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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

A simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid and salicylamide in plasma by gas liquid chromatography.

A novel method for the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid and salicylamide in biological fluids by gas liquid chromatography is described. The assay has been used to determine the plasma concentration of salicylates in 10 volunteers after oral ingestion of three commercially available aspirin-containing formulations. No difficulty was encountered in determining low concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid in the presence of higher concentrations of salicylic acid. The in vivo plasma half life of acetylsalicylic acid in man was found to be 15.5 min.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

The wetting of powders of acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid, phenacetin and paracetamol.

The wetting of powders of acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid, phenacetin and paracetamol has been assessed using methanol--water mixtures to give a range of surface tensions. The results have been interpreted in terms of the critical surface tension, adhesion tension and spreading coefficients. The critical surface tension values are surprisingly low which may be due to adsorption of the methanol at the solid surface, exposing its CH3 group to the liquid. The adhesion tension and spreading coefficient values could be useful guides in formulation.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of salicylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid in plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography.

Salicylsalicylic acid (SS) and salicylic acid (SA) both appear in plasma after the oral ingestion of the former. They can be estimated in the presence of each other after extraction into dichloromethane using high pressure liquid chromatography. SS is unstable in plasma, being converted to SA in vitro. Conversion can be prevented by using ethylene diaminetetraacetic (EDTA) as an anticoagulant and carrying out the extraction in the cold. An aliquot of the extract is dried and dissolved in methanol. Weak solutions of SS in methanol are unstable at room temperature. Methanolysis can be prevented by the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid. By adding phenylbutazone to the plasma as an internal standard, variations in extraction and sample application are nullified. Quality control is achieved by concurrent extraction of two different plasma standards containing SS and SA in known amounts. About 40 ng of SS and SA can be detected; reproducibility at 200 ng and above is better than 6.5 percent.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1976

Dermatopharmacology of salicylic acid. III. Topical contra-inflammatory effect of salicylic acid and other drugs in animal experiments.

The acute contra-inflammatory effects of salicylic acid, three standard dermatocorticoids and four contact antiphlogistics have been investigated by means of a UV dermatitis inhibition test in the guinea pig. The substances tested had a distinct inhibitory effect on the development of erythema and can be ranked in the following ascending order of activity (percent of maximum possible score): bufexamac = 36%, salicylic acid = 37%, hydrocortisone = 44%, acetylsalicylic acid = 48%, flumethasone pivalate = 51%, fluocinolone acetonide = 51%, phenylbutazone = 56%, and indomethacin = 58%.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1979

[Determination of sorbic acid, its salts and salicylic acid in food products of animal origin].

A foreign method for quantitative assay of sorbic acid and natrium sorbate in food stuff of plant origin was applied by the authors for food stuffs of animal origin. The conservant of the food stuff was isolated by water vapour distillation. Sorbic acid and natrium sorbate assay was performed on part of the distillate colorimetrically at wave length lambda--532 nm. The method proved highly sensitive (2 gammas and 94% reproduction). It can be used in conservant assay of various fish assortments, canned food, roe and some types of cheese. A qualitative method for proving the presence of salicylic acid is proposed, using water vapour distillation of the biological material. Part of the distillate produced is treated directly by 1% ferriammonium sulfate water solution. A violet tint of the solution proves the presence of salicylic acid in the product studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The determination of salicylic acid and benzoic acid in pharmaceutical formulations by spectrofluorimetry.

Methods of extraction from pharmaceutical formulations and subsequent determination of benzoic acid and salicylic acid by spectrofluorimetry are described. The recovery of benzoic acid, in the presence of salicylic acid, was 99.3%, with a coefficient of variation of 1.04%, while the recovery of salicylic acid, in the presence of benzoic acid, was 97.7%, with a coefficient of variation of 0-68%.

Benzoates↗
PubMed2026

Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation by Salicylic Acid Receptors.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a key phytohormone that activates plant defense responses 1-3. In Arabidopsis, NPR1 (also known as NIM1) and NPR3/NPR4 have been identified as dual SA receptors responsible for perceiving SA 4-6. However, the mechanisms of how SA binding to the NPR proteins leads to induction of defense gene expression remain unclear. Here, we elucidate how SA triggers transcriptional activation via NPR1 and relieves transcriptional repression mediated by NPR3/NPR4. We identified Mediator Complex Subunit 15A (MED15A) as a bridge between NPR1 and the Mediator complex governing transcription. SA induces direct interaction of NPR1 with MED15A. Structural and functional analysis showed that the binding of NPR1 to MED15A is essential for NPR1-mediated transcriptional activation. Meanwhile, SA relieves transcriptional repression mediated by NPR3/NPR4. NIM1-interacting 1 (NIMIN1) interacts with NPR3/NPR4 and the Topless (TPL) co-repressor, connecting them to Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) to mediate H3K27 trimethylation of SA-responsive genes. SA inhibits the interactions between NPR3/NPR4 and NIMIN1, reduces H3K27 trimethylation levels and increases histone acetylation of the target genes to release NPR3/NPR4-mediated repression. Our study offers a comprehensive view of SA-mediated defense gene activation. These findings lay a foundation for designing more effective SA analogs as agrochemicals and for engineering crop resistance by manipulating SA perception and signaling.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Effect of repeated skin application on percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid.

