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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

A multistate outbreak of sporotrichosis associated with sphagnum moss.

In the spring of 1988, the largest documented US outbreak of cutaneous sporotrichosis to date occurred, with 84 cases among persons from 15 states who were exposed to Wisconsin-grown sphagnum moss used in packing evergreen tree seedlings. In New York State, 13 cases occurred among 109 forestry workers. All 13 cases occurred among 76 workers who had handled evergreen seedlings and moss (attack rate = 17%). For those exposed to evergreens and moss, the risk of infection increased as worktime exposure to moss increased (attack rates: less than 10 hours, 8%; 10-19 hours, 12%; greater than 19 hours, 33%). While environmental samples of moss from the Wisconsin supplier were negative, Sporothrix schenckii was cultured from multiple samples of the sphagnum moss obtained from one of six Pennsylvania tree nurseries, representing the nursery that was identified as the source for 79 (94%) of the moss-associated cases. Differences in tree-handling procedures at this nursery--including the use of 1- to 3-year-old moss to pack seedlings, use of a pond water source to wet the moss, use of an organic polymer gel on the seedling root system, and underground storage and longer storage of moss-packed seedlings before shipping--suggested possible explanations for the association. Efforts to prevent sporotrichosis among persons handling evergreen seedlings should include the use of alternate types of packing material (e.g., cedar wood chips or shredded paper) and protective clothing such as gloves and long-sleeved shirts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of genes coding for the major chlorophyll-binding protein of the moss Physcomitrella patens and the halotolerant alga Dunaliella salina.

Two clones have been isolated from a genomic library of the moss Physcomitrella patens and a cDNA library of the halotolerant green alga Dunaliella salina. The isolates contain genes coding for the major light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein (CAB) in the photosystem II (PSII) light-harvesting complex (LHCII). The 2544-bp insert of the moss genomic clone contains the complete CAB-coding region and 5' and 3' flanking sequences. The coding region contains an intron of 359 bp which is spanned by a pair of 9-bp perfect direct repeats. There are two CCAAT boxes and five enhancer-like elements related to (G)TGGTTTAAA(G) (Weiher et al., 1983) residing in the intron. Comparisons of the moss cab gene with sequences of light-inducible genes of higher plants reveal homologous and repeated sequences similar to the enhancer element in the 5' region upstream from the TATA and CCAAT boxes thought to be responsive to light inducibility. The 1256-bp algal cDNA contains the complete CAB-coding sequence, a 170-bp 5'-nontranslated region, and a 264-bp 3'-nontranslated region. While the overall homology in the nontranslated regions is low between the cab gene of the moss and that of the alga, the 3'-nontranslated regions of the two contain some sequences that are conserved among the cab genes in higher plants. The deduced amino acid sequences of these two clones are highly conserved except for the N-terminal region. Their hydropathic plots are very similar and both possess three hydrophobic segments that are likely alpha-helical transmembrane segments. The proposed CAB transit peptide sequence of the alga is divergent from that of the moss or higher plants, suggesting that they may have evolved from different origins. Southern blot analysis shows that the cab genes in the moss and the alga, as in higher plants, are encoded by a number of homologous genes constituting a multigene family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Cutaneous sporotrichosis in forestry workers. Epidemic due to contaminated Sphagnum moss.

In December 1975 and January and February 1976, an epidemic of cutaneous sporotrichosis occurred in Mississippi among forestry workers and other persons exposed to sphagnum moss used in packing pine seedlings. Seventeen cases were identified, 15 of which were from patients who had been exposed to sphagnum moss from a single source. Attack rates were significantly higher among workers exposed to this moss than among those not exposed. Sporothrix schenckii was cultured from the implicated batch of sphagnum moss but not from other batches. The source of contamination of the sphagnum moss that caused this epidemic and sphagnum moss associated with similar epidemics is unknown. One worker without cutaneous sporotrichosis may have had asymptomatic pulmonary sporotrichosis.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2026

Diversification of Cellulose Synthase (CESA) Genes in Mosses Suggests Both Ancient and Recent Gene duplications.

