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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

The multifidus muscle in patients with lumbar disc herniation. A histochemical and morphometric analysis of intraoperative biopsies.

Structural changes in the multifidus muscle were analyzed in 41 patients operated on for herniated intervertebral disc. Twelve cadavers served as controls. The two main findings follow: Both in the patients and in the controls the Type 2 muscle fibers were markedly and selectively smaller than the Type 1 fibers, which were of normal size for striated muscles, and the internal structure of Type 1 fibers showed so-called core-targetoid and/or moth-eaten change. Group atrophy or fiber-type grouping (indicators of denervation and reinnervation) were observed only in a few patients. The selective small size of the Type 2 fibers may indicate atrophy due to relative inactivity of the multifidus muscle both in the patients and in the controls, ie, it does not need to be related to the herniated disc. Definite proof for denervation of the multifidus muscle was not observed, but neither the possibility be excluded. The cause of the core-targetoid and/or moth-eaten changes cannot yet be determined with certainty, because these changes are not specific for any single entity but may be due, for example, to denervation, ischemia, or altered use of the muscles because of pain. In any case, because the changes were significantly more common in the patients than in the controls, they signal for a pathologic condition, the character of which remains to be elucidated.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Distribution pattern of lumbar epaxial, especially M. multifidus motoneurons in the spinal cord of the cat: a study by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase method].

Distribution patterns of motoneurons supplying the lumbar epaxial muscles in the spinal ventral horn have been investigated by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method in 6 cats. HRP (30-40%, 3.0-5.7 mg) injections into multifidus muscle in 5 cases, and for comparison, longissimus lumborum muscle in one case were made at vertebral levels from L5 to L7 at multiple sites. After two days, the animals were sacrificed and frozen sections (60 microns thick) in the frontal plane of the spinal cord were made from the L1 to L7 segments and each section reacted histochemically with the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) method. The results are summarized as follows. Following HRP injections into the multifidus muscle, labeled cells were found in the ventral horn rostrocaudally from the L2 to L6 segments. Total number of labeled cells ranged from 176 to 436 on the injected side. Labeled cells were most numerous in the L4 segment (range: 98-244). Labeled cells were found on the medial side of the ventral horn, especially in the ventromedial part (VM), predominantly ipsilateral to the injected muscle. Following HRP injection into the longissimus lumborum muscle in one case, labeled cells were also found on the medial side, but were more restricted in the centromedial part (CM) of the ventral horn. In all cases with HRP injection into the multifidus muscle, labeled cells were occasionally observed in VM and/or the medial ventral column (VC) contralateral to the injected muscle in L3 and/or L4 segment. The total number of these cells ranged from 2 to 66. These contralaterally labeled cells were presumed to be due to the peripheral HRP spread. Labeled cells observed in VM and CM were fusiform and round in shape, respectively. These cells had mean average soma diameters (ASD) from 32 to 40 microns and were presumed to be alpha motoneurons. A few labeled cells observed in VC were fusiform in shape and were significantly smaller (mean ASD: 23-28 microns) than the cells observed in other areas (VM, CM). In some cases, the dendrites of labeled cells in VM and VC extended dorsomedially in the VC across the midline in the anterior white commissure.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Muscle fibre direction of longissimus, iliocostalis and multifidus: landmark-derived reference lines.

Considerable inter-individual variations in the fibre direction angles of the iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus and multifidus were observed, thus bringing the applicability of a two dimensional fixed angle grid system for fibre direction determination into question. However, the angulation of the fibres of the multifidus and iliocostalis lumborum were found to be easily identifiable by the use of three surface anatomical landmarks: the caudal tip of the superior iliac spine, the lateral border of the iliocostalis at the twelfth rib and the L1-L2 interspinous space. No reliable index was found for the longissimus. Suggested electrode placement sites for the electromyographic study of the iliocostalis lumborum and the multifidus are at the levels of the L2-L3 and the L4-L5 interspinous spaces respectively.

Biometry↗
PubMed1975

Myosin ATPase activity in multifidus muscle from cases of lumbar spinal derangement.

