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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1984

B- and T-lymphocytes in ocular disease.

Ocular inflammatory diseases and ocular adnexal lymphoid tumors have become less obscure and intimidating by virtue of our ability to study the infiltrates in these various diseases for their B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte composition. Comparisons are also possible between lymphocytic profiles in the peripheral blood and the precise composition of the in situ infiltrates within the ocular tissue themselves. The availability of monoclonal antibodies, which can determine T-lymphocytic subsets such as T-helper cells and T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes-histiocytes, has provided a powerful technology for the delineation of the distinctive immune composition of the inflammatory infiltrates, as well as any possible disturbances in T-cell immunoregulation. B-lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins, which may be misdirected as autoantibodies in local or systemic autoimmune diseases. Immunoglobulin-mediated and therefore B-cell derived conditions include vasculitis, progressive cicatricial ocular pemphigoid, Mooren's corneal ulcer, scleritis, and hay fever and vernal conjunctivitis. Other diseases in which B-lymphocytes, their immunoglobulin products or immune complexes formed with presently unknown antigens are potentially at fault are chronic non-specific uveitis; iridocyclitis in Behcet's syndrome; Fuch's heterochromic syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and Reiter's syndrome; Graves' disease; and idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor and myositis. T-cells do not produce immunoglobins, but rather secrete lymphokines or interact directly with receptors or determinants on viruses or target tissues (eg. immunosurveillance against neoplasia); it is possible that some autoimmune diseases are the result of neo-antigens on the surfaces of host tissues that have been coded for by a cryptic inciting virus. T-cell diseases include phlyctenulosis graft rejections, graft versus host disease, and possibly sympathetic ophthalmia and temporal arteritis. Natural killer cells are involved in many of the same diseases as cytotoxic T-cells, except that the former require no period of sensitization (natural immunity), whereas cytotoxic T-cells must undergo an antigen-specific blast transformation (acquired immunity of the delayed hypersensitivity type). In many diseases in which B-cell derived auto-antibodies are at fault, there may be local tissue or systemic T-cell imbalances, with a reduction in T-suppressor cells and a relative augmentation in T-helper cells, thereby facilitating production of misdirected auto-antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1996

The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibody in patients with various ocular diseases in central Japan.

BACKGROUND: Ocular toxoplasmosis has been considered to be a largely asymptomatic infection because of the high seroprevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies and the low rate of clinical diagnosis. On the other hand, Toxoplasma infection has been reported to be associated with the other ocular disease. To investigate the association of Toxoplasma infection with the development of various ocular diseases, we studied Toxoplasma seroprevalence in patients with various ocular diseases. METHODS: We investigated Toxoplasma seroprevalence in 982 patients with various ocular diseases in central Japan. Then we compared the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. RESULTS: Of 982 patients with various ocular diseases, 122 (12.4%) had serological evidence of previous exposure to Toxoplasma gondii. There were no statistically significant differences among the patients with various ocular diseases. However, the seroprevalence in patients aged 40 to 99 years with macular degenerative lesions was significantly higher than that in patients without these lesions (P < 0.05, Yates' correction). CONCLUSION: This result suggests that Toxoplasma infection could play some role in the development of a type of macular degenerative lesion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Immunogenetic and molecular genetic studies on ocular diseases].

The immunogenetic mechanisms of various ocular diseases were investigated utilizing recently developed molecular biological and molecular genetic techniques. It was revealed that HLA-B 51 was closely associated with Behçet's disease. Investigation of genetic polymorphism of TNF-beta (tumor necrosis factor-beta) showed that 95% of Behçet's disease patients had the 10.5 kbp Nco I fragment. It was therefore concluded that the gene of susceptibility to Behçet's disease is located between HLA-B and TNF-beta loci on the short arm of chromosome 6. Similar studies of HLA-DNA typing in Harada's disease frequently seen in Japan showed that frequencies of HLA-DRB1 * 0405, HLA-DQA1 * 0301 and HLA-DQB1 * 0401 were significantly increased in patients compared with normal controls. These data suggested that those who have serine at position 57 of HLA-DR, glutamic acid at position 70 and aspertic acid at position 71 of HLA-DQ respond to certain unknown agents significantly more than those without them, thus leading to the development of Harada's disease. The same HLA association was observed between Harada's disease and sympathetic ophthalmia, and the immunogenetic mechanism was thought to be similar in both diseases. Recent immunogenetic and molecular genetic investigations on various ocular diseases have shed new light not only on the genetic individual susceptibility and biased racial differences, but also on the diagnosis of the ocular diseases, reclassification of disease entities according to HLA associations, and judgement of disease prognosis. Further progress of molecular medicine may make it possible to treat various intractable ocular diseases by gene therapy in the near future.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Therapeutic dilemmas in external ocular diseases.

