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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Estimating the impact of parvovirus B19 outbreaks on congenital anomalies and fetal outcomes in Wales.

OBJECTIVES: Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common infection that can cause complications in pregnancy. Outbreaks of B19V in Europe and the UK were recorded in 2024. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of maternal parvovirus in Wales and to investigate associated fetal outcomes widely and in 2024 specifically. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective observational study. METHODS: All cases of maternal B19V reported to the Congenital Anomaly Register Information Service (CARIS) were analysed. Maternal risk factors included gestational age at the time of infection and maternal age. Spatio-temporal analysis was performed to look for clusters. Poisson regression was used to model incidence of maternal B19V over time. Fetal outcomes were tested for association with risk factors using linear regression and Fisher's exact test. Outcomes and congenital anomalies were descriptively analysed. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2025, there were 79 cases of maternal B19V across 81 fetuses, mostly reported in South Wales (74/81, 91.3%). There were 24 (29.6%) cases of at least one confirmed congenital anomaly and 57 (70.3%) cases reporting no anomalies; 53 (93%) of these cases had a positive outcome. Congenital anomalies were associated with worse fetal outcomes. Excluding terminations, the overall fetal survival rate was 88%. No association between maternal risk factors and fetal outcome was identified. There was an increase in cases in 2024 with an increase in fetal losses. CONCLUSIONS: The 2024 European B19V outbreak led to an increase in maternal cases and negative fetal outcomes in Wales.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Tracing the evolution and diversity of human parvovirus B19 across human history.

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is an ubiquitously spread, exclusively human pathogen, mainly posing risks to children, as well as pregnant and immunocompromised individuals. Despite evidence of B19V infection of human populations as far back as 7,000 years, the evolutionary history of B19V remains poorly understood. In this study, we present B19V genomic data from the remains of 53 globally distributed individuals spanning more than 8,000 years, including 7 children. Our findings suggest that the most recent common ancestor of all present B19V lineages existed around 12,000 years ago, at the end of the last Ice Age. Additionally, we identified an extinct Eurasian clade that participated in the recombination event that led to the emergence of B19V genotype 2 (GT-2). We date this event to ∼3,200-1,800 BP, potentially in the greater Mediterranean area. Our study shows aspects of how ancient parvovirus variants arose, disseminated, and impacted human health through time.

ancient DNA↗
PubMed1978

H-1 and X14 parvovirus antibodies in women with abortions or still-births.

Antibodies against H-1 and X14 parvoviruses were found 13.71 and 9.14%, respectively, of 350 sera from women affected by repeated abortions or still-births. On the contrary, only 2.66 and 1.66% of 300 control sera were positive to the two viruses. The difference in the incidence of antibodies appears highly significant (p greater than 0.001). Therefore a possible role of the parvoviruses in inducing abortions or still-births in humans is suggested.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1977

Nucleic acid biosynthesis in rat embryo cells infected with X14 or H-1 parvovirus.

Nucleic acid biosynthesis was studied in rat embryo cell (REC) cultures 48 hours after infection with X14 or H-1 parvovirus. The incorporation of 14C-formate and [6-(14C]-orotic acid into purines and pyrimidines of various was lowered after infection with these parvoviruses. 14C-Formate incorporation into acid-soluble thymine was greatly inhibited in H-1 virus-infected cells whereas it was slightly inhibited in X14 virus-infected cells. These results suggest that X14 virus-infected cells can carry out the biosynthesis of thymidylic acid utilizing some endogenous pyrimidine nucleotide (e.g. deoxycytidylic acid, via deoxyuridylic acid). In the infected cells, the nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase activity was strongly inhibited. This results suggests an interference by the two viruses with hosts RNA synthesis.

Adenine↗
PubMed2026

Nanopore-based, long-range Parvovirus B19 amplicon sequencing for near-whole genome characterization.

BACKGROUND: Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) enables monitoring of genomic variation and evaluation of diagnostic PCR assays. However, WGS data for Parvovirus B19 (B19V) remains limited despite its relevance for clinical care and transfusion safety. To increase the availability of high-quality B19V genomic data, a near-WGS protocol was developed and validated. METHOD: The protocol combines long-range PCR to generate a 4.6-kb amplicon, covering ∼82% of the B19V genome, with Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Validation was performed using six reference samples and nineteen B19V-positive donor plasma samples. RESULTS: After quality control, samples achieved a median sequencing depth of 152x. Sequences generated from the six reference samples showed 100% concordance with previously published data. Genomic analysis of donor samples explained atypical amplification profiles observed during routine PCR screening. CONCLUSION: The newly developed protocol provides a scalable method for B19V genome characterization, enabling assessment of oligonucleotide-binding regions for PCR assay monitoring and facilitating the generation of genomic data for future epidemiological investigations.