Biopsies of lumbar multifidus muscles were obtained at operation on seventeen patients aged from fifteen to fifty-eight with lumbar spinal derangement, and further material was taken from the cadavers of three subjects aged from nineteen to fifty-one. Sections were prepared to show the presence of ATPase activity, so distinguishing Fast from Slow types of muscle fibre. The normal mosiac pattern arising from the intermingling of fibres from Fast and Slow motor units was seen in sections from cadaveric material and from many of the biopsies. With age and limited lumbar flexibility, the Fast fibres became relatively smaller but with increasing variation in size, suggesting a reduced capacity for phasic activity. The presence of positive root signs was associated with a greater proportion of Slow fibres, and in some patients with the occurrence of atrophied Fast fibres, giving rise to differences in the populations of the two fibres in neighbouring fascicles. The results suggest that multifidus adopts an increasingly postural role with advancing age and with disabling lesions of the lumbar spine.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1991

Muscle fibre directions of iliocostalis and multifidus: male-female differences.

The accuracy with which the fibre direction of the multifidus muscle can be predicted in females is comparable to that for males, and is well within the limits of accuracy obtainable in the placement of surface electrodes in relation to a reference line drawn on the skin, i.e. +/- 5 degrees. In females, the observed deviation of the iliocostalis fibres from the corresponding reference line may, however, add some degree of error to the proper orientation of electrode bars perpendicular to muscle fibres. It may thus be concluded that the surface recording of EMG power spectrum parameters of the iliocostalis in women cannot be carried out as accurately as for the multifidus muscle. Nevertheless, the resulting recording error associated with a possible orientation deviation of, for example, 13 degrees is rather small (3%) and may be acceptable for clinical research purposes.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Connective tissue changes of the multifidus muscle in patients with lumbar disc herniation. An immunohistologic study of collagen types I and III and fibronectin.

The connective tissue components, Types I and III collagen fibronectin, were immunohistologically analyzed using their specific antibodies for localization and semiquantitative estimation in 24 patients (11 women and 13 men, all under 55 years of age) operated on for herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. Nine cadavers without known back problems (2 women, 7 men) served as controls. In controls, Type I collagen was present in the endo- and perimysial structures of the muscle, more conspiciously in the former. Type III collagen, together with fibronectin, were more abundant in the perimysium than in the endomysium. Thickening of these structures was not evident in the controls. In most patients Types I and III collagen and fibronectin distribution was similar to that of the controls. However, fibrotic changes of both and endo- and perimysial structures involved all Types I and III collagen and fibronectin in ten cases. In two patients an increase in Type I collagen staining intensity in the endomysium was recorded and thickening of the endomysial structures was observed in six patients. There were correlations with the severity of the connective tissue structural changes to atrophy of the muscle and furthermore to disability of the patient in the 1-year postoperative check-up. These findings suggest that if marked fibrosis of the muscle occurs, it can be a factor impairing recovery from the disease during the long-term postoperative course.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Muscle imbalance in the aetiology of scoliosis.

At the apex of an idiopathic scoliotic curve there is a greater proportion of "slow twitch" muscle fibres in multifidus on the convex as compared to the concave side. To determine whether this represents a primary muscular imbalance relevant to the aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis or merely a secondary change, the lengths of multifidus on opposite sides of the curve were measured. Multifidus is shorter on the convex side. This is consistent with the theory of primary muscular imbalance, in which the more tonically acting muscle with its higher proportion of "slow twitch" fibres contracts and shortens as the deformity is produced. The paradox of multifidus being shorter on the convex rather than on the concave side is explained by consideration of its action.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Multi-Omics Landscape of Paraspinal Muscles in Spinal Muscular Atrophy With Scoliosis.

Most spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients develop severe scoliosis by late adolescence. Given that the paraspinal muscles-particularly the multifidus-are indispensable for maintaining spinal stability, their site-specific multi-omics characteristics in SMA remain insufficiently defined. Herein, integrated multi-omics sequencing was performed on bilateral multifidus samples from SMA patients and surgical controls. We identified 5219 differentially expressed genes, 1063 differentially expressed proteins and 370 differential metabolites between the control and SMA, showing significant enrichment in glucose and amino acid metabolism pathways, specifically key steps of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Key enzymes in the glycolytic process such as PFKM, ENO3 and PKM1 were markedly downregulated. Notably, a comparative analysis of the bilateral paraspinal muscles in SMA revealed asymmetrical metabolic signatures in carbohydrate and amino acid processing between the concave and convex sides. Key regulatory enzymes exhibited significant differential expression: PYGL, a central driver of starch and sucrose metabolism; creatine kinase, involved in arginine and proline metabolism; and PGAM2, a key mediator of glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. These metabolic signatures indicate a complex metabolic reprogramming in the multifidus, where asymmetric disparities point to the influence of mechanical loading, while systemic dysregulation aligns with the effects of SMN depletion.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Back muscle function during bipedal walking in chimpanzee and gibbon: implications for the evolution of human locomotion.

