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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 2. Damage to ingested microfilariae by mosquito foregut armatures and development of filarial larvae in mosquitoes.

Microfilariae (mf) of Wuchereria bancrofti from the midgut of 639 Anopheles gambiae, 557 An. arabiensis, 117 An. melas and 9 An. funestus were examined immediately after the mosquitoes had fed on carriers with different densities of mf. The percentages of mf damaged during ingestion were 57.1-60.0 in An. gambiae, 33.3-50.6 in An. arabiensis and 38.7-55.7 in An. melas. In each species the percentage of mf damaged was independent of mf density in the human host. A further 3657 An. gambiae, 2875 An. arabiensis, 347 An. melas and 32 An. funestus were examined 7 d or more after feeding on mf carriers. In An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, mean numbers of larvae per mosquito were strongly correlated to mf blood density, with similar regression slopes to those obtained from the regression of mf blood density on mean uptake of mf/mosquito. The ratio of mean numbers of larvae per mosquito to mean numbers of intact mf ingested per mosquito increased as the density of mf in the human host increased in An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, but decreased in An. melas as host mf density increased.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Toxic effects of mosquito coil (a mosquito repellent) smoke on rats. I. Properties of the mosquito coil and its smoke.

The physical and chemical properties of the mosquito coil, a commonly used mosquito repellent in Asia and South America, were analysed. The smoke emitted from the burning mosquito coil consists of submicron particles (diameter less than 1 micron) coated with a considerable amount of heavy metals, allethrin and a wide range of organic vapors, such as phenol and o-cresol. Therefore, a lengthy exposure to this smoke will cause adverse effects on the consumers.

Allethrins↗
PubMed2004

Evidence for natural desensitization to mosquito salivary allergens: mosquito saliva specific IgE and IgG levels in children.

BACKGROUND: There are few epidemiologic data on the prevalence of mosquito allergy, although local reactions to mosquito bites are common. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of mosquito allergy in children by measuring serum levels of mosquito saliva specific IgE and IgG antibodies that correlate well with the size of mosquito bite local reactions. METHODS: Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure mosquito (Aedes vexans) saliva-specific antibodies, we investigated sensitization to mosquito bites in 402 children aged 1 month to 18 years and correlated mosquito saliva specific IgE and IgG levels with age and sex. Twenty-three serum samples from infants who had never been exposed to mosquitos were used as negative controls. RESULTS: Mean levels of mosquito saliva specific IgE and IgG were lowest in the 23 negative control serum samples. In the 402 samples from children who may have been exposed to mosquitos, mean saliva specific IgG levels were higher in boys than in girls (P < .008). Levels of IgE and IgG correlated with each other (P < .001). A significant inverse correlation was found between age and both IgE and IgG levels. IgE levels peaked at the age of 6 to 12 months of age, and IgG levels peaked at 1 to 6 months of age. Levels of IgE and IgG antibodies gradually declined after the age of 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the presence of mosquito saliva specific antibodies, exposed infants and young children are at increased risk of having allergic reactions to mosquito bites. Antibody levels decline throughout childhood and adolescence, suggesting that natural desensitization may occur.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