Three ocular conditions continue to pose therapeutic dilemmas for the practising clinician. Acanthamoeba keratitis, which presents with ocular pain, redness, tearing, photophobia and lid oedema, should be considered in any chronic, progressive corneal ulceration that is unresponsive to conventional treatment. Although the best treatment for this infection has yet to be defined, surgery should be reserved for those patients with progressive destructive disease or corneal penetration. Topical antibiotics and oral ketoconazole may be beneficial, as may surgical debridement in conjunction with topical antibiotic-antifungal combinations. However, since more than two-thirds of reported cases involve contact lens wearers, patients should be instructed as to the importance of regular lens care regimens. Giant papillary conjunctivitis occurs more frequently in soft contact lens wearers than in those wearing hard lenses, but may also occur in association with ocular prostheses, cataract surgery and corneal transplants. Symptoms of increased lens awareness, mucus accumulation, itching and blurred vision occur. Stopping use of contact lenses usually improves or eliminates these irritating effects, but is not always practical. Thus, resolution or improvement of symptoms while the patient continues to wear contact lenses is desirable, making lens hygiene essential in treatment. Pharmacological treatment includes the use of topical corticosteroids and agents that stabilise mast cells, such as cromolyn sodium. The dry eye syndrome can occur alone or as a part of Sjögren's syndrome. The irritation, redness, and other symptoms associated with ocular dryness are usually treated by preparations of either mucomimetics, polyvinyl alcohol or cellulose derivatives, which provide moisture and prevent evaporation from the surface of the eye.

Acanthamoeba Keratitis↗
PubMed1993

The occurrence of macrophages in the retina and periretinal tissues in ocular diseases.

Specimens obtained from eyes with various ocular diseases were examined immunohistochemically using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Ki-M1P, K1-M4, CD68, anti-lysozyme, and anti-cytokeratins) to establish the occurrence of macrophages in the retina and periretinal tissues and to determine whether they can be distinguished from migrated cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Eyes with proliferative diseases and intraocular melanomas were found to contain more macrophages in the retina than those with uveitis and glaucoma. The epiretinal membranes and subretinal space in eyes of the former group often exhibited additional clustered macrophages and migrated RPE cells. In all specimens studied, RPE cells reacted with antibodies KL-1, CK7, CK18, or CK19 but not with the CD68, Ki-M1P, or lysozyme antibodies. Control eyes without any known disease also contained rare macrophages in the retina. In conclusion, macrophages are regular and normal constituents of the retina that can be clearly distinguished immunohistochemically from migrated RPE cells. Their frequency varies depending on the type of ocular disease involved.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunization with homologous Pseudomonas aeruginosa pili protects against ocular disease.

The prophylactic effect of pili in prevention or amelioration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular disease was examined in mice, using both systemic and topical protection approaches. At 30 days postinfection, a significant number of animals actively or passively immunized with pili homologous to pseudomonal strain American Type Culture Collection 19660 were protected from ocular disease when compared with similarly infected phosphate-buffered saline controls. Although exogenously mixing strain 19660 with either homologous or heterologous (PAK/PR1) pili before topical application of the inoculum significantly inhibited bacterial adhesion in vitro, in similarly designed in vivo studies, animals were not protected from corneal disease. Neither was significant ocular protection conferred using pili (PAK/PR1) heterologous to the infecting strain (19660) for active or passive immunization of mice, nor in studies involving exogenous mixing of PAK/PR1 pili or its pili-specific monoclonal antibody with strain 19660 prior to topical application of the latter. These results provide evidence that significant ocular protection is achieved by either active or passive, but not topical, immunization with pili homologous to the infecting bacterial strain and that immunization with pili heterologous to the infecting bacterial strain fails to provide protection against ocular disease, despite the fact that heterologous pili are highly effective at decreasing bacterial binding to cornea in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Review of external ocular disease associated with aids and HIV infection.

External ocular disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can often be overlooked by the eye care practitioner. Different types of external ocular disease can be an indication of the patient's overall immune status as well as the stage of HIV infection. The external ocular sequelae of HIV infection can be of visual consequence for the patient. Eye care practitioners need to become familiar with these conditions. The diagnosis and management of the following ocular conditions associated with HIV infection are reviewed: conjunctival microvascular disease, dry eye, allergic conjunctivitis, microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, herpes simplex keratitis, molluscum contagiosum, fungal keratitis, bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1997

Ocular diseases of llamas: 194 cases (1980-1993)