The evolution of erect posture and locomotion continues to be a major focus of interest among paleoanthropologists and functional morphologists. To date, virtually all of our knowledge about the functional role of the back muscles in the evolution of bipedalism is based on human experimental data. In order to broaden our evolutionary perspective on the vertebral region, we have undertaken an electromyographic (EMG) analysis of three deep back muscles (multifidus, longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum) in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and gibbon (Hylobates lar) during bipedal walking. The recruitment patterns of these three muscles seen in the chimpanzee closely parallel those observed in the gibbon. The activity patterns of multifidus and longissimus are more similar to each other than either is to iliocostalis. Iliocostalis recruitment is clearly related to contact by the contralateral limb during bipedal walking in both species. It is suggested that in both the chimpanzee and gibbon, multifidus controls trunk movement primarily in the sagittal plane, iliocostalis responds to and adjusts movement in the frontal plane, while longissimus contributes to both of these functions. In many respects, the activity patterns shared by the chimpanzee and gibbon are quite consistent with recent human experimental data. This suggests a basic similarity in the mechanical constraints placed on the back during bipedalism among these three hominoids. Thus, the acquisition of habitual bipedalism in humans probably involved not so much a major change in back muscle action or function, but rather an improvement in the mechanical advantages and architecture of these muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Fibre types in human lumbar back muscles.

The distribution of histochemically identified muscle fibre types was studied in biopsy samples from the two main muscles in the lumbar region of the human erector spinae, the multifidus and the longissimus, in 16 healthy subjects (nine males and seven females, age 20-30 years). Muscle fibres were classified as types I, IIA, IIB or IIC on the basis of the pH lability of their myofibrillar ATPases. There were no differences between the multifidus and the longissimus muscles in the relative occurrence of type I (62 vs. 57%), type IIA (20 vs. 22%) or type IIB fibres (18 vs. 22%), or in the absolute size of fibres (range of mean least diameters 58-66 micron). The oxidative potential (NADH-diaphorase staining intensity) was high in type I and low in type II fibres, irrespective of subgroups, in both muscles. In the females, the type I fibres occupied a relatively larger area (70-75 vs. 54-58% for the males) although the relative number of type I fibres was the same in both sexes. This was due to smaller type II fibres in the females resulting in higher type I/type II area ratios (1.70-1.90 vs. 0.88-0.92 for males). This suggests a difference in functional capacity of lumbar back muscles between males and females. On the other hand, the similarity in histochemical fibre-type distribution between the multifidus and the longissimus muscles does not give support for a functional differentiation between these two anatomically different parts of the lumbar erector spinae in man.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1991

A technique for needle localization in paraspinal muscles with cadaveric confirmation.

Invasive electromyography (EMG) of the paraspinal muscles is useful in clinical and research settings. No technique for localization of the needle in specific fascicles has been validated. Recent descriptions of the segmented innervation of the multifidus imply that such a technique would add greatly to the EMG determination of root level of a radiculopathy. We have developed a technique for localization which relies on palpation of bony structures and needle insertion at certain angles and depths. The technique was evaluated by injecting latex dye in 199 locations in 13 cadavers. Dissection demonstrated that the technique was accurate in 91 of 112 injections into specific fascicles of the multifidus (originating from different spinous processes), 39 of 43 injections into the longissimus, and 35 of 44 injections into the iliocostalis. Certain types of errors would not have occurred with the aid of EMG in vivo. When these are added to the correct injections, accuracy improves 97%, 93%, and 82%, respectively. The technique described here should be useful for kinesiological studies, biopsies and injections, as well as for the EMG confirmation of a radiculopathy.

Back↗
PubMed1989

EMG activities of neck muscles underlying lateral flexion of the neck during head-turning induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats.