PCR assay monitoring↗
PubMed2024

N6-methyladenosine modification of a parvovirus-encoded small noncoding RNA facilitates viral DNA replication through recruiting Y-family DNA polymerases.

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a human parvovirus that causes lower respiratory tract infections in young children. It contains a single-stranded (ss) DNA genome of ~5.5 kb that encodes a small noncoding RNA of 140 nucleotides known as bocavirus-encoded small RNA (BocaSR), in addition to viral proteins. Here, we determined the secondary structure of BocaSR in vivo by using DMS-MaPseq. Our findings reveal that BocaSR undergoes N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification at multiple sites, which is critical for viral DNA replication in both dividing HEK293 cells and nondividing cells of the human airway epithelium. Mechanistically, we found that m6A-modified BocaSR serves as a mediator for recruiting Y-family DNA repair DNA polymerase (Pol) η and Pol κ likely through a direct interaction between BocaSR and the viral DNA replication origin at the right terminus of the viral genome. Thus, this report represents direct involvement of a viral small noncoding RNA in viral DNA replication through m6A modification.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Development of a recombinant goose parvovirus VP2 neutralizing epitope-containing region vaccine adjuvanted with IL-2 and FliC for enhanced immune responses and protection against challenge.

Gosling plague (GP), caused by goose parvovirus (GPV), is a highly contagious and fatal viral disease. Vaccination is essential for disease prevention; however, conventional attenuated and inactivated vaccines have several limitations. Genetically engineered vaccines based on defined antigenic regions represent a promising alternative strategy. This study aimed to identify neutralizing epitope-containing regions within the GPV VP2 protein and develop effective recombinant vaccines. The GPV VP2 protein was divided into 11 overlapping fragments, and the anchored periplasmic expression (APEx) bacterial display system combined with flow cytometry (FCM) was used for antigenic region screening. GPV VP2-specific single-domain antibodies (VHHs) were further applied to identify neutralizing epitope-containing regions. Six neutralizing epitope-containing regions were identified and linked together to construct the VP2M recombinant antigen. The VP, VP2M, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and flagellin (FliC) genes were inserted into prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors to generate protein and DNA vaccines. Three-day-old goslings were randomly assigned into 15 experimental groups for immunization. Immune responses were evaluated by measuring anti-GPV antibody levels, IgG, IgM, and IgA production, IFN-γ levels, immune-related gene expression, splenocyte proliferation, neutralizing activity, and protective efficacy against GPV challenge. The results showed that vaccines containing neutralizing epitope-containing regions induced stronger immune responses than control vaccines. Vaccinated groups exhibited increased anti-GPV antibody levels, IgG, IgM, IgA production, IFN-γ levels, immune-related gene expression, and splenocyte proliferation. Following GPV challenge, VP2M-based vaccines significantly reduced viral genome copies in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, and intestinal tissues, accompanied by decreased histopathological lesions based on semi-quantitative scoring. Furthermore, the protective efficacy exceeded 50% in vaccines without adjuvants and reached 90% in groups containing combined IL-2 and FliC adjuvants. In conclusion, this study identifies novel neutralizing epitope-containing regions within GPV VP2 and provides a potential strategy for developing safe and effective recombinant vaccines against GP infection.

GP↗
PubMed1975

Parvovirus-like particles in human sera.

A parvovirus-like antigen has been found in sera of nine healthy blood-donors and two patients. Its pathogenicity is unknown, but 30% of adults possess specific antibody. The new agent can be confused with hepatitis-B antigen both morphologically and serologically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Specific binding sites for a parvovirus, minute virus of mice, on cultured mouse cells.

The early interactions between parvoviruses and host cells have not been extensively described previously. In this study we have characterized some aspects of viral binding to the cell surface and demonstrated the existence of specific cellular receptor sites for minute virus of mice (MVM) on two murine cell lines that are permissive for viral growth. The interaction had a pH optimum of 7.0 to 7.2, and both the rate and extent of the reactions were slightly affected by temperature. Mouse A-9 cells (L-cell derivative) had approximately 5 X 10(5) specific MVM binding sites per cell, and Friend erythroleukemia cells had 1.5 X 10(5) MVM sites per cell. In contrast, the nonpermissive mouse lymphoid cell line L1210 lacked specific viral receptors. Also, cloned lines of A-9 cells resistant to viral infection have been isolated. One of these lines lacked the "specific" virus attachment sites but exhibited low levels of nonsaturable virus binding. Based on these examples, infectivity is correlated with the presence of specific viral receptors on the cell surface.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in rat embryo cells infected with X14 or H-1 parvovirus.