Cellulose is an important polysaccharide that constitutes all plant cell walls, giving them strength and stability. The plant cellulose synthase (CESA) gene family, which encodes the catalytic subunits of cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs), has diversified independently in several plant lineages, providing an interesting model for understanding selection for gene duplication. Here we quantified the presence of CESA genes across mosses to understand how the process of gene family diversification occurred in this group and how it parallels diversification in other groups. We first examined the CESA gene family in eight species of mosses across seven families for which whole genome assemblies were available. We then identified CESA genes from additional species, for which only short-read sequence data was available, by using BLAST searches and targeted gene assemblies. We validated this approach by comparing the assembled paralogs from the short-read data to the genes identified from whole genome assemblies in the eight reference species. This approach allowed us to identify paralogs directly from short-read data and greatly expand our sample set. Results from the combined empirical data support the hypothesis that CESA genes diversified within the moss lineage at least as early as the mesozoic period, during or possibly even prior to the onset of moss diversification, but also continue to diversify within modern species. In addition, we found evidence for purifying selection as the dominant force shaping these genes and observed that different lineages experienced different levels of evolutionary constraint. Lastly, our approach to assemble paralogs has the potential to allow researchers to improve analyses of gene duplication events.

Physcomitrium patens↗
PubMed1992

The plastome-encoded zfpA gene of a moss contains procaryotic as well as eucaryotic promoter consensus sequences and its RNA abundance is modulated by cytokinin.

Plastid DNA of the moss Physcomitrella patens has been sequenced. An open reading frame (ORF 315) was identified downstream from rbcL, between trnR-CCG and psaI. This ORF shares homology with zfpA, a putative regulatory gene in Pisum sativum. The moss ORF is preceded by a Shine-Dalgarno sequence, two plastid promoter consensus sequences, and three TATA boxes. A specific probe detected three transcripts of low abundance in the wild-type moss and a cytokinin-sensitive chloroplast mutant. Steady state levels of zfpA transcripts were different in the two genotypes. In mutant protonemata treated with cytokinin, steady state levels of the largest transcript decreased significantly.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Atmospheric deposition of arsenic and selenium across Canada using Sphagnum moss as a biomonitor.

A biomonitoring study was made of the atmospheric deposition of arsenic and selenium across northern Canada utilizing Sphagnum fuscum moss. Intensive sampling was carried out adjacent to the smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. An average background concentration of arsenic in the moss of 0.66 mg kg-1 was determined, while most selenium concentrations were below the detection limit of 0.2 mg kg-1. Elevated arsenic concentrations were found in the vicinity of the mining and smelting areas of Flin Flon, Manitoba, and Atikokan, Ontario. High concentrations of selenium were detected only near Rouyn-Noranda. Both arsenic and selenium occurred in moss at concentrations lower than found in Canadian soils.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1986

Representativity of mosses as biomonitor organisms for the accumulation of environmental chemicals in plants and soils.

The suitability of mosses for air pollution monitoring of benzohexachloride isomers and polyaromatic hydrocarbons is shown by residue data of different samples from Europe. The interpretation of the results makes it obvious that next to regional pattern analysis, hypotheses for atmospheric transport and deposition processes of different environmental chemicals can also be formed. An evaluation of these kinds of bioindicator methods is presented by a quantitative comparison of air pollution data and accumulated residues in plants. The results indicate a high retention efficiency of mosses for pollutants dominantly adsorbed to particulate matter in the air, like polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The comparison of residue data of trace pollutants in mosses and other plants underlines the indicator functions of lower plants for air monitoring patterns with the exception of chlorinated hydrocarbons. They are more effective enriched by coniferous plants which contain ingredients able to absorb and transport these groups of environmental pollutants in the organism.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of chronic organic dust exposure on respiratory function and airway responsiveness in peat moss factory workers.

