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PubMed2025

Gut microbiota: a hidden player in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects reproductive-aged women worldwide, causing hormonal imbalances and ovarian dysfunction. PCOS affects metabolic health and increases the risk of obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease, in addition to infertility. This review delves deeper into the connections of gut microbiota with PCOS pathophysiology, particularly into its impact on hormone metabolism, obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance by way of short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, and gut-brain axis. Studies also show that changes in the metabolic processes and immune responses are seen in changes in the gut microbiota in PCOS subjects, such as changes in the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes groups. Some bacteria, like Escherichia and Shigella, have been associated with dysbiosis in patients with PCOS, leading to systemic inflammation and changed hormone levels, which further worsen the clinical symptoms. Therapeutic interventions targeting the gut microbiota comprise probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation; these have potential to alleviate the symptoms of PCOS. Other precision microbiome-based therapies include postbiotics, and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, which are relatively new avenues toward precision treatment. This complex interlink of gut microbiota and PCOS pathophysiology will open the avenues for possible treatments for hormonal imbalances and metabolic problems that characterize these complex disorders. The review here focuses on the requirement of further studies to be able to elucidate the specific pathways relating gut microbiota dysregulation to PCOS and, thus, improve microbiome-based therapies for better clinical outcomes in affected individuals.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Microbiome therapeutic PMC101 inhibits the translocation of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella while enhancing eubiosis in antibiotic-induced dysbiosis mice.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), known for their extensive antibiotic resistance, pose a severe global medical threat. Therefore, developing novel therapeutics beyond conventional antibiotics is urgently needed, and the importance of microbiome therapeutics is increasingly being recognized. This study explores the expanded systemic efficacy of PMC101, a microbiome therapeutic, beyond intestinal CRE infections and investigates its mechanism of action from a microbiome perspective. First, the genetic characteristics of the novel strain were identified through whole-genome analysis, and a scalable cultivation process was established as part of the overall development of this microbiome therapeutic. PMC101 increased the survival rate to 100%, significantly reduced disease severity scores, and prevented weight loss in CRE-infected mice treated with antibiotics. These effects are attributed to the inhibition of CRE growth in stool and the reduced detection of CRE in the lungs and kidneys, indicating suppression of systemic translocation. Metagenomic analysis revealed that PMC101 prevented the reduction in microbial population caused by antibiotics and CRE infection, restored species diversity indices, and mitigated dysbiosis while promoting eubiosis. This CRE translocation suppression was closely associated with increased CRE translocation-microbiome index, defined as the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Proteobacteria. This relationship was further confirmed through simulations using a human intestinal microbial ecosystem model. Additionally, increases in short-chain fatty acids, reductions in excessive inflammatory responses, and decreases in tissue damage were observed, all of which contribute to preventing CRE translocation. Finally, pathogen inhibition effects and safety tests were conducted, confirming the prophylactic potential of PMC101 as a microbiome therapeutic. These findings strongly support PMC101 as a promising candidate for future microbiome-based therapies against CRE infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Microbial diversity: the essential foundation for life on our planet.

The biological basis of life on Earth is microbial diversity that ensures human health, agricultural productivity, ecological balance, and ecosystem functioning. Microorganisms enable ecosystem restoration through bioremediation, maintain soil fertility, support plant growth, manage vital biogeochemical cycles, and contribute to climate resilience. Precision probiotics, postbiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation, and personalized microbiome medicine are the examples of emerging microbiome-based therapies that offer promising therapeutic opportunities. In humans, the gut microbial community is essential for immune regulation, metabolism, and disease prevention. In terrestrial ecological systems, interactions between plants, fungi, bacteria, and other soil microorganisms improve carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, stress resilience, and sustainable agricultural productivity in the given effects of climate change. Emerging uses in agriculture, environmental restoration, and medicine are made possible by advancements in multi-omic techniques, synthetic microbial genomes, microbiome engineering, and artificial intelligence. Considering these developments, issues with ecological complexity, long-term validation, standardization, and field scale application still exist. Therefore, preserving microbial diversity is important for conserving ecological resilience and strengthening the One Health framework, which highlights the mutual dependance of health of animal, human, plant, and environment. This review summarizes what has been discovered about ecological and biomedical relevance of microbiome, identifies important research gaps, highlighting emerging technologies, and evaluates potential future directions for using microbiome to support planetary sustainability.