The activity of some enzymes involved in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis was studied in rat embryo cell (REC) cultures infected with X14 or H-1 parvovirus. dCMP aminohydrolase activity of the infected cells was 64--121% greater than that of the mock-infected cells. dTMP synthetase activity was 18% greater in X14 virus-infected cells and 34% lower in H-1 virus-infected cells. These results suggest some differences in the infected cells, as regards the biosynthesis of dTMP. Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase activities appeared nearly unmodified compared to the mock-infected cells. The addition of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) to the cell suspension incubated with [6-14C] orotate increased the specific radioactivity of acid-soluble uracil, 5-fold in the mock-infected cells and 15- --24-fold in the X14 or H-1 virus-infected cells (72 hr p.i.). This result suggests that the lowered pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in infected cells depends to a large extent on the diminished PRPP pool.

Carboxy-Lyases↗
PubMed2026

Multilayered nucleotide organization reveals purifying selection and host-driven adaptation in CPV and FPV.

Since feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is considered the most likely ancestor of canine parvovirus (CPV), comprehensive comparisons of nucleotide organization in corresponding viral genes between CPV and FPV may provide novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics underlying the divergence of these two viruses. Here, we characterize the evolutionary patterns of CPV and FPV genes across multiple levels of nucleotide organization. Both viruses exhibited highly conserved nucleotide usage at nonsynonymous sites, with Ka/Ks patterns consistent with strong purifying selection, whereas synonymous sites showed greater variability. CpG dinucleotides were markedly underrepresented across all four viral genes, suggesting host-associated selective pressure and/or intrinsic nucleotide compositional constraints. Extensive nonrandom biases in synonymous codon usage, codon neighboring nucleotide context, and codon pair usage further revealed fine-scale genomic optimization shaped by natural selection and nucleotide compositional constraints. Structural protein genes (VP1 and VP2) displayed stronger codon usage bias and higher tRNA adaptation than nonstructural genes. Moreover, CPV genes showed greater translational adaptation to feline hosts than to canine hosts. These findings highlight how closely related parvoviruses exploit flexible nucleotide organization to facilitate host adaptation while maintaining essential protein functions.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Expanded detection of canine enteric viruses in UK dogs with diarrhoea.

Canine enteric viruses are an important cause of gastrointestinal disease in pet dogs worldwide. Routine diagnosis often relies on pathogen-specific PCR assays, which may fail to detect some viruses, particularly neglected pathogens or genetically divergent variants of established threats. This limits both clinical characterization of affected patients and broader understanding of disease ecology. To address these limitations, we applied metagenomics and a viral discovery bioinformatics pipeline to faecal samples from diarrhoeic dogs in the UK that had been submitted routinely for PCR-based diagnostic testing. Across 80 dogs, we identified 12 viruses known to infect canids, 9 of which have not previously been reported in UK dogs. Among these, several taxa with prior associations to gastrointestinal disease were identified, including canine sapovirus and canine minute virus. By contrast, for other viruses newly detected in the UK, including bufavirus and rotavirus C, clinical relevance in dogs remains unclear. Notably, an identified protoparvovirus fell within the same species as human-canine-associated parvovirus 1, a recently described lineage detected in both canine and human oropharyngeal samples. We also identified a canine parvovirus 2 strain that clustered with a predominantly wildlife-associated lineage, consistent with occasional exposure at the domestic-wildlife interface rather than established circulation in dogs. These two detections illustrate how genome-level surveillance can help prioritize viruses for targeted investigation of host range and transmission context. Overall, these data broaden the catalogue of viruses associated with diarrhoeic dogs in the UK and support periodic review of diagnostic targets informed by viral metagenomic surveillance, while highlighting the need for controlled studies to assess causality and clinical relevance.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Rapid pan-microbial metagenomics for pathogen detection and personalised therapy in the intensive care unit: a single-centre prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Most clinical metagenomic studies do not provide rapid results, detect pathogens from all microbial kingdoms, or measure clinical impacts. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility, performance, and clinical impacts of a rapid pan-microbial respiratory metagenomic service for patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: This was a single-centre observational study of a rapid metagenomics service that tests respiratory samples from ICU patients at Guy's and St Thomas' hospitals, London, UK, between Dec 5, 2023, and April 12, 2024. Testing used a previously published pan-microbial metagenomics workflow, which simultaneously detects bacteria, fungi, and DNA and RNA viruses; provides same-day preliminary results after 2 h; and provides final results after 24 h. Patients were included if they were aged 18 years or older, admitted to the ICU, had confirmed respiratory failure requiring supplemental oxygen or advanced airway support, and had at least one of the following: (1) clinical suspicion of lower respiratory tract infection based on clinical, biochemical, or radiological findings, (2) sepsis of unknown origin, and (3) concern from an intensive care physician regarding inflammatory pathology. Patients with a suspected or confirmed containment level three organism were excluded. The outcome was performance characteristics of the metagenomic test compared with routine diagnostic testing, detection of additional pathogens by metagenomics, change in antimicrobial prescribing within 24 h of testing, and initiation of immunomodulation. FINDINGS: We processed 114 samples (1-5 per day) from 74 patients (39 [53%] female and 35 [47%] male). 107 (94%) of 114 samples passed quality control, of which 101 (94%) provided same-day preliminary results. Bacteria were detected in 45 (43%) of 104 tested specimens, fungal organisms in 17 (16%) of 104 tested specimens, and viruses in 28 (34%) of 83 tested specimens. Sensitivity in lower respiratory tract samples after 24 h was 97% (95% CI 87-100) for bacteria, 89% (65-99) for fungi, and 89% (71-98) for viruses, with only one false positive for bacteria. Metagenomics identified 42 pathogens not detected by other tests in 32 (30%) of 107 samples. Antimicrobial therapy was changed after metagenomic results from 30 (28%) of 107 samples: 22 (21%) were de-escalated and eight (7%) were escalated. Metagenomics contributed to the initiation of immunomodulation in 15 (20%) of 74 patients for a range of inflammatory conditions. Pathogens with clinical significance to local infection control or national public health were found in ten (14%) of 74 patients, including three invasive Group A streptococci, two parvovirus B19, and one each of HIV-1, measles virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria meningitidis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. INTERPRETATION: Respiratory metagenomics for ICU patients showed good performance and turnaround time, and diverse clinical and public health benefits. This ability to inform both personalised patient therapy and infectious disease surveillance needs evaluation in multicentre studies. FUNDING: None.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Complete genome characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and capsid P2 variation of a goose astrovirus genotype 2 isolate from Guizhou, China.