Fifty-two males and 1 female, who were 19 to 62 y of age (median = 26), were employed at an eastern Quebec peat moss plant and were included in this study. Of these 53 workers, 29 were smokers, 5 were ex-smokers, and 19 had never smoked. The workers were divided by level of exposure into 4 groups: (1) group 1--minimal exposure (N = 7); (2) group 2--light exposure (N = 7); (3) group 3--moderate exposure (N = 17); and (4) group 4--heavy exposure (N = 22). Chest radiographs and physical examinations were normal for all subjects. Only 1 subject had precipitins to Penicillium and Monocillium species isolated from the peat moss plant. Pulmonary function tests were normal and similar in all groups. Thirty-three subjects (20 smokers, 4 ex-smokers, and 9 nonsmokers) had chronic bronchitis; these symptoms were related to work exposure for 28 subjects. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was measured in 14 subjects who had persistent cough and sputum. No subject had evidence of airway hyper-responsiveness, i.e., PC20 metacholine less than 8 mg/ml. We concluded that the peat moss workers in our study showed no evidence of extrinsic allergic alveolitis; however, chronic exposure to organic dust leads to chronic cough and sputum production, which is not associated with significant lung impairment nor increase in nonspecific airway responsiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Mosses as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution of the urban environment].

The content of some heavy metals in leafy epigeous mosses and upper soil layer of the large Moscow parks has been studied. The peculiarities in accumulation of heavy metals by different moss species have been pointed out. The content of heavy metals in leafy epigeous mosses has been found to be closely connected with the content of these elements in upper soil layer.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2025

New insights into bryophyte arabinogalactan-proteins from a hornwort and a moss model organism.

Two bryophyte models, the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis (Anthoceros) and the moss Physcomitrium patens (Physcomitrium), were analyzed for the presence of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), as the emergence of these signaling glycoproteins in evolution is still under debate. AGPs of both species had a galactan core structure similar to that of other bryophyte and fern AGPs, but different from angiosperm AGPs, as 1,6-linked pyranosidic galactose was almost absent. In the Physcomitrium AGP, furanosidic arabinose (Araf) linkages were mainly terminal (10%) or 5-linked (13%), while in Anthoceros, terminal Araf dominated (26%) and was accompanied by very low amounts of 1,3-Araf and pyranosidic terminal Ara. Unusual 3-O-methylated pyranosidic rhamnose, which has never been detected in cell walls of angiosperms, occurred in both bryophyte AGPs (5% in Anthoceros, 10% in Physcomitrium AGP). This was comparable to AGPs of other spore-producing land plants. A bioinformatic search in the genomes of 14 bryophyte species revealed that most hornworts lack sequences encoding GPI-anchored classical AGPs. Generally, hornworts contained fewer sequences for AGP protein backbones compared with the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and the moss P. patens. All of them comprise sequences for chimeric AGPs, and among those, surprisingly xylogen-like AGPs. Homologous sequences encoding glycosyltransferases and other enzymes involved in the synthesis and decoration of the AGP galactan framework were present in all bryophyte genomes. Immunocytochemistry of Anthoceros tissue detected AGPs at the plasma membrane/cell wall interface but also at the tonoplast, suggesting new functions of AGPs in bryophytes.

Mucoproteins↗
PubMed1975

Acetylenic acids from mosses.

Two new acetylenic fatty acids, 9, 12-octadecadien-6-ynoic and 11, 14-eicosadien-8-ynoic, were identified from lipids of the moss, Fontinalis antipyretica. They resemble the previously identified 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid by having a methylene interrupted unsaturated system. The C20 acetylenic acid shows that the capability of mosses to synthesize polyolefinic acids of this chain length applies, in certain species, also to olefinic-acetylenic acids.

Acetylene↗
PubMed1975

Distribution of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in the lipids of mosses.

Lipid classes from four species of mosses, Mnium cuspidatum, and Mnium medium from Minnesota, and Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi from Alaska, were analyzed. The total lipids of all species contained 30-40% arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. However, the lipids from the Alaskan mosses contained about 75% neutral lipids (triacylglycerols, steryl esters and wax esters) whereas the lipids of the other species contained only 20% or less of these neutral lipids. Consistently, monogalactosyldiacylglycerols and phosphatidylethanol-amines were enriched in arachidonic acid and the galactolipids in eicosapentaenoic acid. The distribution of these acids in the phospholipids shows some preference for position 2. Together, the highly unsaturated C20 acids represented 80% of acyl groups in steryl esters. In triacylglycerols they were at average levels, while they were much less in sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerols. Wax esters contained very little of the highly unsaturated acids but appreciable amounts of phytol and phytenic acid were found as wax constituents.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1977

Synthesis and function of 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss ceratodon purpureus.

