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Results for “selective attrition”

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PubMed1979

A long-term longitudinal study of intellectual ability of older adults: the matter of selective subject attrition.

Two hundred and forty-six subjects aged 60 to 94 were tested with the WAIS at test session 1, the start of a longitudinal study which lasted approximately 20 years. The subject attrition from the first session to the last (session No. 11) was progressive and selective, leaving mainly the intellectually superior ones in the study. Two facts appeared particularly important: One, little intellectual decline was seen in these superior subjects until very late in life. Two, analyses based on such superior subjects without reference to the larger body of subject populations can lead to spurious generalizations about aging in general. Age decline in intellectual ability seen in more representative populations may not be apparent when analyzing data of select samples.

Aged↗
PubMed2026

The reporting and handling of missing data in genetic epidemiological studies of mental health in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Genetic epidemiological analyses of child and adolescent mental health often use data from prospective longitudinal cohorts. Missingness due to selective attrition is therefore an important potential source of bias in such analyses. Informatively reporting on missingness and taking appropriate steps to handle it in analyses can mitigate this potential bias. Here, we aim to systematically assess how researchers report and address missingness in genetic epidemiological studies of child and adolescent mental health-related outcomes using cohort data. METHODS: We systematically searched the Ovid Medline database for studies published between August 2012 and August 2025, reporting polygenic score, genome-wide association, or Mendelian randomization analyses, of data on children or adolescents participating in cohort studies. We extracted information from eligible studies based on criteria adapted from the strengthening and reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 133 eligible studies were included, of which 125 (93.98%) reported the number of complete cases in all waves, while 84 (63.16%) detailed the amount of missingness on all key variables. Most studies used complete case analysis, while 39 studies explicitly reported applying other methods to handle missingness, with multiple imputation (n = 20, 15.04%) being the most common, followed by full information maximum likelihood 10 (8.1%). Only 18 studies (13.53%) reported an assumed missing mechanism along with the method used to address missingness. Full reporting of both the extent and handling of missingness at the item level was rare, occurring in only 5 (3.76%) and 15 (11.28%) studies, respectively, among the 123 studies that used multi-item instruments. CONCLUSION: Best practice recommendations for reporting on missing data handling emphasize the importance of detailing the proportion of missingness, types of mechanisms underpinning missingness, and details of approaches used. Based on this review, these recommendations for proper reporting of missing data are rarely followed in full.

children and adolescents↗
PubMed2026

Extended Long-Term Effects of Cognitive and Aerobic Training on Cognitive Function in Patients With Stress-Related Exhaustion Disorder: A 4.5-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Stress-related conditions like clinical burnout and exhaustion disorder (ED) are associated with enduring cognitive problems. We have previously demonstrated that the addition of computerised cognitive training (CCT) and aerobic training (AT) to a multimodal rehabilitation programme (MMR) yielded greater improvements in cognitive function compared to MMR alone in patients with ED. These effects were maintained at the 1-year follow-up for CCT, but not for AT. Building on these findings, the present study examined the extended long-term effects of CCT and AT on cognitive function, psychological health, and work ability, 4.5 years after the interventions. Participants were recruited from a stress-rehabilitation clinic and 56 of the initial 132 participants returned for the 4.5-year follow-up. Assessments were conducted before (T1), immediately after (T2), 1-year after (T3) and 4.5-years after (T4) the interventions. Mixed model analyses assessed changes in the intervention groups relative to the control group from T1 to T4, with follow-up comparisons examining within-group stability of outcomes between T3 to T4. The primary outcome was cognitive performance on a global cognitive score. Secondary outcomes included domain-specific cognitive functioning, self-reported cognitive function, psychological health (burnout, depression, anxiety, and fatigue), and work ability. The analysis revealed sustained long-term effects on the global cognitive score, a trained updating task and episodic memory in the CCT group, with stable performance between one- and 4.5-year follow-up. The addition of AT did not yield any extended long-term effects on cognitive performance. Both groups showed extended long-term improvements in self-reported memory problems, although findings were mixed. Extended long-term improvements were observed on burnout for both groups, with additional effects on anxiety and work ability in the AT group. Notably, these effects were not present at the 1-year follow-up and are more plausibly explained by selective attrition rather than a delayed intervention effect. In conclusion, the result indicates that cognitive interventions such as CCT can have lasting positive effects on cognitive function in patients with ED, whereas the long-term psychological effects should be interpreted with caution. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT0073772.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Evaluating Selective Quality Control in Mammalian Oogenesis: Evidence and Opportunities.

The formation and maintenance of the finite mammalian ovarian reserve are critical for fertility and species survival. Genetic and developmental studies have uncovered various mechanisms underlying oocyte development and maturation, revealing two curious features of the ovarian germline: (a) The establishment of the follicle reserve involves an initial massive overproduction of oocyte precursors, and (b) the total number of ovulated oocytes across an animal's fertile lifetime is a very small proportion of the initial ovarian reserve. Many have proposed that this indicates the existence of selective quality control to ensure gamete fitness. Here, we review the findings underlying the hypotheses for germline quality control during prepubertal development, homeostatic fertility, and reproductive aging. We evaluate whether the existing evidence base distinguishes the active selection of specific germ cell subsets from neutral dynamics. Throughout, we discuss strategies for applying statistical frameworks to evaluate selection in oogenesis and the implications of neutrality versus selection at various points in oocyte development.

