Proceedings: A mechanism for protein movement from blood to amniotic fluid.
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Amniotic Fluid↗
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Protein movement across the blood-brain barrier in hypervolemia.
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Animals↗
Live-cell RNA imaging with the inactivated endonuclease Csy4 enables new insights into plant virus transport through plasmodesmata.
Plant-infecting viruses spread through their hosts by transporting their infectious genomes through intercellular nano-channels called plasmodesmata. This process is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins. Whilst the sub-cellular localisations of movement proteins have been intensively studied, live-cell RNA imaging systems have so far not been able to detect viral genomes inside the plasmodesmata. Here, we describe a highly sensitive RNA live-cell reporter based on an enzymatically inactive form of the small bacterial endonuclease Csy4, which binds to its cognate stem-loop with picomolar affinity. This system allows imaging of plant viral RNA genomes inside plasmodesmata and shows that potato virus X RNA remains accessible within the channels and is therefore not fully encapsidated during movement. We also combine Csy4-based RNA-imaging with interspecies movement complementation to show that an unrelated movement protein from tobacco mosaic virus can recruit potato virus X replication complexes adjacent to plasmodesmata. Therefore, recruitment of potato virus X replicase is mediated non-specifically, likely by indirect coupling of movement proteins and viral replicase via the viral RNA or co-compartmentalisation, potentially contributing to transport specificity. Lastly, we show that a 'self-tracking' virus can express the Csy4-based reporter during the progress of infection. However, expression of the RNA-binding protein in cis interferes with viral movement by an unidentified mechanism when cognate stem-loops are present in the viral RNA.
Plasmodesmata↗
Molecular characterization and genome sequence analysis of Dichroa emaravirus, a putative novel member of the genus Emaravirus.
Hydrangea febrifuga (syn. Dichroa febrifuga) is a traditional medicinal plant distributed in China and Southeast Asia, and febrifugine, one of its principal bioactive constituents, has served as an important lead compound for antimalarial drug development. Viral infections may adversely affect the quality of medicinal plants; however, no emaravirus has previously been reported from H. febrifuga. Here, high-throughput sequencing was performed on H. febrifuga leaves exhibiting mosaic symptoms collected in Yunnan Province, China. Combined with RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, and 5'/3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), five full-length genomic RNA segments of a putative novel emaravirus, tentatively designated Dichroa emaravirus (DEV), were identified and characterized. The five negative-sense single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) segments have a combined length of 12,971 nt and encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), glycoprotein precursor (GP), nucleocapsid protein (NP), movement protein (MP), and an uncharacterized accessory protein, P5. The maximum amino acid sequence identities of DEV P1-P4 with recognized emaraviruses were 73.90%, 51.82%, 65.60%, and 81.30%, respectively, whereas P5 showed a maximum identity of 49.16% with its closest homolog. Thus, three of the four core proteins had maximum identities below 80%, consistent with the current ICTV species demarcation criterion for the genus Emaravirus. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses based on the four core proteins further supported the placement of DEV within the genus Emaravirus (family Fimoviridae). These results support DEV as a putative novel emaravirus and represent the first report of an emaravirus associated with H. febrifuga.
Genome, Viral↗
Cucurbit Leaf Crumple Virus: An Important Pathogen of Cucurbit and Snap Bean Crops.