Biosynthesis of all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss, Ceratodon purpureus, was studied using protonemata cultures with labeled 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (linolenic) and 6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acids as substrates. Both acids were efficiently converted into the acetylenic and into 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids. Accordingly, the introduction of a triple bond in position 6 of linolenic acid involves formation of a double bond as a discrete step. Acetylenic acid triglycerides are reserve lipids in the moss. Under suitable growth conditions the acetylenic acids are catabolized and partly reused via acetate for de novo synthesis of fatty acids. They are not used for more direct syntheses of the common polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed1987

A comparative determination of heavy metals in moss tissue by atomic absorption spectroscopy, differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, direct current plasma spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.

Heavy metal contents of mosses are usually determined routinely for pollution studies, by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results obtained from a such study are here compared with levels obtained from a comparative determination of the metals in the mosses by three other techniques: Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), Direct current plasma (atomic emission) spectroscopy (DCPS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The levels of Pb, Cu and Cd determined by DPASV did not differ significantly from those obtained from AAS. Metal levels from DCPS analyses tended to be significantly higher than the AAS values. Although the XRF values were slightly higher than those of AAS for Pb and Zn, the differences were statistically insignificant. The implication of these trends in comparing the extents of pollution in different regions, is highlighted.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed1976

The conservation of poly-A-containing RNA during the dormant state of the moss Polytrichum commune.

The moss Polytrichum commune can be dried to less than 2% of free water and kept for some weeks without losing its viability. Upon rehydration of the moss, protein synthesis starts about 60 minutes before incorporation of radioactive precursors into RNA can be observed. Pulse labeled total RNA and poly-A-containing RNA do not show quantitative or qualitative alterations during desiccation up to 20 days.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1988

Contact sensitivity to oak moss.

Oak moss allergy was the principle allergen in contact sensitivity to perfumes (45%); 31 patients reacting to oak moss were studied. The sensitivity was attributed to contact with perfumes in 20, lichens in 7 and unknown in 4. Atranorin was the most frequent allergen, followed by usnic, evernic and fumarprotocetraric acids. Concomitant allergy occurred to several lichen acids and also to balsam of Peru, colophony and other fragrance components.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Phosphoproteomics analysis provides novel insight into the mechanisms of extreme desiccation tolerance of the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis.

Syntrichia caninervis is a model species for research on desiccation tolerance (DT) because it is capable of rapidly responding to drastic changes in water conditions. Phosphorylation, a key post-translational modification process that is rapid and reversible, enables the rapid regulation of protein functions, aiding plants to quickly adapt to changing environments. Modifications to phosphorylation may play a crucial role in the DT of S. caninervis, although no studies have been published. Here, we report a 4D label-free high-resolution dynamic proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of S. caninervis during dehydration and rehydration, allowing for the quantification of 2854 proteins and 1177 phosphoproteins, including 1447 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 699 differentially phosphorylated proteins (DPPs). Among the phosphoproteins, 36.5% displayed changes in protein abundance. The proteomic and phosphoproteomic changes involved proteins (DEPs and DPPs) that were mainly involved in photosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, the citrate cycle, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolism pathways during dehydration. During rehydration, DEPs and DPPs were mainly associated with processes related to ribosome and energy metabolism. In summary, during dehydration, phosphorylation mainly regulates signal transduction and metabolic processes, allowing plants to adapt to a loss of water. During rehydration, phosphorylation controls repair and recovery mechanisms, restoring metabolic activity and reestablishing cellular functions. ScDHAR1, a protein involved in glutathione metabolism, was differentially phosphorylated at two serine sites (S29 and S218) in response to desiccation. Further analysis revealed that phosphorylation of S29/S218 in ScDHAR1 significantly increased its enzymatic activity, thereby enhancing the DT of S. caninervis in situ. This work establishes a phosphoprotein database for a DT moss. These findings not only broaden our understanding of S. caninervis DT but also fill knowledge gaps in the field of phosphoproteomics in DT mosses, while providing valuable data resources for future related research.

Phosphoproteins↗