A new potential mosquito-borne virus: detection of Human-derived Jingmenvirus in several-species of mosquitoes from Yaound&#xe9;, Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: Tick-borne Jingmenviruses are becoming an increasing arbovirus concern due to the rising number of reported infections in humans and animals, as well as their wide geographic distribution. The involvement of other hematophagous arthropods as vectors of Jingmenviruses is still unknown. METHODS: Mosquitoes were sampled in two different biotopes in Cameroon (Yaound&#xe9; and Garoua) during the rainy and the dry seasons in 2022 and 2023. Metatranscriptomics Next Generation Sequencing was conducted using Illumina technology. Viral sequences detection revealed the presence of several contigs with high sequence identity to a human-derived Jingmenvirus (HdJV) previously discovered in plasma from an individual from Yaound&#xe9;, Cameroon. A draft viral genome was constituted for each Jingmenvirus-positive samples. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions were used to position mosquito-associated viruses within the diversity of Jingmenviruses. Statistical analyses were conducted to estimate the prevalence of infected mosquitoes and the effect of different variables (region, season, year, mosquito species) on Jingmenvirus detection. RESULTS: HdJV was identified during the dry and the rainy seasons in 4 species of mosquitoes: Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex wansoni from Yaound&#xe9;, and Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Garoua. The overall prevalence of HdJV-infected mosquitoes was estimated to 0.90% [0.41-1.69]; and the unique variable significantly associated with HdJV detection was the sampling area: Yaound&#xe9; showed the highest prevalence (2.29% [0.95-4.68]) compared to Garoua (0.18% [0.01-0.79]). Mosquito-associated Jingmenviruses shared a high nucleotide identity (between 98.64-100% according to the segment) and clustered in the same clade in the phylogenetic analysis, that they belong to the same viral species circulating in different mosquito species. The viral genome shared between 96.4% and 98.9% nucleotide identity with a HdJV detected in the plasma of a patient suffering from febrile illness originating from the same area, suggesting the possible involvement of mosquitoes as vectors of arboviral Jingmenviruses in human infections. CONCLUSIONS: This finding provides new insights into the ecology and transmission dynamics of Jingmenviruses, highlighting mosquitoes as potential vectors, alongside ticks, in the zoonotic transmission of this virus group.

Jingmenvirus↗
PubMed1996

Immunologic mechanisms in mosquito allergy: correlation of skin reactions with specific IgE and IgG antibodies and lymphocyte proliferation response to mosquito antigens.

BACKGROUND: Allergic reactions to mosquito bites are a common problem. Although IgE-mediated hypersensitivity has been reported, other immunologic mechanisms may be involved. OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship between skin bite reactions and immunologic parameters. METHODS: Forty-one subjects were experimentally exposed to mosquito (Aedes vexans) bites. Immediate and delayed skin reactions were traced at 20 minutes and 24 hours, respectively, after the bites. Sera were analyzed for mosquito salivary gland-specific IgE (mosquito-IgE) and IgG (mosquito-IgG) by ELISA. Lymphocyte proliferation assays with mosquito extract were also performed. RESULTS: One of 41 subjects had only a delayed skin reaction to the bite, 23 had both immediate and delayed reactions, 6 had only immediate reactions, and 11 had no reaction. The mean mosquito-IgE and -IgG concentrations were higher in the subjects with immediate reactions than in those without immediate reactions (P < .007). The mean lymphocyte proliferation stimulation index was higher in the subjects with delayed reactions than in those without delayed reactions (P < .015). Further, both mosquito-IgE and -IgG levels correlated with skin immediate and delayed reactions (P < .04), while lymphocyte proliferation indices only correlated with skin delayed reactions (P < .006). Inverse correlations were found between the size of skin reactions and the number of years lived in Canada (P < .04), but not with age. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that IgE-, lymphocyte- and, probably, local IgG immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivities are involved in mosquito allergy. Naturally acquired desensitization to mosquito bites occurs during long-term exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Light, carbon dioxide, and octenol-baited mosquito trap and host-seeking activity evaluations for mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea.

