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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Continuous Safety Sampling Methodology.

This research introduces a proactive methodology for accident prevention, called Continuous Safety Sampling Methodology, by utilizing the principles of work sampling and control charting. Sampling is performed to observe the occurrence of conditions that may become hazardous in a given system. These conditions, known as dendritics, may become hazards and could result in an accident or occupational disease. Continuous Safety Sampling Methodology performs a random sampling for the occurrence of these dendritics. The collected data are then used to generate a control chart. Based on the pattern of the control chart, a system "under control" is not disturbed whereas a system "out of control" is investigated for potential conditions becoming hazardous. Appropriate steps are then taken to eliminate or control these conditions to maintain a desired safe system.

accident prediction,↗
PubMed1996

Chorionic villus sampling safety. Report of World Health Organization/EURO meeting in association with the Seventh International Conference on Early Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases, Tel-Aviv, Israel, May 21, 1994.

Accumulated experience of 138,996 cases of chorionic villus sampling shows that chorionic villus sampling is a safe procedure with an associated fetal loss rate comparable to that of amniocentesis. The chorionic villus sampling registry shows that chorionic villus sampling is currently performed primarily between 9 and 12 weeks' gestation and carried no increased risk of limb reduction defects: the overall incidence of limb reduction defects after chorionic villus sampling is 5.2 to 5.7 per 10,000, compared with 4.8 to 5.97 per 10,000 in the general population. Analysis of the pattern distribution of limb defects after chorionic villus sampling revealed no difference from the pattern in the general population. This applies specifically to transverse limb defects. Together with the overall incidence of limb reduction defects, these data provide no evidence for any risk for congenital malformation determined by chorionic villus sampling. Because chorionic villus sampling is currently performed generally after 8 completed weeks of pregnancy, few data are available for analysis of complications related to earlier procedures. Avoiding early chorionic villus sampling also excludes sampling in cases of early fetal death, which can be diagnosed reliably by ultrasonography at 9 weeks of pregnancy.

Chorionic Villi Sampling↗
PubMed1988

Percutaneous fetal umbilical blood sampling: procedure safety and normal fetal hematologic indices.

Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling allows direct access to the fetal circulation. We describe our experience with the procedure in the first 100 patients whose fetuses were at risk for hemolytic anemia, chromosomal abnormalities, coagulopathy, or intrauterine infection. Hematologic indices, including hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and platelet count, were analyzed from 50 of the fetuses who were normal at delivery. Normal values and gestational age regression curves (from 17 to 37 weeks' gestation) are presented. The technique and complications of the procedure are described. Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling affords useful information in prenatal diagnosis and entails a low rate of complications.

Blood Cell Count↗
PubMed1994

Rendering of mycobacteria safe for molecular diagnostic studies and development of a lysis method for strand displacement amplification and PCR.

Two criteria must be met before mycobacterial specimens can be tested by DNA amplification methods: (i) the sample must be rendered noninfectious, and (ii) the organisms must be lysed to free the DNA. Previous publications reporting DNA amplification of mycobacteria have concentrated on lysis and amplification procedures and have not addressed the issue of sample safety. We have shown that heating of samples below 100 degrees C may not consistently kill mycobacteria; however, heating at 100 degrees C in a boiling-water bath or a forced-air oven for a minimum of 5 min kills mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium thermoresistibile. Furthermore, heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min consistently lyses mycobacteria to produce short fragments of DNA that are suitable for amplification by PCR and strand displacement amplification. This procedure works with clinical samples digested by the n-acetyl cysteine-NaOH method as well as with suspensions of organisms in phosphate buffer. This paper also demonstrates the feasibility of using strand displacement amplification with clinical specimens.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1998