Oogenesis↗
PubMed1978

Attitudes and beliefs versus study results: exemplified by attrition in a school of nursing in Israel during 1968-1974.

Head nurses and faculty members have their own beliefs on and attitudes towards the process of selecting candidates to schools of nursing. Many times these are based on impressions and/or everyday experiences that might have a crucial influence on perception of the issue. These impressions are not always verified when a study is conducted. This article reports on some of the issues and findings regarding attrition in one school for registered nurses in Israel during the years 1968-1974. It also describes what head nurses and faculty members thought to be valid criteria in the selection process, though findings revealed that things are not always as they are believed to be. For example, psychological tester recommendations were thought to be crucial in selecting candidates and preventing attrition, but no significant correlation was found between the recommendations and attrition. Head nurses thought that the main reason for attrition was dissatisfaction, although this was not found to be a stated reason. This belief of the head nurses should evidently be investigated. Findings support the author's belief that local studies are important and that faculty members and head nurses should communicate on the issue of student nurse selection and education.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1979

Increase of tooth size in prehistoric coastal Peru, 10,000 B.P.-1,000 B.P.

Teeth increase in size during a 9,000-year period in an archaeologically derived, radiocarbon dated sample of skeletons from a geographically restricted area of coastal Peru. Although cultural change is extensive, including the transition to food production and pottery making, teeth do not reduce as predicted under these conditions by Brace's Probable Mutation Effect. Since most of the dental literature dealing with size change of teeth focuses upon dental reduction, hypotheses explaining why teeth increase through time are not well developed. No obvious selective forces explaining size increase are apparent in the present data. Attrition decreases through time. The increase in tooth size in this collection may be a function of overall cranialfacial size increase, which (pending further data) may be related to a general body size increase.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Increasing minority recruitment to the health professions by enlarging the applicant pool.

Over an eight-year period, 707 students from minority groups or with economically disadvantaged backgrounds were selected from junior and senior-high-school classes throughout the state of Arizona and admitted to a Med Start program emphasizing careers in the health professions. The program featured recruitment into clubs, training in leadership, counseling by other minority students, work experience and specialized courses in English, mathematics and basic biologic sciences. Attrition was remarkably low. At the time of follow-up study, 369 of these students had sought further education beyond high school, and 220 of this group had enrolled in or completed health-education programs. Although obviously not a controlled experiment, this experience suggests that the pool of minority and economically disadvantaged applicants for careers in the health professions can be enlarged.

Arizona↗
PubMed1977

Regional variation in tooth size and pathology in fossil hominids.

Tooth size and dental pathology in fossil hominids were studied to test for regional differences in these parameters. The results showed little regional variation in tooth size for the Middle and Upper Pleistocene sites compared (except for Krapina) but considerable differences in the severity of attrition and dental pathology. These differences were considered indicative of regional differences in the functional load borne by the teeth, and in view of the similar technological status of the groups studied, were attributed to environmental differences in the diet. Since, in all regions, reduction in tooth size appeared to continue at the same rate for the periods investigated, no association can be established between presumed selective pressures related to differences in functional demands made on the dentition, and tooth reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Comparative effects of 12-week resistance training on unstable and stable surfaces on muscle stiffness, muscle co-activation, and balance in older patients with knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: This randomized trial compared the effects of unstable resistance training (URT), involving resistance exercises on unstable surfaces, and stable resistance training (SRT), performed on stable surfaces, on muscle stiffness, co-activation, and balance in older adults with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). We hypothesized that URT would yield greater improvements by enhancing neuromuscular adaptability. METHODS: Fifty patients with KOA were randomly assigned to the URT group (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;25) or the SRT group (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;25). After attrition, 46 participants (URT: n&#x202f;=&#x202f;23; SRT: n&#x202f;=&#x202f;23) completed the intervention and were included in the final analysis. Both groups completed a 12-week supervised lower-limb resistance training program (3 sessions/week) consisting of 10 exercises performed under either unstable or stable support conditions. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of intervention, both groups showed significant reductions in pain intensity (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001). However, compared with the SRT group, the URT group demonstrated significantly greater reductions in quadriceps stiffness (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05), selected hamstring stiffness outcomes (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05), and quadriceps-hamstring co-activation (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001), alongside superior improvements in both dynamic balance and static balance (all p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05). CONCLUSION: While both training modalities are effective for pain relief, URT elicited greater improvements in balance-related performance and neuromuscular-mechanical outcomes than SRT in older adults with KOA. These findings suggest that incorporating unstable support conditions into resistance training may provide additional rehabilitation benefits for this population.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Blood pressure control in private practice: a case report.

High blood pressure is most commonly treated in the offices of private physicians. We have attempted to evaluate the efficacy of such care through review of all patient charts of a Board Certified, University Medical Center affiliated internist in New York City. Seventeen per cent had elevated (greater than or equal to 160/95) blood pressures or were taking antihypertensive medication at the time of their last visit. A selected group of 206 charts was examined to determine attendance and blood pressure outcome. Over one-half of these patients were lost to follow-up within a year of their initial visit. Of those who persisted in therapy, 55 per cent achieved good blood pressure control. Blood pressure outcomes among medicated patients were not different from those of patients who received no prescription. These results suggest that this conventional pattern of ambulatory medical care, characterized by a high attrition rate and a failure to adequately control blood pressure, may not be suitable to the long-term management of high blood pressure.

Female↗