Two field trials for commercially available and experimental mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, octenol, or combinations of these were evaluated in a malarious area at Paekyeon-Ri near Tongil-Chon (village) and Camp Greaves, Paju County, Kyonggi Province, Republic of Korea. The host-seeking activity for common mosquito species was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human- and propane lantern-baited Shannon trap. The total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the test were compared using 8 x 8 and 5 x 5 Latin square designs based on trap location. Significant differences were observed for the total number of mosquitoes collected in the 8 x 8 test, such that counterflow geometry (CFG) with CO2 > or = CFG with CO2 and octenol > or = Shannon trap > or = Mosquito Magnet with octenol > American Biophysics Corporation (ABC) light trap with light, CO2 (500 ml/min), and octenol > or = ABC light trap with light and dry ice > or = ABC light trap with light and CO2 > ABC light trap with light only. A concurrent 5 x 5 test found significant differences in trap catch, where Mosquito Magnet with octenol > New Jersey light trap > or = EPAR Mosquito Killer with CO2 > or = ABC light trap with light and dry ice > Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light trap (manufactured by John W. Hock) with light and octenol. Significant differences in trap catch were noted for several species including: Aedes vexans, Anopheles sinensis, An. yatsushiroensis, An. lesteri, Culex pipiens, and Cx. orientalis. Traps baited with octenol captured significantly fewer Cx. pipiens than those not baited with octenol. Likewise, no Cx. orientalis were captured in octenol-baited traps. Host-seeking activity showed a similar bimodal pattern for all species captured. Results from these field trap evaluations can significantly enhance surveillance efforts. Significantly greater numbers of mosquitoes were captured with mosquito traps using counterflow technology (e.g., Mosquito Magnet and CFG traps) when compared to standard light and carbon dioxide-baited traps. Additionally, field evaluations demonstrate that various traps can be utilized for isolation and detection of arboviruses and other pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of bifenthrin treated mosquito nets against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The main rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies has developed resistance to dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), hexachloro cyclo hexane (HCH) and malathion in the state of Haryana in northern India. An alternative synthetic pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin was therefore evaluated on mosquito nets against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes, in two villages Jagdishpur and Garh Mirakpur of Community Health Center (CHC) Badhkhalsa in district Sonipat, Haryana state. METHODS: Two formulations of bifenthrin, suspension concentrate (SC) and micro-emulsion (ME) were compared with micro-capsule suspension (CS) of lambdacyhalothrin. The impact of three doses of bifenthrin (10, 25 and 50 mg/m(2)) impregnated on mosquito nets was compared with lambdacyhalothrin (25 mg/m(2)) and untreated control. Quality assessment of treatment on treated nets was carried out by residue analysis and the persistence of the insecticide on nets was determined by contact bioassays. Efficacy of treated nets on mosquito density was assessed by calculating mosquito entry rate, immediate mortality, delayed mortality and excito-repellency to the insecticides. RESULTS: In susceptibility tests An. culicifacies was susceptible to bifenthrin (0.1% test papers) and to lambdacyhalothrin (0.05% test papers). Bioassays on treated nets against A. culicifacies recorded 100 per cent mortality up to tenth fortnight for all the doses of impregnation with bifenthrin (SC and ME) and lambdacyhalothrin (CS). Ring-net bioassays against An. culicifacies showed median knock-down time between 3.1 to 11.4 min. Behavioural indices were also studied for anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. The reduction in entry rates of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes into the rooms with treated nets compared to control indicated good efficacy with all the formulations and doses of the insecticides. INTERPRETAION AND CONCLUSION: Indoor (immediate) mortality of mosquitoes with bifenthrin ME formulation was relatively lower compared to SC fomulation of bifenthrin and based on delayed mortility and continued susceptibility in bioassays, bifenthrin ME at the rate of 10 mg/m(2) dose was found suitable for the impregnation of mosquito nets for phase III trial.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Re-introducing bacteria in mosquitoes--a method for determination of mosquito feeding preferences based on coloured sugar solutions.

In this study, sugar-feeding was investigated as a possible means of re-introducing bacteria into mosquito midguts with the aim of identifying bacteria that are suitable for creating paratransgenic mosquitoes. In a paratransgenic approach, bacteria are utilised to deliver effector molecules capable of inhibiting pathogen development in the midgut of the vector. To determine if mosquitoes discriminate between sterile sugar solutions and sugar solutions with bacteria, a method for screening mosquito feeding preferences was developed. This method was tested for Aedes aegypti, Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae s.s. mosquitoes and is based on a dual-choice test of solutions labelled with food dyes. Three different tests (dye/colour detection, sugar detection and sugar-concentration detection) were performed to evaluate the method, after which bacteria previously isolated from mosquitoes were used in the experiments. It was shown that mosquitoes do not discriminate between sugar solutions with or without these bacteria indicating that sugar-feeding is a possible means to introduce bacteria into mosquitoes. Furthermore, two different setups of the method were used, enabling us to differentiate between tactile/taste and olfactory responses. The method described in this paper is easy to use, cost-effective and allows broad screening of mosquito sugar-feeding preferences.