OBJECTIVE: To identify ocular and adnexal diseases to which llamas in North America are susceptible, to determine prevalence of these diseases in llamas, and to compare prevalences of the major ocular diseases of llamas, cattle, and horses. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 194 llamas, 4,937 cows, and 11,950 horses with ocular disease. PROCEDURE: Medical records of all llamas entered into the Veterinary Medical Database between 1980 and 1993 were reviewed. Data on ocular structures affected and types of ocular disease were compiled. Prevalences of uveitis, corneal ulcers, and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in llamas were compared with prevalences in cattle and horses. RESULTS: 194 of 3,243 (6%) llamas had at least 1 ocular disease. The proportion of llamas that had ocular disease was significantly higher than the proportions of cattle or horses. The most frequently affected ocular structure in llamas was the cornea, and ulcerative keratitis was the most common corneal disease. The second most commonly affected structure was the uveal tract. Cataracts were reported in 20 (10%) of the llamas with ocular problems. Eyelid disorders, retinal diseases, glaucoma, and ocular or adnexal neoplasia were reported infrequently in llamas. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that corneal disease is common in llamas and is usually secondary to trauma. Uveitis may also be common in llamas, but llamas do not appear to be highly susceptible to glaucoma, ocular neoplasia, or to direct corneal invasion by bacteria such as Moraxella sp.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Gene organization of HLA and its association with ocular disease].

It is now evident that the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC), human leucocyte-associated antigen (HLA), regulates the immune response through discrimination between autologous and non autologous substances thereby displaying a high degree of genetic polymorphism. In recent years, the three-dimensional structure of HLA has been clarified by crystal analysis and provides the attractive hypothesis, the so-called hotdog model, explaining the interactions of foreign antigens (or autologous antigens), HLA and T cell receptors and has a great impact on various studies on immunogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of many diseases. Thus, several HLA-associated ocular diseases such as Behçet's disease and Harada's disease have also been analyzed from this point of view by means of recombinant DNA techniques, enabling elucidation of molecular mechanisms of susceptibility to these diseases. This paper describes a general outline of HLA, especially its genetical structure, as well as recent analysis of molecular mechanisms of the predisposition to representative ocular diseases.

Eye Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunosuppressive drugs in immune and inflammatory ocular disease.

Advances in immunology, particularly ocular immunology, have been accompanied by the emergence of safer, more specific immunosuppressive drugs, notably, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine A, bromocriptine, dapsone, and colchicine. These drugs have become an important, and often essential, part of the ophthalmologist's armamentarium against inflammatory and immune-mediated ocular diseases. In order to better acquaint the ophthalmologist with the properties of the most commonly used immunosuppressive drugs, we review the literature and relate our own experience with these agents.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed1983

New observations on vitiligo and ocular disease.

We examined 223 consecutive patients with vitiligo for ocular disease and 154 consecutive patients with uveitis for vitiligo to better determine the nature of the relationship between vitiligo and ocular disease. Of the 129 patients whose uveitis had an unknown cause, seven (5.4%) had cutaneous depigmentation, poliosis, or early graying of hair. The incidence is 0.5% in the general population (P less than .02). None of the 25 patients whose uveitis had a known cause had vitiligo. Eleven (4.8%) of 223 patients with vitiligo had uveitis at the time of the study or had had it within the previous two years. Of 27 patients in whom vitiligo was associated with cutaneous melanoma, five (18.5%) had had uveitis within the previous two years. In three of these five, the uveitis began within one month of the appearance of cutaneous changes. Evidence of old chorioretinal scars were present in 69 of 223 patients with vitiligo (30.9%) but in only two of 148 control patients (P less than .001). Sixty of 223 patients with vitiligo (26.9%) had evidence of hypopigmentation or atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, or both, not related to old chorioretinitis or macular degeneration but only six of 148 controls did (P less than .001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Conjunctival eosinophils in allergic ocular disease.

Tarsal conjunctival scrapings of 317 patients with allergic ocular disease demonstrated that eosinophils were found infrequently in scrapings of patients with mild allergic conditions and were found in only 63% (17/27) of the patients with vernal conjunctivitis. In similar studies of a 12-year-old boy with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, no eosinophils were recovered in his scraping, even though 12 eosinophils were found in five high-power fields of his biopsy specimen. We conclude that eosinophils present in the deep and superficial conjunctival tissues may not be recovered in scrapings; their absence from scrapings should not preclude the diagnosis of allergic ocular disease.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1997

The seroprevalence of HTLV-I in patients with ocular diseases, pregnant women and healthy volunteers in the Kanto district, central Japan.

