio arrangements differ from each other by three inversions which suggests that the two arrangements are "old". Gene differences between these two chromosome arrangements can be explained due to differential natural selection of alleles in the Standard and Sex Ratio arrangments.-The order and percent recombination among these four loci in the Standard arrangement are: E-5-.294-AP-6-.335-Pgm-1-.024-ODH-3. The Standard X chromosomes from four different wild populations were analyzed for evidence of linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci at these four loci. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was obtained. However, when linkages involving simultaneously three loci, E-5, AP-6 and Pgm-1 are considered, then significant departure from linkage equilibrium is observed.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1991

[Contact eczema and "standard test"--do "International Standard Test Series" coincide with Austrian local characteristics?].

Testing with a "standard" group of substances has proved of great value when allergic contact dermatitis is suspected and the offending agent cannot be pinpointed by careful history-taking. But internationally standardized series do not take into account locally important and individual factors, changing consumer habits or economic aspects. We have, thus, compared the suitability of two standard series, the ICDRG-European and the DKG-German standard, for Austrian purposes. 1,478 patients with a clinical diagnosis of contact dermatitis were patch tested between 11/88 and 4/90 with the ICDRG allergens; the second collective of 505 patients was tested between 5/90 and 1/91 with the DKG series. Only 12 out of the 27 substances of the ICDRG series exceeded the critical incidence of 1%; 6 were below this limit but positive in more than 0.5% and 9 hardly ever aroused positive reactions. In the DKG series, 17 out of 23 substances surpassed the limit, 2 were positive in more than 0.5%, and 4 caused virtually no reactions. However, 4 allergens with frequent sensitization rates were included neither in the ICDRG nor in the DKG series and 2 others were missing in the over-dimensioned ICDRG standard. Our results demonstrate that internationally established standard series have to adapted for the local situation in Austria, and that a constant review is essential with replacement of allergens as necessary according to changing production techniques and consumer habits. Suggestions for an "Austrian standard patch test series" are proposed on the basis of our results but in spite of being helpful in general terms interpretation of such a test in the individual patient with eczema remains problematic.

Allergens↗