Goose astrovirus genotype 2 (GAstV-2) is associated with gout and renal disease in goslings, but its occurrence in Guizhou Province remains poorly documented. We isolated a GAstV-2 strain, designated GZJP2024, from goslings with visceral gout on a farm in Jinping County, Guizhou Province, China. PCR detected GAstV-2 but not goose parvovirus, goose reovirus, Tembusu virus, fowl adenovirus, or goose astrovirus genotype 1. Serial passage in goose embryos produced mortality and hemorrhagic lesions during the third passage. Whole-genome sequencing yielded a 7,251-nt genome containing three overlapping open reading frames (ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2). Sequence identity and phylogenetic analyses assigned GZJP2024 to the GAstV-2 lineage. ORF1b was the most conserved coding region, whereas ORF2 was more variable. Comparison with consensus sequences from representative GAstV-2 strains identified five amino acid substitutions in ORF1a and ten in ORF2. Four ORF2 substitutions (E456D, L540Q, S608T, and A614T) occurred in the capsid P2 domain and overlapped or neighbored predicted B-cell epitope-rich regions. Template-based mapping placed E456D, S608T, and A614T on exposed regions of a spike-like capsid structure. These findings document a GAstV-2 isolate from a gout-affected goose farm in Guizhou and provide sequence data for future regional surveillance.

Capsid P2↗
PubMed1979

The pathogenicity of avian mycoplasmas.

Based on literature data and own experiences the author gives an outlook about pathogenicity of avian mycoplasmas. In chickens and turkeys M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae (in addition to it M. meleagridis exclusively in turkeys) are the most important mycoplasmas producing respiratory disease, inflamation of synovial membranes and other lesions. Their pathogenic effect is very much influenced by dose of agent, route of entry of microorganism, age of birds, virulence and tropism of organism as well as associated other mycoplasma or virus or bacterial or fungal infections and conditions of environment. These facts rise difficulties in serological diagnostic and erradication program. Recently ureaplasma infection was also established in chickens and turkeys which can also be associated with respiratory disease. From ducks A. laidlawii, M. anatis and various unclassified strains were isolated, among these M. anatis and unclassified arginine splitting mycoplasma strains proved to be pathogenic. In geese M. gallinarum, A. laidlawii and A. axanthum were detected. A. axanthum showed pathogenicity for goslings and goose embryos. Its effect is exacerbated by associated parvovirus infection.

Acholeplasma laidlawii↗