Bioremediation↗
PubMed2026

Gut Dysbiosis in Selected Gynecological Diseases Associated with Female Infertility: A Scoping Review.

Background/Objectives: Female infertility represents a significant public health issue. Available evidence supports the hypothesis that the gut microbiota may play an essential role in women's reproductive health and may serve as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker in specific gynecological disorders. A substantial part of current research concerns disturbed communication between the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the gut microbiota, providing the basis for analyzing this phenomenon as the gut-ovary axis or the gut-vagina-ovary axis. The primary aim of this scoping review was to map the available evidence on the relationship between gut microbiota composition and female infertility, with particular emphasis on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, currently polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, PMOS) endometriosis, and uterine fibroids. Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using terms related to gut microbiota, female infertility, PCOS, endometriosis, and uterine leiomyomas. Peer-reviewed publications in English published between 2015 and 2025 were considered. The included studies were descriptively synthesized to identify recurring microbiota patterns and research gaps. Results: The reviewed evidence indicates that gut dysbiosis may be associated with selected gynecological disorders affecting fertility, including PCOS, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids. The gut microbiome may have potential value as a biomarker supporting diagnosis, treatment selection, and prognosis. Conclusions: The gut microbiome represents a promising but still insufficiently validated area in the management of gynecological diseases associated with female infertility. Further high-quality clinical studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of microbiome-based therapies and to develop evidence-based guidelines for managing infertility associated with gut dysbiosis.

dysbiosis↗
PubMed2026

The Safety, Efficacy, and Feasibility of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Population With Bipolar Disorder During Depressive Episodes: A Pilot Parallel Arm Randomized Controlled Trial: Sécurité, efficacité et faisabilité de la transplantation de microbiote fécal chez une population atteinte de troubles bipolaires, au cours d'épisodes dépressifs : essai pilote contrôlé à répartition aléatoire et à groupes parallèles.