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

Mosquito salivary gland extracts induce EBV-infected NK cell oncogenesis via CD4 T cells in patients with hypersensitivity to mosquito bites.

Severe hypersensitivity to mosquito bites (HMB) is characterized by intense local skin reactions and systemic symptoms such as high fever, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Patients with HMB often have natural killer (NK) cell lymphocytosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Here we investigated whether mosquito bites have any influence on the oncogenesis of EBV-infected NK cells. We examined six HMB patients with EBV-infected NK cell lymphocytosis. We first demonstrated that CD4+ T cells, but not NK cells, proliferated well in response to mosquito salivary gland extracts (SGE), especially to SGE of Aedes albopictus. When NK cells were cocultured with autologous CD4+ T cells stimulated by mosquito SGE, the expression of viral oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) was remarkably enhanced. Next, we stimulated mononuclear cells of the patients with mosquito SGE, and NK cell counts were monitored for 28 d. The counts changed little from initial levels in the culture with mosquito SGE, whereas they decreased steadily in the culture without the extracts. Furthermore, we detected LMP1 mRNA in the skin lesion induced by mosquito SGE. These results suggest that mosquito bites can induce expression of the viral oncogene LMP1 in NK cells via mosquito antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, which is involved in the oncogenesis of NK cells in vivo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Immune responses to mosquito saliva in 14 individuals with acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites.

BACKGROUND: Mosquito bite-induced acute systemic allergic reactions are an increasing clinical concern and have not been optimally characterized immunologically. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to study the immunologic basis of these reactions. METHODS: Sera were received from 14 individuals with a history of acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites, defined as the presence of one or more of the following: urticaria, angioedema, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension, and decrease or loss of consciousness. Ten individuals were from the United States and one each was from Canada, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. An indirect ELISA was developed to measure specific IgE and IgG antibodies to saliva from 5 common mosquito species with different geographic distributions: Aedes aegypti, Aedes vexans, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Twenty-nine individuals with negative bite test results from laboratory-reared mosquitoes served as control subjects. RESULTS: Mosquito saliva-specific IgE levels to all 5 species were significantly increased in the individuals with systemic allergic reactions compared with the control subjects ( P < .061 for Aedes vexans and P < .008 for the remaining 4 species). By using the mean of the control subjects plus 1 SD as a cut-off level, 11 individuals had positive results to Aedes albopictus and up to 4 additional species; 3 individuals had positive results to only one species. Saliva-specific IgG levels were not significantly increased in the individuals with systemic allergic reactions compared with levels seen in the control subjects ( P > .05). CONCLUSION: Acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites involve mosquito saliva-specific IgE and can be characterized immunologically. Aedes albopictus is the most common species associated with systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Both mosquito-derived xanthurenic acid and a host blood-derived factor regulate gametogenesis of Plasmodium in the midgut of the mosquito.