Development of a simple enzyme immunoassay for blood haptoglobin concentration in cattle and its application in improving food safety.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the role of haptoglobin, a major acute-phase reactant protein in cattle, as a marker to identify health/disease status in cattle and further assess its potential in improving food safety. SAMPLE POPULATION: Serum samples from various cattle groups: clinically normal cattle comprising steers (n = 157) and culled dairy cows (n = 92) before death (antemortem [AM]); retained carcasses (n = 57) railed off the line during postmortem (PM) inspection; and apparently AM normal culled dairy cows (n = 57). PROCEDURE: Efficacy of the simplified monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay was established by comparing results of haptoglobin tests performed independently on aliquots of serum samples by 3 laboratories. RESULTS: Haptoglobin concentration was significantly (P< or = 0.0001) different between the PM retained carcass group (n = 57) and the AM steer (n = 157) and culled dairy cow (n = 92) groups. In addition, haptoglobin concentration in AM steers (n = 157) and culled dairy cows (n = 92) was significantly (P < or = 0.0012) different, possibly reflecting a higher percentage of underlying pathologic or inflammatory conditions in animals of the latter group. Evaluation in 3 laboratories of sera from a group of culled dairy cows (n = 57), each laboratory performing a different test procedure, indicated that correlation of haptoglobin concentrations was good between the reported test procedure and the unmodified test and the classical hemoglobin-binding assay that measures peroxidase activity. CONCLUSION: Haptoglobin determination is effective in identifying diseased and healthy cattle. It may be a potentially important tool for application at the farm and slaughterhouse as an aid in improving food safety.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Essential considerations in the provision of near-patient testing facilities.

(1) Near-patient testing (NPT) is both practicable and in some situations desirable. (2) Like all new technologies its apparent simplicity often belies its complexity and masks the need for attention to detail in order to achieve optimum effects and avoid disasters. (3) Though technically unskilled individuals are capable of using it, they must undergo training in the elements of safety, sample collection, quality control, quantitation and documentation before being authorized to provide analytical services for patients. (4) Health Authorities should be encouraged to adopt a policy of integration of NPT and clinical laboratory services in order to reduce unplanned use and abuse of NPT facilities which is not only wasteful and divisive, but also dangerous. This has recently been emphasized in the United Kingdom by the release of a Hazard Notice (HN (Hazard) (87) 13) by the Department of Health and Social Security. The experienced clinical biochemist will, by virtue of training and experience, usually be the most suitable person in a Health District to advise on many of the issues involved in NPT. It should therefore, be the responsibility of laboratory staff to work with management, clinical, and nursing staff to: choose appropriate sites for the various levels of service to be provided to meet a clinical need; select the equipment and reagents to be employed; provide training in the use of the apparatus, quality control and safety; authorize accredited users and oversee the quality assurance programme. (5) Laboratory staff will need to involve themselves closely in the financial implications of NPT both for the laboratory's benefit and that of clinical practice within the hospital and/or community as a whole.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed1999

The safety and efficacy of treatment with air abrasion technology.

AIMS: To evaluate patient and operator exposure to respirable particulates following the use of air abrasion in tooth preparation, and to compare the microleakage of pit and fissure sealants after conventional, bur and air abrasion preparation of the pits and fissures. METHODS: To examine air abrasion safety, sampling data were collected using a physical model of the upper torso of a patient. Previously extracted bovine incisors were prepared using an air abrasion instrument. Patient and operator exposure samples were collected. The variables examined included the size of the alumina oxide particles, the speed of particle delivery and the method of dust collection. To assess the efficacy of air abrasion, 36 extracted human molars were divided into three groups. The groups were prepared by conventional acid etching, opening the pits and fissures with a round bur, or by air abrasion. To simulate oral conditions, sealed teeth were immersed in artificial saliva and thermocycled. Teeth were immersed in a 1% solution of methylene blue and sectioned to assess the microleakage associated with each sealant. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Dust from the KCP 1000 is insufficient to be a health hazard to patients or operators, (2) chair-side suction can be used as an alternative to the KCP 1000 suction, (3) superior sealants were obtained when tooth surfaces were prepared by a bur, compared to air abrasion and conventionally prepared surfaces, and (4) air abrasion tooth surfaces demonstrated less microleakage than conventionally prepared tooth surfaces.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2001

Accuracy of predonation Hct sampling affects donor safety, eligibility, and deferral rates.

BACKGROUND: Safe blood donation depends upon reliable predonation Hct screening. Earstick (ES) capillary samples are frequently used, but they may not be accurate. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Predonation ES and fingerstick (FS) and postdonation venous Hct results were compared in 1960 whole-blood and 210 apheresis donors. The validity of using postdonation venous samples to evaluate predonation ES and FS Hct was assessed in 20 whole-blood donors. The impact of Hct screening method on donor Hct deferrals was examined during periods when either ES or FS sampling was used exclusively. RESULTS: All donors were eligible to donate on the basis of a predonation capillary Hct of > or = 38 percent. In venous samples obtained immediately after donation, 36 percent of whole-blood donors had a Hct <38 percent. With correction for a decrease of approximately 2 Hct units during donation, 20 percent of these donors had a predonation Hct <38 percent. The lowest venous Hct was 23.1 percent. FS samples showed better correlation with venous Hct. Hct discrepancies were similar for apheresis donors. Hct deferrals were significantly higher with FS sampling, especially among women. CONCLUSION: Hct determinations from ES samples overestimate venous Hct. Fingerstick samples are more sensitive in detecting anemia. The accuracy of predonation Hct sampling has implications for donor safety, eligibility, and deferral rates.