HTLV-I has been shown to be related to the development of inflammatory diseases in various organs such as the eyes, lungs and joints. In south-west Japan where HTLV-I is highly endemic, the term 'HTLV-I associated complex' has been approved. To investigate the seroprevalence of HTLV-I in the Kanto district in central Japan, we have estimated the frequency of seropositivity to HTLV-I in 2,110 patients with various ocular diseases and 2,683 pregnant women, in addition to 5,336 healthy volunteers. Of the healthy volunteers, only 42 (0.79%) were seropositive, and the HTLV-I seroprevalence in pregnant women was also only 16/2,683 (0.60%) which was almost equal to that in female healthy volunteers aged 15-44 years (0.59%). In patients with various ocular diseases, however, there was significantly higher seroprevalence of HTLV-I (2.32%) compared with healthy volunteers in each sex (male: p = 0.0029; female: p = 0.000023). These results suggest that the seroprevalence of HTLV-I in the Kanto district is much lower than in south-west Japan. On the other hand, HTLV-I infection was shown to be correlated to ocular diseases also in the Kanto district. In particular, we found a higher seroprevalence of HTLV-I in patients with inflammatory ocular disease, such as endogenous uveitis, episcleritis, retinitis pigmentosa and degenerative choroiditis. This possibly suggests a causative role of HTLV-I in the development of these inflammatory ocular diseases also where HTLV-I is not endemic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The Nambour study of ocular disease. I. Design, study population and methodology.

In association with a study of actinic skin disease, we undertook a comprehensive survey of ocular disease in a population sample of the town of Nambour, Queensland, Australia. Particular emphasis was placed on those diseases with a putative relationship to exposure to solar radiation. In addition to collecting prevalence data, a randomized controlled trial was commenced to determine, among other things, if daily ingestion of 30 mg of beta-carotene supplements reduces the incidence or progression of ocular diseases possibly related to solar radiation exposure. The study design, population and methodology of the study are described in detail as a background to the future reporting of the results. The study should provide unique epidemiological information about eye disease in an Australian community setting due to the representative nature of the subjects and the comprehensive examination performed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The prevalence of selected ocular diseases and conditions.

It is useful for a clinician to know how common or rare a given ocular disease or condition is. Knowledge of a condition's prevalence provides a rough indication of how often to expect to encounter it in a clinical setting. Furthermore, knowledge of a condition's prevalence can assist in planning the health service requirements necessary to treat it. The acquisition of prevalence data from the literature, however, can be difficult and time-consuming because of the wide range of journals that have published relevant information. This article is a complication of some of the available data from the literature regarding the prevalence of many ocular diseases and conditions. It also includes a few systemic diseases with ocular involvement.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1991

Ocular disease in FeLV-positive cats: 11 cases (1981-1986).

A total of 147 cats positive for FeLV were retrospectively studied to determine the incidence of ocular disease. Of those cats, 97 had clinical cases of the disease and 50 were artificially infected with the virus. The incidence of ocular disease among FeLV-positive cats with clinical signs of disease was less than 2%, and represented less than 0.1% of the total feline cases for the 5-year period studied. The only ocular findings that could be associated with FeLV were pupillary and motility abnormalities. Retinal hemorrhage and subsequent degeneration found in experimentally infected and naturally infected cats were secondary to profound anemia, which was secondary to FeLV infection. On the basis of the literature and our findings, FeLV is not a major cause of primary or secondary ocular disease in the cat. Anterior uveal disease (iris bombé) was detected in 1 of 147 FeLV-positive cats, and the incidence of secondary infectious disease was zero.

Anemia↗
PubMed1982

Ocular disease pattern induced by herpes simplex virus is genetically determined by a specific region of viral DNA.

The pattern of ocular disease produced in the rabbit eye by HSV-1 (F) and HSV-1(MP) strains and recombinants F(MP)A, F(MP)B, F(MP)C, F(MP)D, F(MP)E, and F(MP)F was studied. The characteristics of ocular herpetic disease such as morphology of dendritic ulcers, severity of epithelial disease and incidence and duration of stromal disease produced in the rabbit eye are genetically determined by the virus strain. Our studies show that transfer of a defined part of the genome of the stromal disease-producing virus, HSV-1(MP), to the genome of an epithelial disease-producing virus, HSV-1(F), yielded recombinants with one or more of the disease characteristics of the donor strain. Specifically, recombinant F(MP)D produced lesions characteristic of the donor HSV-1(MP) strain; recombinants F(MP)C and F(MP)E produced stromal disease approaching the severity of the disease produced by the donor HSV-1(MP) strain, and only recombinants F(MP)A and F(MP)B retained the typically elongate lesions of the recipient HSV-1(F), whereas the recombinant strain F(MP)F produced no disease. The viral functions pertaining to the ocular disease pattern map between 0.70 and 0.83 map units in HSV-1 DNA within the BglII F DNA fragment. The pattern of stromal disease is independent of the production of glycoprotein C and fusion of HEp-2-infected cells. The functions relating to these aspects of ocular disease segregate but are closely linked.

Animals↗