Patterns of EMG activities of neck muscles underlying the initiation of head-turning, induced by stimulation of the caudate nucleus, were analyzed with special reference to temporal relations between the onset of head-turning and that of changes in EMG activities. These patterns were compared with those associated with the initiation of lateral flexion of the neck which occurred without electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus in order to examine whether the caudate-induced head-turning was initiated via the same muscular system as that used in non-caudate-induced head movements. Experiments were carried out using 5 awake, unrestrained cats which were trained to stand still with one limb on each of 4 footplates. Trains of stimulating current pulses were applied to several stimulation points in the caudate nucleus while the animal maintained a stable standing posture with its neck extended. Head movements in the horizontal plane and EMGs of 6 neck muscles (splenius, longissimus cervicis, obliquus capitis caudalis, biventer cervicis, complexus and cervical multifidus) were recorded. Patterns of EMG activities of neck muscles around the onset of the caudate-induced head-turning were characterized by an increase in activity of the splenius, the longissimus cervicis and the obliquus capitis caudalis muscles, and by a decrease in activity of the complexus, the biventer cervicis and the cervical multifidus on the side of flexion. It is suggested that an increase in activity of the splenius, the longissimus cervicis and the obliques capitis caudalis muscles was responsible for the initiation of this evoked response. In non-caudate-induced lateral flexion of the neck, patterns of activities of neck muscles were similar to those in caudate-induced head-turning. It is therefore concluded that the caudate-induced head-turning as an evoked behavioral response was initiated through a muscular system similar to that utilized for similar head movements occurring without electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus, although the pathways involved are thought to be different.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A study of the effects of bipedism and upright posture on the lumbosacral spine and paravertebral muscles of the Wistar rat.

Twenty-one bipedal rats were prepared by forelimb amputation and reared with 19 control rats. All of the bipedal rats became proficient upright walkers. There was significant anterior wedging of the lower lumbar vertebral bodies in all of the bipedal rats and four had radiographic evidence of degenerative disc disease. Five bipedal rats developed lumbosacral disc herniations, and the lumbar neural canal was significantly smaller in the bipedal population. There was no difference in radionuclide uptake between the two groups. Histochemical analysis of the psoas and multifidus muscles showed a significant shift from type I to type II fibers in the psoas and from type II to type I fibers in the multifidus in the bipedal population. These results indicate that upright posture places considerable stress on the lumbosacral spine and paravertebral muscles of the rat.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1992

A universal model of the lumbar back muscles in the upright position.

A model of the lumbar back muscles was constructed incorporating 49 fascicles of the lumbar erector spinae and multifidus. The attachment sites and sizes of fascicles were based on previous anatomic studies, and the fascicles were modeled on radiographs of nine normal volunteers in the upright position. Calculations revealed that the thoracic fibers of the lumbar erector spinae contribute 50% of the total extensor moment exerted on L4 and L5; multifidus contributes some 20%; and the remainder is exerted by the lumbar fibers of erector spinae. At upper lumbar levels, the thoracic fibers of the lumbar erector spinae contribute between 70% and 86% of the total extensor moment. In the upright posture, the lumbar back muscles exert a net posterior shear force on segments L1 to L4, but exert an anterior shear force on L5. Collectively, all the back muscles exert large compression forces on all segments. A force coefficient of 46 Ncm-2 was determined to apply for the back muscles. These results have a bearing on the appreciation of the effects on the back muscles of surgery and physiotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Exteroceptive influences on the lumbar back muscle tone and reflexes in the cat.

The exteroceptive influences on tonic activity and on stretch reflexes of the longissimus dorsi and multifidus spinae muscles were investiagted in decerebrate, spinal and chloralose-anesthetized cats. Adequate skin stimulation was used to map out facilitatory and inhibitory skin areas on the trunk and the extremities. On the trunk facilitatory areas are relatively large and located at the dorsal side while inhibitory areas are confined to the ventrolateral part of the contralateral body half. The facilitatory skin fields are of approximately the same size in decerebrate and spinal cats. On leg skin stimulation facilitation can be evoked from the ipsilateral hind limb while inhibition results from stimulation of the other limbs. Spinal cord transection increased excitatory effects of ipsilateral hind limb stimulation. Reflex responses in the back muscles to applied stretch are described. These reflexes were used as test reflexes in experiments with conditioning stimulation of the peripheral nerves supplying skin areas from which effects on back muscle activity were evoked by adequate stimulation. The conditioning-test experiments and those using adequate stimulation show that the longissimus dorsi and multifidus spinae are activated or facilitated by an ipsilateral stimulus to skin afferents. The extent of the effects induced by stimulation of skin differs in the types of preparation used. These differences may be accounted for by assuming a supraspinal control of the reflex pathways studied.

Anesthesia, General↗