Social motivation affecting individuals' actions in Japan during World War II: historical review.
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Culture↗
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Results for “social motivation”
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Contingency learning in chronic schizophrenia and its relevance to social motivation deficit.
The present study investigates the ability of chronic schizophrenic patients to learn to obtain social rewards when the incentive value of the contingent social event is known. From a group of 40 chronic patients tested for responsivity to social rewards, socially responsive and socially unresponsive patients were selected and compared on a learning task. Patients who were highly motivated to obtain social reinforcement did not emit the reinforced response during 300 learning trials any more frequently than did patients who were not motivated by social rewards. It was only when the experimental contingency was specified that responsive and unresponsive patients could be differentiated. The implications of these findings for social motivation theories of schizophrenia are discussed.
Adult↗
Motivation: social approaches.
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Achievement↗
The social behavioral phenotype of Kabuki syndrome.
OBJECTIVE: This study describes the social-communication and behavioral profile associated with Kabuki syndrome (KS), including exploratory comparisons between individuals with a pathogenic variant in KMT2D (KS1) versus KDM6A (KS2). METHOD: Thirty-five caregivers of children/adults with KS (25F, Mage = 13.45, SD = 7.60) completed the Social Responsiveness Scale 2nd Edition (SRS-2), Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire, and/or Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Descriptive analyses and non-parametric tests were conducted to examine behavioral trends in the entire cohort and to explore differences in social behaviors and autism characteristics between those with KS1 versus KS2. RESULTS: About a third of the sample have a prior diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, with rates more elevated in KS2 versus KS1 (67% vs. 23%). In the full cohort, 72% fell in borderline/clinical ranges for Peer Problems, while only 3% yielded atypical scores for Prosocial Behaviors. Those with KS1 were rated to show most challenges in restricted/repetitive behaviors (RRBs), which fell in the moderately severe range, compared to other social domains (social communication, social awareness, social motivation). In contrast, social motivation was the sole area rated within normal limits. CONCLUSION: Those with KS2 showed greater difficulties across all social behavior/cognitive domains than KS1 counterparts, albeit both presented with similar severity in RRB and prosocial behaviors. Prominent features of the KS social behavioral phenotype include pronounced difficulties with inflexible behaviors and restricted interests juxtaposed with strong prosocial tendencies. KS2 may confer increased risk for autism-related characteristics, underscoring the need for more systematic investigations.
Humans↗
Drug dependence: a study of the relationship between motivational, cognitive, social and historical factors, and treatment variables.
The question of why addicts seek and remain in treatment has received very little attention. In the present study, 40 addicts requesting inpatient treatment for drug dependence were interviewed prior to admission about cognitive, motivational, social, and historical factors. These factors were investigated in relation to their association with certain treatment variables--whether or not the individual subsequently presented for admission, the manner in which inpatient treatment was terminated, and the length of stay. The factors most potent as predictors included the addict's evaluation of the drug unit itself, and social pressures from the family. Forensic factors were found to be positively related to length of admission; and motivation for treatment--a problematic concept which has frequently been regarded as tautologous--is also discussed. The results point to the complex interaction of factors associated with the addict's decision to seek treatment.
Adolescent↗
[Communicative and social behavior of speech disordered children].
The spheres covering behaviour disorders, social behaviour and communicative behaviour of speech impaired pupils which until now have been analyzed on a more theoretical level, ought to be studied using psychometric testing procedures and an esperimental observational situation in order to gain base data with which to set up a concrete catalogue of aims (learning program) based on the deficits thereby obtained. The study took place at the special school in Esslinger-Berkheim (Baden-Wurttemberg). By taking into account relevant specialized literature and the results of other studies, the following general hypotheses were advanced, namely, that the communication of speech handicapped children is troubled in respect of its content and relation, and that their social behaviour shows more egoistic than cooperative features. In order to determine social motivations and attitudes, we used Muller's "Social Motivation Test" (SMT) and Jorger's "Group test for the social attitude" (S-E-T). Due to the inconsistency between the attitudes measured by means of psychometric methods and the sbusequent free and genuine behaviour, an observational situation was developed during which the pupils, either in pairs or in groups of four and using puppets, took turns in thinking up a story, discussing the plot, roles, etc. and finally putting on the play. The whole was then analyzed by means of tape recordings and film shots, the interaction of the communicating partners being analyzed and categorized in two separate assessment stages: communicative behaviour and social behaviour. The pragmatic axioms of P. Watzlawick, the communication researcher, functioned as theoretical background. Flanders's linear time diagram was used as assessment system. Communicative and social learning aims were prepared in accordance with confirming hypotheses to enable a "preliminary area" for the practical work in (special) education to be defined. In addition, a rough outline was made of the conditional areas pertaining to social and communicative education of the speech impaired for the purpose of carrying out a systematic change.
