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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Preadolescent children of substance-dependent fathers with antisocial personality disorder: psychiatric disorders and problem behaviors.

We compared psychiatric disorders and problem behavior scores in pre-adolescent children of fathers with alcohol or other drug dependence and ASP (SD+/ASP+), children whose fathers had substance dependence without ASP (SD+/ASP-), and children whose fathers were without either disorder (SD-/ASP-). SD+/ASP+ children showed elevated rates of major depression, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and separation anxiety disorder when compared to SD+/ASP- and SD-/ASP- children. SD+/ASP+ children had higher internalizing and externalizing problem behavior scores than the other two groups of children. The results suggest that SD+/ASP+ children are at significant risk for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1996

Sleep in psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders are some of the most common causes of sleep-related complaints, particularly insomnia. Sleep abnormalities may be caused by CNS abnormalities associated with psychiatric illnesses as well as by accompanying behavioral disturbances. Although sleep patterns are not necessarily diagnostic of particular psychiatric disorders, there are relationships between certain sleep abnormalities and categories of psychiatric disorders. Sleep disturbances associated with psychiatric disorders and general approaches to treatment are reviewed.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2004

Screening for psychiatric disorders in outpatients with DSM-IV substance use disorders.

Psychiatric disorders are frequent in patients with substance use disorders, and have been associated with increased morbidity and poorer treatment outcome. Because of the clinical importance of comorbid mental disorders, concerns have been raised about the detection of psychiatric disorders in patients with substance use disorders. The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) is a brief, psychometrically strong, self-report scale designed to screen for the most common DSM-IV Axis I disorders encountered in outpatient mental health settings. Previously we described the diagnostic performance of the PDSQ in a large sample of psychiatric outpatients. For the present report, we examined the performance of the PDSQ in psychiatric outpatients with drug and alcohol abuse and dependence, and determined whether its performance in patients with substance use disorders is as good as it is in patients without substance use disorders. For the patients with a substance use disorder, 92% of the comorbid mental disorders were detected by the PDSQ subscales (i.e., mean sensitivity across subscales equals 92%) and 97% of the patients who screened negative did not have a disorder (i.e., mean negative predictive value equals 97%). For patients without a substance use disorder, the mean sensitivity and negative predictive values were 88% and 95%, respectively. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were plotted for each PDSQ subscale for both patient groups, and all areas under the curve were significant and similar in the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2024

Transcriptomic pathology of neocortical microcircuit cell types across psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SCZ) are characterized by altered cognition and mood, brain functions that depend on information processing by cortical microcircuits. We hypothesized that psychiatric disorders would display cell type-specific transcriptional alterations in neuronal subpopulations that make up cortical microcircuits: excitatory pyramidal (PYR) neurons and vasoactive intestinal peptide- (VIP), somatostatin- (SST), and parvalbumin- (PVALB) expressing inhibitory interneurons. Using laser capture microdissection followed by RNA sequencing (LCM-seq), we performed cell type-specific molecular profiling of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, a region implicated in mood and cognitive control. We sequenced libraries from 130 whole cells pooled per neuronal subtype (VIP, SST, PVALB, superficial and deep PYR) in 76 subjects from the University of Pittsburgh Brain Tissue Donation Program, evenly split between MDD, BD and SCZ subjects and healthy controls (totaling 380 bulk transcriptomes from ~50,000 neurons). We identified hundreds of differentially expressed (DE) genes and biological pathways across disorders and neuronal subtypes, with the vast majority in interneurons, particularly PVALB. While DE genes were unique to each cell type, there was a partial overlap across disorders for genes involved in the formation and maintenance of neuronal circuits. We observed coordinated alterations in biological pathways between select pairs of microcircuit cell types, also partially shared across disorders. Finally, DE genes coincided with known risk variants from psychiatric genome-wide association studies, suggesting cell type-specific convergence between genetic and transcriptomic risk for psychiatric disorders. Our study suggests transdiagnostic cortical microcircuit pathology in SCZ, BD, and MDD and sets the stage for larger-scale studies investigating how cell circuit-based changes contribute to shared psychiatric risk.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-dependent patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders occur more often among alcoholics than among the general population. The psychiatric disorders that alcoholics most frequently experience include mood disorders (e.g., depression), anxiety disorders, and antisocial personality disorder. The evaluation of psychiatric symptoms in alcoholic patients is complicated by the multiple relationships that exist among heavy drinking, psychiatric symptoms, and personality factors. For example, alcoholics with co-occurring depression may be at greater risk of psychosocial problems, relapse, and suicide. Conversely, heavy drinking may produce or worsen symptoms of depression or anxiety. Although clinical experience provides general guidance for treating these patients, further research is needed to develop effective psychosocial and pharmacological therapies aimed at specific combinations of psychiatric and addictive disorders.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention of psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent and cause an enormous burden of suffering, loss of productivity, morbidity, and mortality. This article will review prevention of psychiatric disorders in a manner that is relevant to the mental health clinician. Clinicians may increasingly play a role in preventive interventions through (1) identifying individuals at risk, (2) consulting with agencies, school personnel, and employers who may identify individuals at risk, (3) providing treatment that can reduce the chronicity, severity, and total duration of psychiatric illness, and (4) providing mental health care to a specific population within our evolving health care system, in which health promotion and disease prevention play an increasingly important role. Appropriate literature was located by searching the English-language citations since 1985 in Index Medicus (search terms included prevention, preventive psychiatry, early intervention, mental disorders, risk factors, and primary prevention), reviewing several textbooks on psychiatric preventive services, and finding additional sources cited in the reference sections of these publications. This paper presents the public health model of disease prevention, which divides prevention activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions. The model is applied to childhood psychiatric disorders and to adult-onset schizophrenia, depressive disorders, and substance use disorders. The review concludes with a discussion of the implications for the clinician and for public health policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The influence of alcohol drinking and alcohol use disorders on psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior.

