Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “smoking dependence”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Shared genetic architecture of smoking dependence and Crohn's disease: A cross-trait analysis of GWAS summary statistics.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking dependence (SD) and Crohn's disease (CD) are epidemiologically associated, but whether this relationship reflects shared genetic susceptibility remains unclear. METHODS: We conducted a cross-trait genetic analysis of SD and CD using publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from European-ancestry populations. Genome-wide genetic correlation was estimated using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and high-definition likelihood (HDL). Pleiotropic variants were identified using PLACO and mapped to genomic loci using FUMA. Regional signal sharing was assessed by Bayesian colocalization. Functional analyses included stratified LDSC, Multi-marker Analysis of GenoMic Annotation (MAGMA), GTEx tissue analysis, and Metascape. Expression-linked candidate genes were prioritized using expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL)-based summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) with heterogeneity in dependent instruments (HEIDI) testing. Genetically informed spatial mapping of cells for complex traits (gsMap) was used for spatial mapping. RESULTS: SD and CD showed positive genetic correlation by LDSC (rg=0.2090, p=0.0008) and HDL (rg=0.3817, p=0.00106). PLACO identified 81 genome-wide significant pleiotropic SNPs, which were mapped by FUMA to three loci at 1p31.3, 5p13.1, and 12q12, represented by rs11209031, rs1395152, and rs17467116, respectively. MAGMA identified 22 FDR-significant genes, four of which remained Bonferroni significant: LRRK2, TNFRSF6B, ZGPAT, and RP4-583P15.15. Cross-trait tissue analysis showed significant enrichment of the shared genetic signal in whole blood and small intestine, while gene-set analysis highlighted inflammatory response (pbon=1.86×10-5) and T-helper 17 cell differentiation (pbon=7.37×10-4). SMR/HEIDI analysis further prioritized RPS6KB1 as a shared expression-linked candidate. Spatial mapping revealed a prominent signal in the embryonic gastrointestinal tract and gene-specific regional patterns involving LRRK2 and SLC2A13 in the adult mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS: SD and CD showed measurable shared genetic susceptibility, with convergent evidence from pleiotropic loci, immune-inflammatory pathway enrichment, tissue-level associations, and spatial transcriptomic mapping.

Crohn's disease↗
PubMed1979

Changes in the cigarette consumption of smokers in relation to changes in tar/nicotine content of cigarettes smoked.

Over a 13-year period, 59 per cent of 28,561 smokers decreased the tar and nicotine (T/N) level in the cigarettes they smoked without changing the number of cigarettes smoked to any important extent. On the other hand, more than 54 per cent of the "less than one pack a day" smokers as compared to only 25 per cent of the "one pack or more a day" smokers increased the number of cigarettes smoked. Nicotine dependency plays a minor role in determining the smoking habits of those who continue to smoke on a long-term basis.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Changes in the retinal vessels in mandibular nerve anesthesia. A potential for complications].

Examinations of the eyegrounds were made on thirty subjects after conduction anesthesia with xylocitin of the inferior alveolar nerve as well as on nine subjects after sodium chloride injections in order to determine the effect of mandibular conduction anesthesia on retinal vessels. Retinal vascular widths were measured and arteriovenous indices determined. The subjects were divided into groups according to preexisting general diseases, age, sex, and smoking habits. Retinal vascular changes were determined in dependence on age and smoking habits after injections made into the mandibular foramen, and the manner of origin and the results are discussed with particular reference to data reported in the literature.

Anesthesia, Conduction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cigarette smoking and prevalence of microangiopathy in juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

In order to evaluate a possible relation between cigarette smoking and prevalence of diabetic microangiopathy, a series of 180 consecutive patients suffering from insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus with different durations of disease (60 patients each with diabetes for 10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, and 30 to 39 years, respectively) were examined for clinical signs of retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. The results were compared with the patients' previous and actual smoking habits. Cigarette smoking was defined as daily smoking of at least ten cigarettes for one year or more. Smoking habits of the total diabetic sample were not significantly different from those of a nondiabetic control sample. However, a decline in the number of cigarette smokers and a rising number of ex-smokers were noted with increasing duration of diabetes. In comparing smokers and nonsmokers, no difference was found in the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy, background retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy. However, the prevalence of nephropathy (persistent proteinuria) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) among these patients who were or had been cigarette smokers. Thus, cigarette smoking might be considered a risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

In utero opiate dependence and sudden infant death syndrome.

Infants born to smoking, alcoholic, and drug-dependent women appear to suffer increased prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, vascular changes, and hypoxic episodes as a result of decreased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood, depression with overdose, and withdrawal symptoms. The author reviews these associations and suggests further research to clarify their role in the sudden infant death syndrome.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1978

Personality and sexual behavior of the adolescent smoker.