Child↗
[Motivation of socially dangerous actions and the clinical criteria for forensic physchiatric evaluation in pathological forms of puberty].
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Adolescent↗
Employment problems among tribal aboriginals.
Despite financial encouragement to desert Aboriginal communities, only a small proportion of persons have been persuaded to adopt a Western work style. Some of the Aboriginal attitudes to work and the differing implications of work for black and white people are described. These differences are particularly marked in the areas of motivation, social implications of work, such as status, acquisition of money, and uses to which money can be put. Higher levels of skill are also affected by differing ideas of group conformity, individual excellence, and, to some extent, traditional philosophical concepts. Some of the defects in higher levels of performance may be developmental rather that attitudinal, arising from a radically different childhood environment. It is maintained that understanding work problems from the Aboriginal's point of view may help to circumvent some of them, but radical change, if it comes at all, must come from within their community by their own modification of traditional attitudes.
Attitude↗
[Environment and selfsufficiency of elder man (author's transl)].
The problems of environment of elderly people are concentrated in social area and in the intimate living space, which can not be maintained sufficiently because of increasing age and decreasing performance. The consequences of mobility in industrial revolution scattered families and also deprived old men of their helpers. Inadequate living rooms and absence of technical comfort especially in the houses of the very aged men produce intense dependence of the own individual performance. Medical data of the spontaneous elected performance informe about the amount of the requirements of daily working capacity. They show low requirements of stress. Spontaneous working load was below of the level of medical well tolerated effort. In healthy men no signs of overloading have been registrated. Seldom removal in old age pensions before the age of eighty is indicated by illness but frequently social motivation predominates. On the contrary considerable insufficiency in social and medical providing exist after acut illness, what is to improve by special hospitals for rehabilitation of older people and by a grid of social stations. By this method it might be possible to save a great amount of money by governments that now has to be payed for exorbitant expansive assistance which is medical not indicated.
Aged↗
Effects of acute inflammatory challenge on anhedonia and social reward processing: A randomized controlled trial of endotoxin.
Anhedonia is a core feature of depression that reflects reward system dysfunction. Acute inflammatory challenge has been shown to induce transient anhedonia and reward processing deficits, but its effects on distinct components of social reward processes remain poorly understood. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated anhedonia and social reward responsivity following acute inflammatory challenge. Low-dose endotoxin (0.8 ng/kg body weight; n = 18) or placebo (same volume of 0.9% saline; n = 22) was administered to female adults (ages 25-44). Anhedonia (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Questionnaire) and blood samples for cytokine assessment were collected pre-infusion and 2 and 4 h post-infusion. Social reward motivation (wanting to engage in a social task) was assessed at a baseline eligibility visit and 2 h post-infusion. Sensitivity to positive social cues (attentional bias toward and recognition of happy faces) was assessed pre-infusion and 2 h post-infusion. Results showed that endotoxin increased anhedonic symptoms (p = .005) and decreased social motivation by 2 h post-infusion (p = .001); within the endotoxin condition, changes in both outcomes were associated with increases in TNF-α (p's < .04). A significant condition-by-time interaction for happy-face recognition (p = .011) was driven by increased accuracy in the placebo (p = .04) but not endotoxin (p = .43) condition. Endotoxin administration did not affect attentional bias toward happy faces. Findings suggest that acute inflammatory challenge induces anhedonia and reduces social motivation, with more limited effects on sensitivity to positive social cues, highlighting specific reward-related pathways through which immune activation may contribute to inflammation-associated depression. Future work could examine whether immune-related changes in social motivation contribute to motivational deficits in depression.
Humans↗
Morphine reduces social cohesion in rats.
The effect of low (1 mg/kg) doses of morphine on maintenance of physical proximity were evaluated in paired rats observed in a 4 square foot test arena. Morphine reliably reduced proximity maintenance time, and this was apparently not due to sedation, since the effect was unmodified by doses of amphetamine which substantially increased motor activity. The effects of naloxone were inconsistent on this measure of social motivation. In general, the results are consistent with the theoretical proposition that a brain neurochemical change which might lead to social attraction is the activation of endogenous opioid systems. When opiate activity is exogenously sustained, animals exhibit a subnormal tendency to be gregarious.
Amphetamine↗
Nutritional modulation of host physiology, behavior, and gut microbiome in the captive rodent Octodon degus.