TAXONOMY: Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV); Begomovirus cucurbitae; Geminiviridae; Geplafuvirales. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The presence of CuLCrV is exclusively limited to North America, mainly Mexico and the United States. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: CuLCrV is a bipartite begomovirus comprising two circular single-stranded DNA molecules (DNA-A and DNA-B), encapsidated within geminate icosahedral particles. GENOME AND ORGANIZATION: CuLCrV possesses a bipartite genome of DNA-A (2632 nucleotides) and DNA-B (2600 nucleotides). DNA-A contains five open reading frames (ORFs): AV1 (coat protein), AC1 (replication-associated protein), AC2 (transcriptional activator protein), AC3 (replication enhancer protein) and AC4. DNA-B contains two ORFs: BV1 (nuclear shuttle protein) and BC1 (movement protein). TRANSMISSION: CuLCrV is transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in a persistent, circulative and non-propagative manner. HOSTS: CuLCrV primarily infects crop members of the Cucurbitaceae and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae). Multiple weed species belonging to Brassicaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Verbenaceae act as persistent virus reservoir hosts. SYMPTOMS: Symptom expression varies with host and infection timing. In cucurbits, infection induces leaf crumpling, thickening and downward curling of leaves, with green streaks and distortion of fruits. In snap bean, symptoms include leaf distortion, chlorosis and malformed pods. CONTROL: No commercial cultivars with resistance to CuLCrV are available for cucurbit crops, although some resistance has been reported in snap bean cultivars. Therefore, management relies primarily on integrated disease management.
Plant Diseases↗
A conserved COBL3-like protein promotes PDLP5-dependent callose accumulation to confer broad-spectrum plasmodesmata-mediated antiviral defense.
Plasmodesmata (PDs) play vital roles in plant growth and defense by controlling the symplastic transport of important molecules. Here we report that a conserved COBRA-like protein, COBL3, positively regulates callose accumulation and is required for PD-mediated antiviral defense (PMAD) against divergent plant RNA viruses in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). The wheat COBL3 protein, TaCOBL3, interacts with the 17K movement protein (MP) of barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV (BYDV-GAV). TaCOBL3 is associated with the plasma membrane and co-localizes with 17K MP at PDs. Genetic analysis with overexpression and knockout lines revealed that TaCOBL3 positively regulates wheat defense against BYDV-GAV by modulating callose accumulation at PDs. Interestingly, TaCOBL3 interacts with the wheat homolog of PDLP5, a conserved key regulator of PD permeability in higher plants. Silencing TaPDLP5 attenuates the elevated BYDV-GAV defense conferred by overexpression of TaCOBL3 in wheat. Furthermore, transient expression of TaCOBL3 promotes callose accumulation and lowers PD permeability in tobacco cells, and these effects are largely compromised when tobacco PDLP5 is silenced. Notably, BYDV 17K MP weakens the interaction between TaCOBL3 and TaPDLP5 and inhibits their callose-binding activities. Finally, silencing of tobacco NbCOBL3 reduces callose content and attenuates host defense against two tobraviruses, one potexvirus, and one hordeivirus. Overall, our study reveals a previously unknown role of COBRA-like proteins in PMAD and provides insight into how a plant viral MP sabotages PMAD by perturbing the COBL3-PDLP5 interaction to facilitate virus spread through PDs. The conserved COBL3 gene may be a valuable target for engineering of broad-spectrum antiviral resistance in crop plants.
COBRA-like protein↗
Leucocytic movement and contractile protein.
In a study on leucocytic movement, it was found that leucocytes showed periodical dynamic patterns with each motile function, and a possible organization in their motile system. It was also clarified that the motile form and function of leucocytes were co-ordinately controlled by the intracellular level of ATP and that the characteristic contraction wave observed in moving leucocytes was substantial as a morphological manifestation of the contractile element in moving leucocytes. Based on these findings, an attempt was made to extract contractile protein from leucocytes. It was shown that the protein consisted mainly of myosin and actin, which is similar to protein of muscle. Thus, it was concluded that development of the pseudopod, which is indispensable for cell movement, seemed to result from liquid substance in the granuloplasm being squeezed out through contraction of contractile protein located in the surface layer of the granuloplasm. In non-muscular cells, the same type of ordered structure as seen in muscle has not been found yet, but it seems likely that the protein is capable of converting chemical energy into movement.
Actins↗
Molecular characterisation of a novel citrus-infecting emaravirus, citrus emaravirus 1.