Various concentrations of salicylic acid in hydrophilic ointment were applied repeatedly at daily or weekly intervals to rats in vivo. Salicylic acid absorption through treated skin was monitored by determining the penetration fluxes of salicylic acid through skin excised at various times. A gradual decrease in the salicylic acid penetration flux was observed following weekly applications of either 5 or 10% salicylic acid in hydrophilic ointment. The penetration flux of 1% salicylic acid remained constant. In the daily applications of 5 and 10% salicylic acid, the penetration flux increased after approximately 2 days of treatment and declined thereafter. The penetration flux of salicylic acid from the 1% salicylic acid increased slightly after 3--4 days of treatment.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1978

The inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase of rabbit platelets by aspirin is prevented by salicylic acid and by phenanthrolines.

Salicylic acid, 1,10- and 1,7-phenanthroline prevented inhibition by aspirin of platelet aggregation and of generation of thromboxane A2 due to arachidonic acid, to the ionophore A21387, to thrombin and to collagen. Dithiothreitol, another drug which prevents aggregation and formation of thromboxane A2, but only reversibly, failed to interfere with the inhibition by aspirin. Irreversible inhibition by indomethacin and by the substrate analogue 5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid was also unaffected by salicylic acid or by 1,10-phenanthroline, which thus probably exert a specific interaction with the aspirin-binding site. Inactivation of platelet cyclo-oxygenase with arachidonic acid led to inhibition of the formation of thromboxane A2 and of aggregation due to arachidonic acid itself and to collagen, but barely affected aggregation by thrombin, even though generation of thromboxane A2 was blocked. Use of salicylic acid and of reversible inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase may help to unravel the mechanism of inhibition due to other agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Benzoic acid inhibits peach root growth and lateral root emergence by disrupting auxin homeostasis through salicylic acid accumulation.

We established a non-sterile root transformation system in peach seedlings. Using this system, we demonstrated that BA treatment inhibits plant growth and lateral root emergence by SA-mediated disruption of auxin distribution. Allelopathic autotoxins, particularly benzoic acid (BA), are recognized as primary contributors to peach (Prunus persica) replant disease; however, the molecular mechanisms by which BA disrupts root development remain poorly understood. BA treatment significantly reduced stem and root length and inhibited lateral root emergence without affecting lateral root initiation. To investigate the underlying mechanism at cellular resolution, we established a non-sterile Agrobacterium rhizogenes-based root transformation system achieving 27.11% transformation efficiency. Auxin biosynthesis (PpYUC10), influx transport (PpAUX1), and response (PpARF19) genes were markedly downregulated following BA treatment. Transgenic roots expressing the DR5::GUS auxin reporter exhibited reduced DR5 activity in root tips and suppressed expression in tissues surrounding lateral root primordia, indicating impaired auxin signaling at both developmental sites. Hormone profiling revealed a non-significant trend toward reduced auxin metabolites alongside significant accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), an auxin-antagonistic hormone, and its storage conjugate SA 2-O-β-glucoside. Supporting a causal role for SA, exogenous SA phenocopied BA-induced root growth inhibition, whereas co-treatment with IAA or the SA-biosynthesis inhibitor aminoindan-1-phosphonic acid (AIP) significantly rescued lateral root number and root fresh weight. Multi-treatment RNA-seq identified "response to auxin" and "response to salicylic acid" as the most enriched GO terms in BA-treated roots, and AIP treatment restored the expression of key auxin-related genes while reversing BA-induced SA-pathway changes. Together, these findings suggest that BA-induced SA accumulation suppresses auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling, thereby inhibiting peach root growth and lateral root emergence. This study elucidates the molecular basis of BA autotoxicity and establishes a transformation platform for functional genomic studies in Prunus.

Indoleacetic Acids↗
PubMed1977

[Effects of peeling agents (resorcinol, crystalline sulfur, salicylic acid) on the epidermis of guinea pig (author's transl)].