Blood Component Removal↗
PubMed2000

Preclinical safety testing of percutaneous transatrial access to the normal pericardial space for local cardiac drug delivery and diagnostic sampling.

The safety of a percutaneous method and streamlined catheter system to access the normal pericardial space via the right atrial appendage for drug delivery and diagnostic sampling was demonstrated in 20 anesthetized pigs. Access was successfully accomplished in all animals within 3 min of guide catheter positioning and was documented by fluoroscopic imaging and pericardial fluid sampling. The animals were sacrificed at 24 hr (n = 10) and 2 weeks (n = 10) for histopathologic analysis. Mean pericardial hematocrit was 1.1% +/- 0.3% at initial sampling, 4.3% +/- 1.4% at 24 hr (P = 0.005 vs. baseline), and 0.4% +/- 0.2% at 2 weeks (P = 0.13 vs. baseline). At 24 hr, there was local inflammatory reaction in the atrial wall and a small thrombus at the site of puncture. At 2 weeks, no significant inflammatory changes or pericarditis were evident. The technique is well tolerated with no apparent adverse complications. Advances in intrapericardial therapeutics and diagnostics will direct the clinical application of this novel approach in human subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The safety of chorionic villus sampling. A synthesis of the literature.

Altogether 10 reports on the safety of chorionic villus sampling, either by the transcervical (TC) or the transabdominal (TA) approach, were reviewed and combined with our own data. After discussion of how unintended fetal loss rates are best estimated, the excess total fetal loss after TC and TA compared with amniocentesis were estimated to be 1.70% (+/- 0.65%) and practically zero (+/- 1.0%), respectively (standard errors in parentheses). The absolute risk of unintended loss after TC is +2.7% (+/- 0.7%) and after TA 1.0% (+/- 1.0%). These estimates are still too uncertain to allow precise weighting of benefits and human costs. A uniform style of reporting studies in this area is proposed.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a portable X-ray fluorescence instrument for the determination of lead in workplace air samples.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations for worker exposure to lead specify worker protection levels based upon airborne concentrations of lead dust. The rapid, on-site determination of lead in air filter samples using a portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument with an attachment to hold the filter would expedite the exposure assessment process and facilitate compliance with the OSHA standards. A total of 65 lead in air filter samples were collected at bridge blasting lead-abatement projects using closed-faced, 37-mm cassettes with pre-loaded 0.8 micron pore size mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. The lead loading range of the data set was 0.1-1514.6 micrograms (micrograms) of lead/sample. Samples were initially analyzed with a field portable XRF (NITON 700) using an experimental non-destructive XRF method. Samples were subsequently analyzed using National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 7105 (Graphite Furnace AA) as a reference analytical method. The paired data were not normally distributed; therefore, the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis. There was no statistically significant difference between data from the field portable XRF method and the NIOSH method (p-value = 0.72). Linear regression of the data resulted in a slope of 0.959, a y-intercept of 5.20 micrograms, and an r2 of 0.985. The XRF limit of detection and limit of quantitation were determined to be 6.2 and 17 micrograms of lead/sample, respectively. The XRF method accuracy was +/- 16.4% (7.1%-27%, 90% confidence interval). The data presented in this study indicate that field-portable XRF can be used for the analysis of lead air filter samples over the range of 17 to 1500 micrograms of lead/sample. The practicing industrial hygienist can use field-portable XRF to produce a rapid, on-site determination of lead exposure that can immediately be communicated to workers and help identify appropriate levels of personal protection. As the method is non-destructive, samples can subsequently be sent to a laboratory for confirmation. Confirmation would be recommended when greater than 16.4 percent accuracy from an analytical method is required. This study provided data of suitable quality for the development of NIOSH Method 7702, "Lead by Field Portable XRF."

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