The application of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has accelerated the discovery of novel viruses and the genome sequencing of poorly characterised viruses in fruit crops, revealing a greater complexity of plant viromes than previously understood. Here, we report the identification and genomic characterisation of a novel emaravirus, tentatively named "citrus emaravirus 1" (CiEV1), from Citrus limon leaves collected in the North West Province of South Africa. HTS analysis identified contigs corresponding to the four conserved emaravirus genomic segments (RNA1-RNA4), each encoding characteristic proteins: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, glycoprotein, nucleocapsid, and movement protein. Comparison of terminal sequences and phylogenetic analysis suggest placing CiEV1 within clade D of the genus Emaravirus (family Fimoviridae). To date, no association with symptoms has been identified. This is the first report of an emaravirus detected in citrus, expanding the known host range of the genus and contributing to the growing evidence of viral diversity in citrus. Further investigation is required to determine the epidemiological significance of CiEV1 in citrus orchards.
Citrus↗
[The influence of capillary permeability on the extravascular protein quantities as measured in situ (author's transl)].
The extravascular protein contents in the perivascular connective tissue of a rat's mesenterial plate was measured ultramicrospectrophotometrically in situ and in vivo after changing the hydrostatic and colloidosmotic pressures of the blood. We analized the perivascular area of the different microcirculatory vessels, arterioles, capillaries and venules. The perivascular protein contents, which corresponds besides arterioles to 40% and besides venules to 59% in comparison to the intravascular blood plasma, decreased in a comparison group under the osmotic influence of the perfusion liquid on the mesenterial plate. An injection of an isotonic saline solution is followed only by small fluctuations of the perivascular protein contents during one hour. After blood loss a transitional increase of extravascular protein at the perivenular area was observed indicating the mobilisation of protein depots. Around arterioles the extravascular protein contents did not change significantly. An intravenous injection of albumin solution was followed by a short-termed increase of tissue protein around the arterioles. Around the venules after 50 minutes the extravascular protein contents increased significantly. Within one hour after the changes of the permeability conditions the maximal induceable protein movements in the perivascular space were calculated as +/- 1.35 g% plasma protein concentration corresponding to a maximun protein exchange of +/- 3.1 mg ml(-1) tissue.
Animals↗
[Preparative isolation of serum a albumin].
A simple method is suggested for the preparative isolation of native albumin in the thick (6 mm) block of the agar-agar gel on the veronal-medinal buffer solution (pH 8.6, ionic strength 0.1). The method is based on the analytical horizontal electrophoresis. 0.8-1 ml of 10% solution of proteins was introduced into each of two starting trenches. 5h after the beginning of distillation in the anode edge of the plate at a distance of 35 mm from the start two collector slits were cut out perpendiculary to the protein movement. Then they were filled with the NaCl physiological solution and protein portions were taken thrice each half an hour. The purity of albumins was checked immunologically. The method may be applied for obtaining other individual proteins.
Animals↗
[Physicochemical properties of neurospecific basic protein (SCP) of the spinal cord].
Basic protein (SCP) known as antiencephalytogenic was isolated from the bull spinal cord and spinal roots. The protein is purified to a molecular homogeneous state, some of its physicochemical properties are studied. Molecular homogeneity of the protein is established by the method of disk electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulphate present and by analytic ultracentrifugation. During electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel at pH 4.0 the protein movement occurs only in one zone, and at pH 7.0 three closely located zones are formed. The protein molecular weight determined by different methods is about 13500. The protein amino acid composition is determined and it is shown that 9.6 mole of amide nitrogen falls on 1 mole of the protein. The presence of the tertiary structure in the protein is supposed.
Amino Acids↗
Synthesis and secretion of plasma proteins by embryonic chick hepatocytes: changing patterns during the first three days of culture.