The present review reports on the influence of alcohol drinking and alcohol use disorders on psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviour. The base of the study was previous reviews of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism publication Alcohol and Health in 1993 and by Helgason in 1996. Using a defined search strategy in Medline, another 42 articles from 1994 to 1996 were included in the comorbidity part and 19 in the suicidal part. Epidemiological and clinical studies confirm high comorbidity of substance use disorders and other mental disorders. Alcohol abuse worsens the course of psychiatric disorders. Light to moderate alcohol consumption has no documented positive effect on the course. Levels of risk consumption of alcohol in psychiatric disorders have not been well defined. One-fifth to one-third of increased deaths rate among alcoholics is explained by suicide. In countries with high alcohol consumption, the suicide rate is also high and is increasing with total increased alcohol consumption. Comorbidity is common among suicide victims, and substance use disorders is most frequently combined with depressive disorders. Interpersonal loss within 6 weeks before suicide is more often present among alcoholics than nonalcoholic suicide victims.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2007

Lifetime comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder with psychiatric disorders in a community sample.

Epidemiological research indicates that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) still constitutes a major public health problem. To study the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in OCD subjects in a non-Western community sample, 25,180 individuals were interviewed face-to-face at home according to DSM-IV for diagnosis of psychiatric disorders by 250 trained clinical psychologists. The subjects were predetermined with a randomized cluster sampling method among all families residing in Iran. From 444 individuals diagnosed as OCD, 157 (35.4%) developed at least one of the psychiatric disorders. The most common comorbid psychiatric disorders were major depressive disorder and simple phobia. Comorbidity of two or more additional psychiatric disorders in OCD individuals was rare. There was no difference between genders in the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with OCD. Low comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with OCD shows that OCD tends to occur in isolated rather than as cluster problems in a clinical sample.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

