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PubMed2025

Reviving Élie Metschnikoff's Monospora: the obligately parasitic yeast Australozyma monospora sp. nov.

A vast literature explores a model system that consists of a prey crustacean, the water flea Daphnia spp., and an obligately pathogenic yeast that has been referred to as Metschnikowia bicuspidata and thought to represent the material used by Metschnikoff in his study of innate immunity. Typification of species bearing that name and indeed the whole genus has been problematic as regards yeasts that only grow or form aciculate ascospores in hospite. The neotype of M. bicuspidata, unlike the Daphnia parasite, is easily cultured on a variety of laboratory media, although it too can cause serious infections in a variety of mostly aquatic animals. It has become evident that the Daphnia parasite studied by Metschnikoff or current workers is not closely related to M. bicuspidata as currently understood. Analysis of whole genome DNA extracted from the yeast repeatedly found in infected Daphnia specimens shows that it belongs to the recently circumscribed genus Australozyma. The yeast is described here as Australozyma monospora sp. nov. The species, although haplontic and heterothallic, forms single-spored asci without mating. It also appears that all species in the genus are restricted to asexual reproduction, which may explain their rare status. The holotype is MICH 346683. The name is registered in Mycobank under the number MB 859667.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Emerging trends in genome editing of wild animals.

Globally, nearly one million species are currently threatened with extinction, highlighting the need for more efficient solutions to biological conservation. Genome editing, which allows for faster and more precise changes in genomes, is a promising technique for boosting populations through facilitated adaptation, management of invasive or pathogenic populations, and potentially even facilitating the revival of extinct species. These approaches belong to a new field of research termed conservation biotechnology, which places a great responsibility on researchers and decision makers to ensure sustainability. In this paper, we have mapped the emerging trends in genome editing of wild animals. Current projects primarily focus on population control and de-extinction, with fewer initiatives aimed at preserving threatened species. We then explore four critical dimensions of conservation biotechnology: the technology itself, new perspectives on conservation practices, research organization, and governance and policy. Despite its potential, key questions remain-particularly whether genome editing can increase genetic diversity without causing unintended non-target impacts. Genome editing also provokes new perspectives on conservation practices where ecosystem-wide impact assessment, case-by-case evaluations, and post-release monitoring needs to be prioritized. Furthermore, conservation biotechnology is heavily funded through private funding showing varying stakeholder interest, which can lead to untraditional and less transparent research processes. Stakeholders, including local and indigenous people, are only to a certain degree involved, which may weaken inclusion of local knowledge and monitoring efforts. Finally, concerning governance and policy, there is an urgent need to develop more adequate regulation of conservation biotechnology, as environmental release of genome-edited animals challenges definitions and guidelines in current nature protection laws and GMO regulations. Based on our analysis, we outline key points for further investigation toward a more sustainable approach to conservation biotechnology.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Epithelial regeneration in the gastrointestinal tract.

The gastrointestinal tract possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity to maintain tissue homeostasis against various injuries. However, the intestine and stomach exhibit distinct regenerative strategies. In the intestine, damage to Lgr5-positive (Lgr5+) stem cells induces cellular plasticity and the emergence of transient Revival stem cells (RevSCs), a process critically dependent on YAP/TAZ signaling. Conversely, the stomach utilizes paligenosis, where quiescent p57-positive (p57+) mature chief cells act as reserve stem cells, dedifferentiating to restore damaged tissue. Although the cellular origins differ, both organs appear to share some common regenerative features, including transient activation of pro-proliferative programs such as YAP/TAZ signaling. In contrast, whether Retinoic Acid (RA) signaling also serves as a conserved mechanism for regenerative resolution in the stomach remains to be determined. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing regeneration in these two organs. This comparative analysis provides a framework for future research.

Regeneration↗
PubMed2026

Storm and Stress 2.0? A Dual-Factor, Person-Centered Analysis of Adolescent Well-being Across Two Year 7 Cohorts and Gender.