A simple model system is described for studying synthesis of plasma proteins. The system is based on chick embryo hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture which synthesize a broad spectrum of plasma proteins and secrete them into the culture medium. The secreted proteins are stable and consist almost exclusively of plasma proteins. The cultured cells are nonproliferating hepatic parenchymal cells whose cell mass remains constant in culture. By a modification of Laurell's rocket immunoelectrophoresis, the secreted plasma proteins can be detected in nanogram amounts in 3 microliter of unconcentrated culture medium. Kinetics of secretion are obtained by sequential assay of proteins accumulating in the medium. In this system it is demonstrated that: (a) intracellular plasma protein levels are equivalent to less than 5% of the daily secretion; (b) synthesis and secretion are continuous; and (c) the overall half-time for plasma protein movement along the secretory pathway is less than 10 min. From these results, it follows that the rate at which the plasma proteins are secreted gives a valid estimate of their rate of synthesis. This feature of the culture and the sensitivity of the assay allow routine measurements of plasma protein synthesis without disruption of the cells and without the use of radioisotopes. It is shown, furthermore, that the overall rate of plasma protein synthesis in cultured hepatocytes is constant over a 3-day period and is similar to that of the intact liver. 3,000,000 cells, containing 1 mg cell protein, synthesize 0.2 mg of plasma proteins daily, amounting to one-fifth of hepatocellular protein synthesis. Under the conditions used, albumin synthesis steadily decreases with culture time whereas the synthesis of many other plasma proteins increases. The observed phenotypic changes and reorganization of plasma protein synthesis illustrate how the system may be exploited for studying the regulatory processes governing plasma protein synthesis.
Animals↗
[Reversible enlargement of proteins in rat liver mitochondria: analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].
Intramitochondrial large amplitude protein movements were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on the intermembranal fluids of mitochondria which were incubated in presence of movement effectors. The specific and reversible property of this phenomenon was confirmed by this method. Its bilateral nature was observed. The eventuality of a partial inner membrane damage provoked by the synergic action of digitonine and movement effector, was discussed, evaluated and dismissed.
Animals↗
Naturally occurring mutations in replication proteins of a small RNA virus that alter the number, sizes, and relative abundances of subgenomic RNAs.
Many positive-strand (+) RNA viruses produce subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) in infected cells. sgRNAs are synthesized by virus-encoded replication proteins (RPs), but whether RPs regulate the number and sizes of sgRNAs remains largely unknown. We report multiple naturally occurring mutations within the RPs of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) that alter the number, sizes, and relative abundances of TCV sgRNAs. TCV is a (+) RNA virus that normally produces two sgRNAs: the 1,724-nucleotide (nt) sgRNA1 expressing movement proteins, and the 1,449-nt sgRNA2 expressing capsid protein. A single amino acid change, A113V, within a region shared by TCV RPs p28 and p88, diminished sgRNA1 levels and delayed viral systemic spread. Interestingly, three second-site RP mutations emerged in infected plants that, alone or in combination with A113V, resulted in over-production of sgRNA1 or accumulation of two alternative sgRNAs of 1,876 and 1,601 nt, and rescued A113V defects. The alternative sgRNAs originated from nearly identical recombination events, their size difference reflecting varying 5' extensions. They may have accumulated to high levels through selective stabilization of their (-)-strand intermediates that were in turn derived from transcriptional pausing and recombination. Our findings reveal previously unrecognized constraints on viral RPs that ensure production of sgRNAs with precise sizes and abundances.
Subgenomic RNA↗
Hydrogen-tritium exchange kinetics of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz). Solvent accessibility in the folded conformation.
The hydrogen exchange kinetics of Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) has been studied at pH 2, 3, and 6.5. From the temperature dependence of proton exchange at low pH, THE CONTRIBUTION OF MAJOR, REVERSIBLE PROTEIN UNFOLDING To the hydrogen exchange kinetics has been determined. Exchange directly from the folded conformation is characterized by an apparent activation energy (E*app) of approximately 25 kcal/mol, close to that of the chemical exchange step. At pH 6.5 the protein is more temperature stable than at low pH, and exchange of all but congruent to 8 protons can be observed to exchange with E*app congruent to 27 kcal/mol. This implies that all but congruent to 8 protons are accessible to exchange with solvent in the solution structure of folded STI. Estimates can be made of the average number of water molecules per molecule of STI consistent with a solvent accessibility model of hydrogen exchange kinetics. These estimates indicate that very few water molecules within the protein matrix are necessary to explain the exchange data. Calculations are done for the STI hydrogen exchange kinetics at pH 3, 30 degrees, approximating STI structure by a sphere of radius = 18 A. These calculations indicate an average of congruent to 4 water molecules in the shell from 13 to 16 A. from the center of the molecule, while less than 1 water molecule is indicated in the innermost 13 A. These calculations also suggest that there are congruent to 190 water molecules associated with the outermost 1.5-2 A of the sphere. While these values are consistent with a hydrophobic region in the central protein matrix, they indicate more solvent accessibility in the outer 1/3 of the molecule than the static accessibility estimates made from X-ray coordinates. Our results suggest that any protein movements or fluctuations responsible for solvent accessibility in proton exchange processes are localized in the outer regions of the globular structure.