Diet is a key determinant of health by affecting nutrient metabolism, energy balance, body weight regulation, and mental health. The gut-brain axis is a critical pathway through which dietary factors influence cognitive function and behavior via microbial metabolites. While this relationship has been extensively studied in traditional laboratory models, diet-microbiome-cognition interactions remain largely unexplored in Octodon degus, an emerging model for aging, neurodegeneration, and cognitive research. Here, we compared two widely used rodent diets-LabDiet and Champion-to evaluate their effects on digestive efficiency, behavior, and gut microbiome composition. We also examined the relationships between these variables using piecewise structural equation modeling (pSEM). Our results indicated that LabDiet-fed degus exhibited enhanced nutrient absorption, higher fecal acetic acid levels, and a higher abundance of Actinobacteria (particularly Bifidobacterium), likely driven by its vitamin C supplementation. These animals also showed improved working memory and social motivation, but they displayed increased anxiety-like behavior. In contrast, Champion-fed degus, which consumed a more fiber-diverse, plant-based diet, showed lower anxiety traits and significantly greater gut microbial richness, with higher abundance of Bacteroidota and Tenericutes. Innate behaviors, such as burrowing and nesting, remained unaffected by the diet. SEM analysis revealed that diet explained most of the variance in microbial activity and identified a positive association between acetic acid levels and cognitive performance. This emphasizes a strong relationship among diet, microbiome, and brain function. Overall, our results suggest that dietary composition is a key factor influencing experimental outcomes in degus, with important implications for physiology, cognition, and microbial ecology. Standardizing dietary inputs is essential to ensure reproducibility in behavioral and biomedical studies using this model. Additionally, our results reinforce the microbiome's role as a mediator of diet-driven brain function via SCFAs, underscoring degus as a powerful system for investigating diet-microbiome-neurobehavioral interactions relevant to aging and mental health.
Animals↗
A geriatric day hospital: the first year.
The establishment and operation of a day hospital in its first year is reported. Increasing emphasis on disability in the community rather than age has resulted in more effective management of patient problems. Not only is the day hospital inexpensive but also it concentrates on the real needs so that the majority of the patients with motivational, social or physical disabilities can continue to function as home based members of the community.
Adult↗
[Interviews with Norwegian dentists about continuing education].
A representative, nationwide sample comprising 50 dentists in Norway was surveyed through personal interviews concerning their opinions on and need for postgraduate education. The reports clearly indicated that the professional challenges are changing rapidly as a result of improved treatment habits and dental health among most patients and that continuing dental education should adjust to the new situation. Most interviewers were satisfied with the courses presently offered, but they nevertheless wanted more of them, particularly in oral medicine and surgery, prosthetics, prevention and community dentistry. Scientific papers abounding with statistics and histology were suggested to be reduced in the Norwegian Dental Journal, and should be replaced by practical review papers. Social motives for attending professional meetings were common, the dentists said they learned much of practical value and picked up news in conversations with colleagues. Improved contacts with the dental schools was desired. Concerning undergraduate education, a prevailing view was that too much time was devoted to basic sciences as opposed to clinical- and community dentistry. The attitude towards compulsary continuing education was ambiguous, conceivably a reflection of the two different professional ideals: high standards and autonomy.
Adult↗
Imperforate Anus: a five to thirty year follow-up perspective.
A twenty-five year experience with 284 patients with imperforate anus has been reviewed, with a 5 to 30 year assessment after surgical intervention. The following conclusions seem to be suggested by the study: 1. There was a 20% mortality overall, with the greatest number of these occurring in the Type III high lesions. Eighty per cent of the deaths were unrelated to imperforate anus and resulted from associated anomalies. 2. Eighty-eight per cent of the overall series achieved socially acceptable continence. Four out of five poor results occurred in the Type III high lesions. 3. Functional results achieved in imperforate anus surgery seem more closely related to the anatomy presented to the surgeon than by his choice of operative procedure. 4. Continence is more slowly achieved in an imperforate anus patient than in a normal child. It is an evolutionary process which seems to improve with age, being especially influenced by the social motivation that comes with puberty. 5. An appreciable number of patients with poor musculature for continence remain clean by promptly heeding the defection signals, by avoiding laxative foods, and by enforced constipation. 6. Secondary surgery when the levator sling muscles have been missed or partially bypassed seems to improve continence in a high percentage of patients.
Adolescent↗
From motivational theory to social cognitive development: twenty-five years of the Nebraska Symposium.
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Child Development↗
Drinking motives and behavior in social drinkers.
A survey of 113 college students indicated that drinkers with mature motives for drinking (e.g., drank on special occasions) drank less than drinkers with immature motives (e.g., drank to increase self-confidence) and showed smaller increases 1 year later.
Adolescent↗
Social-psychologic perspective in motivating changes in eating behavior.
Some reasons for difficulties in motivating changes in eating behavior are outlined, and the application of the major principles of social psychology relevant to dietary management are reviewed. Locus of control and varying communication models are discussed in the context of nutritional counseling. The importance of the patient assuming responsibility for his/her own behavioral change is reviewed in terms of attribution theory. Specific suggestions for helping nutritionists motivate patients to change their eating behavior are made.
Attitude to Health↗