The adolescent smoker (aged 14 to 17 years) shows little difference from the non-smoker in terms of scores on the Cattell 16 personality factor inventory. In particular, there is no evidence of tension, extroversion, or reversal of sexually-biased personality characteristics. The sexual promiscuity of the adolescent smoker is probably related more to liberal attitudes and a propensity for risk-taking behavior than to uncertainty regarding sexuality. In this age group the decision to start smoking regularly may depend more on the influence of parents and friends than on an inherent personality structure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Aspects of tolerance to and dependence on cannabis.

Tolerance at all levels of complexity in the brain involves "learning" in the sense of the acquisition of compensatory adaptations to the consequences of the presence of a drug-produced disturbance in function. Depending on the function, species, and dose of cannabis, "tissue tolerance," behaviorally augmented (to provide the presence of the disturbed function) or not, develops at different rates or not all (e.g., to impairment of the logical sequence of thoughts, to which no tolerance has yet been demonstrated). "Dispositional tolerance" (increased rate of metabolism of delta 9-THC due to enzyme induction) may play a role in the development of tolerance or "reverse tolerance" to cannabis in man. There is evidence that for the label "high," placebo effects may account for the "reverse tolerance" seen in experienced users on smoking (but not on ingestion of delta 9-THC or placebo) along with evidence of residual tolerance to other not-so-labeled effects of the drug. Dependence on cannabis, in the sense of abstinence phenomena on abrupt withdrawal of delta 9-THC, has been demonstrated in monkeys made tolerant to delta 9-THC given four times daily for about 1 month. In man, physiologic marijuana abstinence signs have not been demonstrated, but behavioral (and some physiologic) abstinence phenomena have been reported in heavy users of hashish or ganja. The between-dose hyperirritability and dysphoria reported to occur in experimental studies on chronic marijuana intoxication may actually be early and short-lived abstinence changes. In the West, where marijuana with relatively low delta 9-THC content is widely smoked, dependence in the sense of drug-seeking behavior appears to be less a function of any pharmacologic reinforcing properties the drug may have than of secondary (conditioned) reinforcement derived from the social milieu in which the marijuana is smoked. In cultures where marijuana of higher delta 9-THC content, hashish, or ganja is used, pharmacologic reinforcement (through suppression of abstinence changes) may play a greater role in maintaining drug-seeking behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Interaction and pH dependence of effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke inhalation experiments with rats.

In view of subacute inhalation studies with cigarette smoke at high concentrations, the toxic properties of combinations of carbon monoxide and nicotine were investigated. Treating rats with fresh diluted cigarette smoke in an inhalation chamber, we established a smoking schedule that resulted in a certain death rate after 13 days. The mortality under the experimental conditions was taken as a measure for the toxicity of different combinations of carbon monoxide and nicotine. Since the absorption and therefore the toxicity of nicotine is pH dependent, the factorial experiments were performed under two pH conditions. The first experiments were conducted between pH 6.5 and 6.9 and then between pH 6.6 and 7.8 where the higher pH is due to the addition of nicotine base to the cigarette filler. After extensive mathematical treatment of the data, the following results were established: (a) Equations for the dose-response surface of CO and nicotine were computed. (b) R2 values (square of the multiple correlation coefficient) for the respective dose-response surfaces were between 87% and 94%. (c) From the respective equations the dose-response surfaces were drawn in the form of several computer plots. From the equations it becomes evident that, under the experimental conditions, there are no synergistic effects between carbon monoxide and nicotine. A simple additivity of the toxic effects was therefore postulated. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that smoke pH plays an important role, because only from alkaline smoke does the absorption of nicotine seem sufficiently rapid for it to add to the acute toxicity of CO. The total particulate matter apparently does not contribute significantly to the toxicity of the smoke aerosol.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Acute effects of smoking tobacco and a tobacco substitute on lung function in man.

The acute effects on airway function of smoking one cigarette of a tobacco substitute 'New Smoking Material' (NSM), one cigarette of conventional tobacco, and one cigarette containing 70% tobacco and 30% NSM, were studied in 6 healthy nonsmokers and 6 healthy smokers. None of the cigarettes produced any change in three tests of small-airway function (flow-volume curves, closing volume, frequency dependence of compliance). However, smoking either one conventional tobacco cigarette or the 30% NSM/70% tobacco cigarette produced an acute fall in specific airways conductance, of similar degree with both cigarettes, whereas the 100% NSM cigarette produced no such change.

Adolescent↗