Binding Sites↗
Early response of plasma contents on exposure of working men to heat.
Twelve men block-stepped (35 W) 4 h/day for 12 days and were divided into two similar groups on the basis of Vo2max. All were exposed to 33.8 degrees C dry bulb, 32.7 degrees C wet bulb for 2 h (E1) while working (30% Vo2max). Venous blood was obtained at 10-min intervals during hour 1 and at 20-min intervals during hour 2. Group 1 was acclimatized to heat. Group II continued to train. The test exposure was repeated (E2). During E1 a trend toward hemodilution was evident but not significant for either group. Protein moved into the vascular volume and a decrease in plasma osmolarity was significant only after 30 min. For both groups during E2 significant hemodilution occurred during the first 10 min. Only group I remained significantly hemodiluted for 2 h. Protein movement and osmodilution again occurred in both groups. These results support earlier suggestions as to the mechanisms of hemodilution based on 1-h blood samples. Conflicting evidence as to the pressure or absence of hemodilution upon heat exposure is noted, and a hypothesis is proposed which appears to reconcile divergent results.
Acclimatization↗
Photolabile and paramagnetic reagents for the investigation of transmembrane signaling events.
To investigate the dynamics of membrane processes that may be integral components of specific transmembrane signaling events we have synthesized several novel paramagnetic probes and their photoreactive counterparts. The structure of these probes was designed to (1) restrict "flipping" across the membrane bilayer; (2) contain paramagnetic or photoreactive moieties that could be placed at specific depths within the bilayer; (3) provide information about membrane structure as well as dynamics of protein movement; and (4) in the case of the photoreactive probes, be of high specific radioactivity. The molecules described in this paper consist of amino acid, dipeptide, or carbohydrate groups attached to arylazide- or nitroxide-bearing fatty acids. The synthesis and initial characterization of these membrane probes is described.
Affinity Labels↗
The complete genomic sequence of a novel member of the genus Caulimovirus isolated from Dregea volubilis.
A novel caulimovirus was identified from diseased leaves of Dregea volubilis exhibiting yellowing and vein-associated chlorosis in Yuanjiang County, Yunnan Province, China. The virus was tentatively named Dregea volubilis caulimovirus 1 (DVCaV1). The complete genome sequence of DVCaV1, determined by de novo assembly of high-throughput sequencing data, comprises 8,160 bp of circular double-stranded DNA containing two intergenic regions and seven open reading frames (ORFs). These ORFs encode (in order) a movement protein (MP), an aphid transmission factor (ATF), a virion-associated protein (VAP), a coat protein (CP), a polymerase polyprotein (Pol, containing protease, reverse transcriptase, and RNase H domains), a transactivator/viroplasmin (TAV) protein, and a hypothetical protein of unknown function. Sequence comparisons revealed the highest nucleotide similarity with strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV; NC_001725). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed DVCaV1 as a member of the genus Caulimovirus, with SVBV as its closest known relative. According to current ICTV species demarcation criteria for the genus Caulimovirus (host range and > 20% nucleotide sequence divergence in the polymerase region), DVCaV1 represents a novel species. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of a caulimovirus detected in naturally symptomatic Dregea volubilis.
Genome, Viral↗