Gametogenesis of Plasmodium in vitro can be induced by the combined stimulus of a 5 degrees C fall in temperature and the presence of xanthurenic acid (XA). In-vitro experiments showed that P. gallinaceum (EC(50)=80 nM) is much more sensitive to XA than P. berghei (9 microM), P. yoelii (8 microM), and P. falciparum (2 microM). However, in the mosquito vector, we do not know whether the temperature shift and XA are the only gametocyte-activating factors (GAF), nor do we know with certainty the true source(s) of XA in the mosquito blood meal. Previous studies indicate that XA is the only source of GAF in the mosquito. By defining, and then contrasting, the ability of an XA-deficient mutant of Aedes aegypti, with the wild-type mosquito to support exflagellation and ookinete formation in vivo, we determined the roles of parasite-, mosquito- and host blood-derived GAF in the regulation of gametogenesis of P. gallinaceum. Removal of both host and vector sources of GAF totally inhibited both exflagellation and ookinete production, whilst the lack of either single source resulted in only a partial reduction of exflagellation and ookinete formation in the mosquito gut. Both sources can be effectively replaced/substituted by synthetic XA. This suggests (1) both mosquito- and vertebrate-derived factors act as GAF in the mosquito gut in vivo; (2) the parasite itself is unable to produce any significant GAF activity. Studies are underway to determine whether vertebrate-derived GAF is XA. These data may form the basis of further studies of the development of new methods of interrupting malarial transmission.

Aedes↗
PubMed2001

Anti-mosquito midgut antibodies block development of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in multiple species of Anopheles mosquitoes and reduce vector fecundity and survivorship.

The mosquito midgut plays a central role in the sporogonic development of malaria parasites. We have found that polyclonal sera, produced against mosquito midguts, blocked the passage of Plasmodium falciparum ookinetes across the midgut, leading to a significant reduction of infections in mosquitoes. Anti-midgut mAbs were produced that display broad-spectrum activity, blocking parasite development of both P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites in five different species of mosquitoes. In addition to their parasite transmission-blocking activity, these mAbs also reduced mosquito survivorship and fecundity. These results reveal that mosquito midgut-based antibodies have the potential to reduce malaria transmission in a synergistic manner by lowering both vector competence, through transmission-blocking effects on parasite development, and vector abundance, by decreasing mosquito survivorship and egg laying capacity. Because the intervention can block transmission of different malaria parasite species in various species of mosquitoes, vaccines against such midgut receptors may block malaria transmission worldwide.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cutaneous reactivity to mosquito bites: effect of cetirizine and development of anti-mosquito antibodies.

Cutaneous reactivity to mosquito bites was examined in 27 adult volunteers exposed to Aedes communis mosquitoes. Twenty-three subjects showed a combination of immediate wealing and delayed bite-papules, two subjects each experienced only immediate or delayed cutaneous reactions and two were non-responsive to the bites. The mean size of wealing and the mean score of pruritus was similar in 19 non-atopic and in eight atopic volunteers. These results confirm that normal subjects exhibit different stages of sensitization to mosquito bites. At the onset of the mosquito season, immunoblotting showed that four of 21 subjects (19%) had IgG-class antibodies to a recently described 21.5 kD Aedes communis mosquito antigen. After a 10-day exposure to a mean of 47 mosquito bites, these antibodies were found in 10 subjects (48%) who exhibited both strong and weak cutaneous bite-lesions. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study with cetirizine 10 mg was performed to examine the effect of this non-sedating antihistamine on mosquito bites. The bite lesions were measured and pruritus scored at 15 min, 60 min, 12 hr, and 24 hr. Cetirizine decreased significantly immediate wealing and pruritus (P less than 0.01), but had no effect on the delayed symptoms. This result supports the view that immediate mosquito-bite reactions are histamine-mediated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prospects for the mosquito baculovirus CuniNPV as a tool for mosquito control.

CuniNPV is a pathogen of Culex mosquitoes, vectors of West Nile virus and other forms of encephalitis. Successful development of CuniNPV requires an efficient production system and formulated product that incorporates magnesium, an essential component for transmission. It may be possible to develop mosquito baculoviruses as a new type of biopesticide by microencapsulating the virus and magnesium into formulations that would be effective regardless of the water quality. In addition, this new insight on transmission may facilitate the discovery and development of additional baculoviruses for the control of other important mosquito vectors. Biological mining of the CuniNPV genome and investigations to understand virus-mosquito interactions at the molecular level offer exciting possibilities for the development of novel mosquito control strategies and tools. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of infection will provide the opportunity to devise new control strategies, for example, compromising the defensive systems of the mosquito (proteases for the peritrophic matrix) or exploiting receptors used by the virus to specifically deliver toxins to mosquito larvae via the midgut. As additional baculovirus genomes become available, comparative genomics could lead to a more informed understanding of how the virus exploits its host as well as the factors responsible for the genus-specific host range of most known mosquito baculoviruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Induced immunity against the mosquito Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae): effects on mosquito survival and fecundity.