The mode of action of "classical peeling agents" such as resorcinol, crystalline sulfur, and salicylic acid on the epidermis is almost unknown. There are only a few experimental data available. Therefore the effects of resorcinol, crystalline sulfur, and salicylic acid were studied. A 1% and 3% concentration of these chemicals in vaselinum flavum or Unguentum Cordes was applied to the ears and flanks of adult male guinea pigs up to 14 days. Prior to biopsies at various time intervals, 3H-thymidine was injected intradermally. Specimens were paraffin embedded and routinely processed for autoradiographical analysis. The following parameters were assessed: Labelling index (L.I. in %); number of labelled basal cells per unit length of basement membrane; papillomatosis-index; and acanthosis-factor (projection histoplanimetry). The data were statistically analysed. The peeling agents induced a concentration-dependent increase of the L.I., acanthosis, and papillomatosis. Crystalline sulfur caused the most pronounced effect, followed by resorcinol. In contrast salicylic acid caused only a minute acanthosis factor and a slight increase in labelling. The correlation coefficient r of epidermal thickness to the L.I. for all concentrations and peeling agents used reaches the high figure of 0.978 for the ear. The 1% and 3% salicylic acid has a lower acanthosis factor than vaselinum flavum by itself. Preliminary autoradiographical studies in humans with 1% and 10% salicylic acid confirm these data. Salicylic acid counteracts acanthosis. These experiments show that crystalline sulfur and resorcinol have a potent effect on cell proliferation and acanthosis. They peel via proliferation hyperkeratosis. The mode of peeling by salicylic acid must be different, as cell proliferation and acanthosis are barely enhanced. The clinically known "keratolytic" effect of salicylic acid may be due to a direct action on the intercellular cement substance of the horny cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Rapid direct determination of trace amounts of salicylic acid in deproteinized serum by means of high-pressure liquid--liquid chromatography.

A simple method for the quantitative analysis of salicylic acid in blood serum is described. A liquid--liquid chromatographic system, consisting of a long-chain aliphatic amine as the stationary phase and dilute aqueous perchloric acid as the mobile phase, enables the direct injection of deproteinized serum into the system. No change in the chromatographic properties of the system was noticed after 2000 injections of deproteinized serum. Quantitative analysis is possible using peak area or peak height measurements. The method has a high precision: relative standard deviations of 0.4% and 5% are found for samples containing 10 micrograms and 10 ng injected salicylic acid respectively. The detection limit is found to be about 1 ng slicylic acid, corresponding to 40 ppb salicylic acid in serum. Simultaneously administered drugs such as indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine and phenacetin, and metabolites of salicylic acid do not interfere with the analysis. The time course of the concentration of salicylic acid in serum is demonstrated after oral administration of 1 g sodium-salicylate. The phase system was also found to be suitable for the analysis of salicylic acid in urine.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1977

Distribution of pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin between plasma and cells in blood: effect of salicylic acid, temperature and total drug concentration.

The binding of pentobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and salicylic acid to cells in blood was found to be independent of total drug concentration within therapeutic levels. Salicylic acid displaced pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin from plasma protein binding sites, but high levels of salicylic acid had no effect on the distribution of the other two drugs to washed blood cells. Thus, in whole blood the presence of salicylic acid decreased the fraction of pentobarbital or diphenylhydantoin bound to plasma proteins and increased the fraction of the drug in plasma water and in blood cells. Diphenylhydantoin was shown not to be bound irreversibly to blood cells and equilibration in between the inside and outside of the cells was found to be rapid (within 5 min), even at high concentrations. Binding to washed blood cells was the same at 37 degress C and 25 degrees C, in contrast to plasma protein binding. It is pointed out that these effects may cause certain analytical errors, resulting in changes in plasma concentration if plasma is separated at a low temperature.

Blood Cells↗
PubMed1978

Effect of salicylic acid on the percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone. In vivo studies in the rhesus monkey.

To document the effect of salicylic acid on hydrocortisone penetration in vivo in the rhesus monkey, hydrocortisone 14C, with and without salicylic acid, was applied in acetone and the solvent evaporated. The compounds also were applied in a formulation (60% ethanol, 5% propylene glycol, 5% glycerin, 30% water) in which salicylic acid enhances penetration in vitro. There was a difference in the kinetics of hydrocortisone absorption with the two formulations. In acetone, excretion of 14C peaked at 48 hours and then declined. With the other formulation, excretion peaked at 48 hours, maintained to 72 hours, and then declined. There was no statistical difference in the percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone with the addition of salicylic acid. These in vivo data are in contrast to the reported enhancing effect of salicylic acid obtained with in vitro studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Absorption and elimination of D-propoxyphene, acetyl salicylic acid, and phenazone in a combination tablet (Doleron): comparison between young and elderly subjects.

The single-dose kinetics of D-propoxyphene, acetyl salicylic acid and phenazone, given in a combination tablet (Doleron), were compared in young and elderly subjects. Serial blood samples were taken 0--48 hours after administration. The plasma concentrations of propoxyphene and of its major metabolite, norporpoxyphene, were assessed by mass fragmentography, those of phenazone by gas chromatography, and those of acetyl salicylic acid plus salicylic acid by spectrofluorometry. Neither for propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, acetyl salicylic acid nor phenazone did the areas under the concentration curves or the elimination half-lives differ between young and elderly subjects. These data do not provide pharmacokinetic support for a general reduction of the Doleron dosage in elderly subjects.

Administration, Oral↗