BackgroundThe gut microbiome has been proposed as a potential modifiable target to treat mental illness. This double-blind randomized control trial investigated fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) in bipolar disorder (BD) to assess efficacy, safety, and feasibility. The primary outcome evaluated the effectiveness of standard approved therapy for BD depression + FMT in individuals not responding to standard treatment, measured by change in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from baseline to week 24. Secondary outcomes included FMT's impact on anxiety, global function, side-effects, and safety. The feasibility of this novel intervention was also assessed. Microbial analysis utilized whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing, comparing outcomes between allogenic (donor) and autologous (participants own) FMT.MethodsA total of 35 participants (28 women and 7 men) with at least moderate depressive-phase BD (MADRS) were randomized to receive either allogenic FMT (n = 17) or autologous FMT (n = 18) via colonoscopy and were followed for 24 weeks.ResultsMADRS scores significantly improved from baseline to the last visit in both treatment arms. There was no significant difference between allogenic FMT (16.74-point improvement) and autologous FMT (15.4-point improvement) regarding clinical efficacy (t = -0.47, p-value = .64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -7.3-4.6). Microbiota analysis showed that allogenic FMT let to a bacterial profile similar to the healthy donor and increased bacterial diversity at the 6-month mark, whereas those receiving autologous FMT did not. The intervention was well tolerated with no significant adverse events. Recruitment, randomization, and retention metrics support feasibility of a larger trial.ConclusionFeasibility and tolerability data indicate further investigation into microbial manipulation in BD is warranted. The absence of efficacy differences between the two types of FMT, despite microbial change, highlights the importance of a true placebo in future studies, as well as the importance of understanding exactly what bacteria are linked to improvements. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT0327922Plain Language Summary TitleResults of a Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial Investigating Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) as an Add-on Treatment for Depression in Bipolar Disorder and Analyzing Microbial Diversity Changes Over 24 Weeks.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Reduces Lesion Severity and Medication Use in Canine Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an established therapy for gastrointestinal disease, yet its role in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) remains unclear. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: We hypothesised that adjunctive FMT improves clinical severity and reduces symptomatic medication use in dogs with cAD. The objective was to evaluate efficacy and safety versus placebo. ANIMALS: Forty-six client-owned dogs with naturally occurring cAD were enrolled from a referral hospital population; 40 completed the study (FMT n = 20, placebo n = 20). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. Dogs received daily oral lyophilised FMT capsules for 90 days plus three monthly rectal FMT administrations (Day [D]0, D30, D60) or placebo capsules with sham handling. Concomitant symptomatic therapies were permitted. Outcomes included Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, fourth iteration (CADESI-04), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), Medication Score (D0-90) and Owner Global Assessment of Treatment Efficacy (OGATE, D90). RESULTS: CADESI-04 scores were lower with FMT at month (M) 2 (7 ± 6 vs. 16 ± 12; p = 0.006) and month 3 (8 ± 6 vs. 15 ± 12; p = 0.020). Sustained responders (≥ 50% CADESI-04 improvement at M2 and M3) were more frequent with FMT (35% vs. 5%; p = 0.044). In the FMT group, the medication scores were lower at M2 (16 ± 10 vs. 23 ± 11; p = 0.033) and M3 (13 ± 10 vs. 24 ± 15; p = 0.007) compared to placebo. PVAS decreased in both groups without between-group differences. OGATE favoured FMT (p = 0.028). FMT was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Adjunctive FMT reduced lesion severity and medication requirements, supporting its use as a safe microbiome-based add-on therapy in cAD.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Sex-Dependent Microbial and Host Profiles Following Fecal Microbiota and Bifidobacterium longum Treatment in Stress-Induced Gut Dysbiosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder influenced by stress, microbial dysbiosis, and immune activation. Microbiota-directed therapies, including fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics, show promise, but their sex-specific effects remain unclear. We compared the therapeutic effects of lyophilized fecal microbiota (LFM) with Bifidobacterium longum BBH016 in male and female Wistar rats subjected to repeated water avoidance stress. METHODS: Fecal pellet output (FPO), colonic mast cell infiltration, and fecal short-chain fatty acids were measured. Gut microbial composition and function were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway prediction. RESULTS: Both interventions significantly reduced FPO and mast cell infiltration in males but had less pronounced effects in females. Microbiota analyses revealed sex-dependent responses, with distinct microbial trajectories in each treatment group. Using linear discriminant analysis effect size, we identified seven key taxa with treatment- or sex-specific enrichment. Alistipes onderdonkii and Bacteroides uniformis consistently increased in both LFM- and B. longum-treated groups, regardless of sex. Bacteroides finegoldii and Barnesiella intestinihominis were specifically enriched in the LFM group. In males, Blautia faecis and Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans were enriched following the interventions, whereas Parabacteroides goldsteinii appeared exclusively in stressed males. Functional predictions revealed the enrichment of estrogen signaling and bile acid pathways in males and the attenuation of proinflammatory pathways in females following LFM. Correlations between microbial taxa and host outcomes were predominantly observed in male rats. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight sex-specific microbial and host responses to microbiota-targeted therapies in a stress-induced IBS model, emphasizing sex as a biological variable in designing personalized microbiome-based treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Mechanisms linking the gut microbiota to colorectal cancer development and progression.

Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of global cancer mortality, with a concerning rise in early-onset cases driven by complex interactions between environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and host genetics. Mounting evidence indicates that gut microbiota dysbiosis critically modulates this oncogenic process, acting as an active participant rather than a passive bystander. This review systematically synthesizes the dichotomous roles of the intestinal microbiome in colorectal tumorigenesis through the conceptual framework of the driver-passenger model. We discuss how early initiating driver bacteria, such as Polyketide synthase-positive Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, compromise mucosal barriers, induce chronic mucosal inflammation, and inflict direct genomic instability. As the local tumor microenvironment undergoes profound metabolic remodeling, opportunistic passenger pathogens, notably Fusobacterium nucleatum, become enriched, further promoting cellular proliferation and facilitating tumor immune evasion. Conversely, protective commensals, exemplified by Clostridium butyricum and Streptococcus thermophilus, exert robust tumor-suppressive effects through multifaceted mechanisms. These beneficial microbes actively antagonize malignant progression by redirecting tumor metabolic fluxes toward oxidative stress, orchestrating deep epigenetic reprogramming, and degrading core oncoproteins to reverse chemoresistance. Transitioning from fundamental mechanisms to clinical application, we evaluate a comprehensive spectrum of microbiota-targeted interventions, encompassing non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, fecal microbiota transplantation, engineered bacteria, phage therapy, and postbiotics. Finally, we critically address the formidable translational challenges associated with microbial heterogeneity, long-term safety, and regulatory standardization, aiming to provide a balanced perspective on integrating microbiome-based strategies into next-generation precision oncology for colorectal cancer.

Humans↗