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PubMed1977

Bioassay of kinship in northwestern Europe.

Kinship of Barra (Outer Hebrides) is bioassayed as 0.0096 relative to northwestern Europe, in reasonable agreement with prediction of 0.008 relative to Britain. The exponential decline of kinship with distance is similar to Scandinavia. Kinship of larger populations is consistent with predictions from isolates. Kinship is largely due to local drift rather than Norse admixture, the estimate of which is obscured by drift and appears highly unreliable. Other populations in northwest Europe, including Iceland, Lewis and Orkney, give estimates of kinship which reflect drift and geography, but also do not provide reliable estimates of admixture. Bioassay of kinship from gene frequencies gives observations to be explained in terms of migration and drift, but contributes nothing to the question of whether polymorphism in the species is maintained by neutral mutation or selection. Although the latter is on various grounds more likely, no calculations based on gene frequency distribution can provide critical evidence.

Emigration and Immigration↗

PubMed1979

Tuberculosis in immigrants to Canada. A study of present-day patterns in relation to immigration trends and birthplace.

The influences of immigration on tuberculosis morbidity in Canada were examined. The pattern of immigration has changed markedly in recent years, increasing proportions of immigrants being from areas other than Europe. Morbidity rates varied widely according to country of birth and were highest among persons born in Asia and lowest among those born in northwestern Europe and the United States. These rates were generally parallel to those reported in the countries of birth, although somewhat lower. Differences in patterns of disease by birthplace were noted, particularly the preponderance of lymphadenitis in Asians and genitourinary tuberculosis in Italians. Although the frequency of drug-resistant bacilli was higher in Asians than in other groups, the vast majority of bacilli in all groups were drug-sensitive. For purposes of tuberculosis control, immigrants from high-incidence countries constitute a high-risk group, and physicians should be aware of this when dealing with patients from these countries.

Asia↗

PubMed2026

Country specific hybridization of honey bees from lineage M.

BACKGROUND: Honey bees are essential pollinators supporting agricultural production and wild plant diversity. In evolutionary lineage M, some populations are threatened by genetic erosion caused by the widespread introduction of commercially bred queens. To assess this risk, wing images from existing and new datasets were used to assign them to four evolutionary lineages (A, C, M, and O). The new dataset consisted of 29,043 wing images representing 1,342 colony samples from ten countries. RESULTS: Overall, 63.7% of colonies belonged to lineage M, whereas 27.5% were classified as A, 7.9% as C, and 0.8% as O. Lineage M remains prevalent in unprotected populations in Portugal, Spain, and Ireland, as well as in protected populations elsewhere. In contrast, a pronounced decline was observed in unprotected populations in northeastern Poland. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal strong regional differences in the persistence of lineage M and underscore the need for coordinated conservation efforts throughout Europe. The data provided in this study should allow for more accurate discrimination between native and introduced phenotypes.

Apis mellifera↗

PubMed1975

A reassessment of the distribution of multiple sclerosis. Part one.

When reviewed some 10 years ago, available prevalence studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) seemed to divide the world into three frequency zones for MS: high prevalence at 30 to 60 per 100,000 population; medium at 5 to 15; and low at less than 5 per 100,000. In the last decade the number of the available studies has more than tripled. Their reassessment, including judgments of comparability, still indicates a high-medium-low division of MS frequency world-wide. The risk areas comprise northern Europe, northern United States, much of southern Canada, New Zealand, and probably southern Australia. Prevalence rates in these regions are mostly 30 to 80 per 100,000 population, centering at about 50. Medium frequency is defined as prevalence of 5 to 25, and is mostly 10 to 15. In Europe, the medium frequency zone bounds that of high frequency to the north, east, and south. The European Mediterranean basin is of medium prevalence with a sharp division from the high zone across France and Switzerland. It is likely that this division continues eastward across Austria, north of Hungary, and across the upper Ukraine to the Caspien Sea, but this is not definite. Medium risk areas of Europe thus include surveyed sites of Spain, Italy, Hungary, Jugoslavia, Bulgaria, and central Ukraine, together with southeastern France and southern Switzerland. Though Romania could be high, it is more likely to be of medium prevalence. Turkey measures low, but from incomplete data. From nationwide prevalence and mortality studies, the west coast of Norway and all Scandinavia above latitude 65 degrees north are of medium frequency. Based on hospital data, northwestern USSR is high, and central and southern USSR medium, in MS risk. Other medium risk areas include southern United States, most of Australia, one ethnic group only in South Africs, and possibly Hawaii. Low risk areas are allsurveyed sites of Asia, the Pacific islands, Africa, Latin America, Alaska, and Greenland.

Africa↗

PubMed2026

Genomics and social practices at Mogou and other Gansu sites during prehistoric trans-Eurasian exchange.

Beginning approximately 4,000 years ago, southwest-Asian-originating domesticated crops and livestock began appearing in Gansu, a key crossroads in northwestern China, yet the population dynamics and social practices underlying these historically transformative events in the region have not been fully explored. Despite the adoption of western domesticates, genome sequences of 149 individuals from the large Mogou cemetery and ten other sites in Gansu, dating between 4,700 and 3,000 years ago, revealed migrations within East Asian regions but no detectable evidence of genetic influence from western or central Eurasia, suggesting that early agricultural dispersals may have followed a model distinct from that documented in Europe and Central Asia. The Mogou cemetery represents a continuous community that interacted with surrounding regions but does not exhibit clear matrilocal or patrilocal residential patterns. We found no strong evidence that co-buried individuals represented biological relatives. Non-local ancestry appears to be linked to lower-status burial practices.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

Rehabilitating the severely disabled: the foreign experience.

This paper sets forth a model for examining the relationships between fourteen policy and politicoeconomic variables, and the social benefits and costs of rehabilitation. Based on discussions in early 1977 with scholars, ministry officials, trade unionists, and politicians in several northwestern European countries, as well as on documentation relating to the rapid growth of disability expenditures and the factors thought to influence it, some "lessons" are presented for policymakers in the United States and other countries. In general, current trends are seen as depressing the post-service earnings of individual rehabilitants, limiting the stabilizing effects of rehabilitation on labor market turnover, and increasing available time for unpaid work in the home and elsewhere. Unequal intergovernmental cost sharing in the provision of benefits and services, it is argued, seems likely to promote inefficient allocation of scarce rehabilitation resources with negative consequences for goal attainment. The high rates of inflation which prevail in the United States and in many northwestern European countries are causing the immediate costs of providing rehabilitation services to rise and simultaneously increasing the opportunity costs of spending for rehabilitation. The net effect of these cost increases is a reduction in the overall benefit/cost ratio that results from investments in rehabilitation. A number of predictions are made about how the United States will shape its disability and rehabilitation policies in the course of the next twenty years.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