PURPOSE: Concerns about the mental health and well-being of younger generations is a recurring theme across countries and time. Adolescence is debated as a period of volatility ("storm and stress") or growth. Recent trends have reignited worries about youth mental health and well-being, particularly for females, and revived a deficit-based view of adolescence. To advance understanding, this study adopts a dual-factor approach that incorporates both negative and positive well-being domains. Mental health trends were compared across two grade-matched Australian adolescent cohorts assessed 5 years apart. METHODS: Data were drawn from cross-sectional cohorts of year 7 students (12-13 years) in one Australian jurisdiction: 2,085 in 2018 and 2,378 in 2023. Positive affect, happiness, resilience, depression, and anxiety were assessed using latent profile analysis to identify mental health profiles, which were then compared between cohorts and gender. RESULTS: Four profiles were identified: complete mental health, symptomatic but positive, resilient but disaffected, and troubled. Approximately 80% of students were classified in profiles reflecting some positive mental health. Between 2018 and 2023, the proportion with complete mental health declined by 7.93%, while those categorized as troubled increased by 4.76%. Declines were most pronounced among female students. DISCUSSION: Findings highlight both resilience and vulnerability in adolescent mental health. While most students continue to show positive well-being, the decline among females signals an urgent need for gender-sensitive approaches. At the same time, the results add nuance to accounts of a youth mental health 'crisis' to some degree, by highlighting positive domains of well-being which are often overlooked.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Whole-genome characterization of seven multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from a single tertiary center in Beijing.

BACKGROUND: To characterize the whole-genome features of Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates collected from a tertiary medical institution in Beijing, with a focus on the genomic basis of ceftriaxone non-susceptibility and multidrug resistance. METHODS: Clinical isolates were collected from April 2023 to November 2024. Of 14 collected isolates, seven were successfully subcultured after revival and included in subsequent analyses. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the Etest method. Whole-genome data were obtained using a combination of second- and third-generation sequencing technologies. The isolates were combined with global and Chinese reference datasets to construct a core-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (core-SNP) phylogenetic tree. Chromosomal resistance-associated mutations and plasmid characteristics were subsequently analyzed. RESULTS: The seven isolates displayed genomic diversity at the whole-genome level. Four isolates (8087, 8423, 8461, and 8801) carried penA 60.001 and belonged to distinct sequence types, including ST7365, ST8123, and ST7367. One additional isolate (8726) carried penA 273.001; both alleles encode PBP2 proteins sharing the core substitutions A311V, I312M, V316T, and T483S. All five isolates were non-susceptible to ceftriaxone (MIC 0.25-0.5 mg/L). Ceftriaxone non-susceptibility was associated with the co-occurrence of mutations at core penA positions and additional mutations in porB and ponA, with an mtrR mutation present in one isolate. Plasmid collinearity analysis revealed that several multidrug-resistant isolates simultaneously harbored an intact conjugative plasmid and an African-type resistance plasmid carrying bla TEM-1. CONCLUSION: The multidrug-resistant phenotype of Neisseria gonorrhoeae results from the co-existence of chromosomal multi-locus mutations and resistance plasmids. The penA 60.001 isolates in this study did not originate from a single source. This allele appeared in multiple local clonal lineages. This pattern is consistent with horizontal gene transfer of this resistance determinant into multiple endemic lineages.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae↗
PubMed2026

Evolving conservation: The role of unconventional approaches to restore contemporary vertebrate populations and genomic biodiversity.

Conservation biology and restoration ecology are two essential yet distinct disciplines that address the growing challenge of biodiversity loss. Traditionally, these fields have relied on ecological principles and management practices aimed at protecting or reestablishing natural systems. The crisis is no longer just ecological; it is evolutionary and genomic. The accelerating pace of environmental change has outstripped the capacity of conventional approaches, creating a pressing need for innovative solutions. Biotechnology offers potentially transformative tools that can enhance the effectiveness and precision of both conservation and restoration efforts, especially for species where conventional conservation approaches have proved insufficient. Techniques such as genetic rescue, synthetic biology, and gene editing are increasingly being explored to address critical challenges, such as invasive species control, genetic diversity loss, and habitat fragmentation, to both invigorate endangered species and restore historical biodiversity. Despite its promise, the integration of biotechnology into conservation and restoration has raised ethical, ecological, and regulatory concerns. These include ecological unpredictability and public resistance to genetic interventions in wild populations. This perspective examines the current landscape of biotechnological applications in conservation and restoration, highlighting successful case studies, ongoing controversies, and optimism for additional progress. We argue that thoughtful, transparent integration of biotechnology that is grounded in ecological knowledge and stakeholder engagement can reconcile the goals of conservation and restoration. As ecosystems face mounting pressures, biotech-enabled strategies may prove essential for fostering resilience and ensuring long-term ecological sustainability.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