White matter injury, neural connectivity and the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders are characterized by diverse clinical manifestations that include deficits in cognition, perception, mood and arousal. These complex processes are not mediated by any specific brain region but require the coordinated activity of several areas that are anatomically connected. Impairments in these neural circuits may therefore be expected to result in an attenuation of the functions regulated by them. The white matter provides the structural and physiological substrate of neural circuits in the central nervous system. We propose that injury to the white matter, from diverse biological sources, may compromise neural connectivity by associated axonal injury or impaired conductivity. Either mechanism could result in clusters of signs and symptoms that are currently recognized as psychiatric disorders. The role of white matter impairment in the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness is under-appreciated in the neurosciences. Focused translational research aimed at identifying the links between white matter compromise and specific behaviors are necessary for a more thorough understanding of the etiology of mental illness to emerge.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Associations between early-adolescent substance use and subsequent young-adult substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders among a multiethnic male sample in South Florida.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the associations among early-adolescent substance use, subsequent young-adult substance use disorders, and psychiatric disorders among a community sample of males. METHODS: Early-adolescent data were collected in classroom surveys (1990-1993), and young-adult data were collected in face-to-face interviews (1998-2000). RESULTS: We found strong associations between early-adolescent substance use and young-adult substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders. The magnitudes of these associations varied by racial/ethnic group and were strongest among African Americans and foreign-born Hispanics, who reported the lowest early-adolescent substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Early-adolescent substance use is most strongly associated with a later pattern of dysfunction among the racial/ethnic groups that reported the lowest levels of early use. The implications of our findings in the context of primary and secondary prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Eating disorders and psychiatric disorders in the first-degree relatives of obese probands with binge eating disorder and obese non-binge eating disorder controls.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of the present study were to examine the possibility of a familial tendency for binge eating disorder (BED) among the obese, to clarify the relationship between BED and other eating disorders, and to test the relationship between BED and other psychiatric disorders. METHOD: We studied 32 female BED outpatients and 23 obese females without BED. A possible history of eating disorders was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Eating Disorders section administered by telephone interview. Family history information for other psychiatric disorders was collected using the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria RESULTS: The frequency of all eating disorders and the risk for other psychiatric disorders were not significantly different between the relatives of the two groups. These results were consistent across generation and gender. DISCUSSION: This study failed to show a familial tendency for BED, or any significant familial relationship between BED and other eating disorders, and did not support the hypothesis of coaggregation of other psychiatric disorders with BED.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: an overview.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been noted to be comorbid with a variety of psychiatric disorders. These include oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, as well as affective, anxiety, and learning disorders. Considerable debate has revolved as to the meaning of this overlap. Does it occur by chance or is it an artifact of referral bias? Are the comorbid conditions secondary to the ADHD, or can other psychiatric disorders masquerade as attentional problems? Alternatively, ADHD may exist as distinct subtypes, each with its specific comorbidity. Studies that have examined the comorbidity of oppositional, conduct, affective, anxiety, and learning disorders in ADHD are reviewed. ADHD and ADHD with conduct disorder appear to be distinct subtypes, possibly with different etiologies. While the short-term response to stimulants is the same in these two groups, children with ADHD and conduct disorder children have higher rates of antisocial personality as adults. Coexisting anxiety appears to attenuate impulsivity in ADHD, and stimulant response is poorer in ADHD children with comorbid anxiety. Anxiety and ADHD appear to be inherited independently. A subset of ADHD children also meet criteria for bipolar disorder, although the exact prevalence of this diagnosis in ADHD children is strongly debated. Regardless of prevalence, this is a severely impaired group of ADHD children, with high rates of aggression and psychiatric disorder in their families. The comorbidity of ADHD and major depression is much less studied, and few firm conclusions can be made about it. Finally, about 20%-25% of ADHD children meet criteria for a learning disorder, but learning disorders appear to be independent of ADHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Methodological challenges in constructing effective treatment sequences for chronic psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders are often chronic conditions that require sequential decision making to achieve the best clinical outcomes. Sequential decisions are necessary to accommodate treatment response heterogeneity, a variable course of illness, and the often heavy burden associated with intensive or longer-term treatment. Yet, only a few studies in this field have been designed to address sequential decisions. Most of the experimental designs and data analytic methods that are best suited for improving sequential clinical decision making are often found in nonmedical fields such as engineering, computer science, and statistics. Promising designs and methods are surveyed with a focus on those areas most immediately useful for informing clinical decision making.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1986

Three cases of AIDS-related psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) can take various and complex forms. The authors present cases of AIDS patients in whom paranoia, organic brain syndrome, depression, or suicidal ideation was present.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Drugs used for psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders are common in the elderly. Antidepressants are probably underprescribed. In recurrent depression, lifelong prophylaxis may be required. Benzodiazepines can aggravate cognitive impairment and cause falls; they should not be used for chronic insomnia. Antipsychotic drugs are useful for the treatment of delusions and hallucinations but are less effective for disturbed behaviour in dementia sufferers. There are no satisfactory drugs for treating dementia at present, but promising palliative treatments for Alzheimer's disease are under trial.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Adult psychiatric disorders in psychiatrically ill young adolescents.

Adolescents aged 12-15 years, randomly selected from a psychiatric outpatient clinic, psychiatric consultation service, and general pediatric outpatient clinic, were given a complete psychiatric evaluation and structured diagnostic interview. Of 121 subjects studied, 100 satisfied Rutter and associates' criteria for a childhood psychiatric disorder. When these subjects were rediagnosed according to Feighner and associates' research diagnostic criteria (similar to DSM-III criteria), 52 fulfilled the criteria for an adult disorder. Diagnoses included antisocial personality, hysteria, schizophrenia, depression, mental retardation, anxiety neurosis, and undiagnosed psychiatric illness. There was a correlation between diagnosis according to Rutter and associates' criteria and adult diagnosis.

Adolescent↗