Mice were immunised three to five times with extracts of Anopheles stephensi heads, midguts, ovaries or fat bodies. At each immunisation the effects of feeding An. stephensi on the mice was determined, and changes in mosquito longevity and fecundity examined as the immune response developed. Although variability was common between control cages, significant and consistent reductions in mosquito longevity were observed when midguts were used as immunogens. Other extracts caused transient reductions in mortality. Fecundity was reduced significantly in mosquitoes fed upon mice immunised with each extract in at least one experiment. Mosquitoes fed upon fat-body-immunised mice showed delayed egg-laying as well as overall reduction in fecundity. The results confirm the feasibility of targeting mosquito antigens for novel vaccine development, but the "shotgun" approach used probably fails to successfully hit a suitable target antigen with any consistency. The natural variation in mosquito mortality can be countered by rigorous statistical analysis which can identify subtle effects in a very "noisy" experimental system. The midgut is the obvious target organ for anti-mosquito vaccine development and future work will focus on targeting components of this tissue for further immunisations.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Inhibition of mosquito salivary gland apyrase activity by antibodies produced in mice immunized by bites of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.

Mice (BALB/c) were immunized to mosquito saliva by repeated bites of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Studies were conducted on the ability of these mice to develop antibodies against the apyrase component of the saliva. By means of immunoprecipitation procedures and Western blot analysis, we demonstrated the presence of antiapyrase antibodies to the mosquito saliva. Furthermore, these antibodies were able to inhibit apyrase activity. Serum titers of 1:20 were able to inhibit approximately 90% of salivary gland apyrase activity, while titers of 1:160 retained the ability to inhibit more than 50% of apyrase activity. Parallel inhibition assays with immunoglobulin G (IgG) from immunized versus nonimmunized mice showed that the inhibitory activity of serum from immunized mice could be accounted for by its IgG component. Mosquito salivary gland apyrase has previously been shown to facilitate mosquito feeding by inhibiting aggregation of platelets at the mosquito bite site. However, our studies have shown that mosquitoes feeding on immunized mice had no deficiency in probing these mice for a blood meal, even in the face of high titers of anti-apyrase antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed2017

Infection rate of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with dengue virus depends on the interaction between temperature and mosquito genotype.

Dengue fever is the most prevalent arthropod-transmitted viral disease worldwide, with endemic transmission restricted to tropical and subtropical regions of different temperature profiles. Temperature is epidemiologically relevant because it affects dengue infection rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the major vector of the dengue virus (DENV). Aedes aegypti populations are also known to vary in competence for different DENV genotypes. We assessed the effects of mosquito and virus genotype on DENV infection in the context of temperature by challenging Ae. aegypti from two locations in Vietnam, which differ in temperature regimes, with two isolates of DENV-2 collected from the same two localities, followed by incubation at 25, 27 or 32&#xb0;C for 10 days. Genotyping of the mosquito populations and virus isolates confirmed that each group was genetically distinct. Extrinsic incubation temperature (EIT) and DENV-2 genotype had a direct effect on the infection rate, consistent with previous studies. However, our results show that the EIT impacts the infection rate differently in each mosquito population, indicating a genotype by environment interaction. These results suggest that the magnitude of DENV epidemics may not only depend on the virus and mosquito genotypes present, but also on how they interact with local temperature. This information should be considered when estimating vector competence of local and introduced mosquito populations during disease risk evaluation.

Aedes↗