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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Integrating information from separable psychological dimensions.

This article examines decision processes in the perception and categorization of stimuli composed of the separable psychological dimensions, orientation and size. The randomization technique (Ashby & Gott, 1988) of general recognition theory, which allows accurate estimation of a subject's decision boundary in a categorization task, is used in 4 experiments. Even though the stimulus components are clearly separable, it was found that Ss were not constrained to use separable response strategies, nor were they constrained to attend to distance to the prototypes. Instead, they used decision rules that were nearly optimal, even if this required information integration or for the Ss to attend to higher level category properties such as component correlation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Proximity compatibility and information display: effects of color, space, and object display on information integration.

We report two experiments in which different features of the display of multiple channels of information are varied in their proximity to one another. The display presents three indicators of aircraft stall danger (airspeed, flaps, and bank). On some trials the stall danger is estimated, requiring information integration. On other trials the value of individual indicators is estimated, requiring focused attention. In Experiment 1 the spatial proximity between indicators and their distinctiveness in color were manipulated. Spatial proximity had little effect on either focused attention or integration, whereas a distinct color code improved focused attention and disrupted integration. In Experiment 2 the three indicators were presented as a bar graph or were combined as features of an object display, either with or without color coding of the separate dimension. Relative to the bar graph display, the object display improved information integration but disrupted focused attention. The presence of color borders restored the focused attention accuracy, with a slight cost to response time.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1991

An integrated information system for the intervention and prevention of AIDS.

The epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its causative agent, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are serious and spreading. In response to the epidemic, a variety of intervention and prevention programs have been instituted. In such AIDS intervention and prevention (AIP) activities, the role played by information systems becomes more and more important. The applications of information systems technology in AIP mostly seem to fall within a spectrum of databases, decision support systems and expert systems. This paper describes the implementation of an information system in a regional AIDS intervention and prevention program. In this integrative information system, the database is integrated with both decision support systems and expert systems, and decision support systems are integrated with expert systems. The implementation results of the system present evidence of the usefulness of the system in AIDS intervention and prevention.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Coordinating cognitive information: task effects and individual differences in integrating information from several sources.

In many tasks people have to coordinate the information from several sources. An example would be driving a car while listening to directions. The driver has to establish a correspondence between a visual picture and verbal instructions. This paper addresses two questions concerning information coordination. Is there an ability to coordinate information received from several sources that is different from the ability to deal with information from each source, alone? Does coordination simply involve allocating resources to deal with the component tasks, or does the act of coordination itself constitute a separate task? Four experiments examined the coordination of a verbal component task with a visual-spatial and with an auditory component task. The results showed that the ability to coordinate perceptual and verbal information is separate from the ability to deal with either perceptual or verbal information, alone. A simple resource sharing model was not adequate in explaining how coordination occurred. We relate our results to a model in which perceptual reasoning occurs independently of verbal processing, but transforming perceptual information into a propositional form is affected by concurrent verbal processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Information integration across saccadic eye movements.

The visual world contains more information than can be perceived in a single glance. Consequently, one's perceptual representation of the environment is built up via the integration of information across saccadic eye movements. The properties of transsaccadic integration were investigated in six experiments. Subjects viewed a random-dot pattern in one fixation, then judged whether a second dot pattern viewed in a subsequent fixation was identical to or different from the first. Interpattern interval, pattern complexity, and pattern displacement were varied in order to determined the duration, capacity, and representational format of transsaccadic memory. The experimental results indicated that transsaccadic memory is an undetailed, limited-capacity, long-lasting memory that is not strictly tied to absolute spatial position. In all these respects it is similar to, and perhaps identical with, visual short-term memory. The implication of these results for theories of perceptual stability across saccades are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Information integration in an area judgment task: effect of aids on children's perceptual judgments.

This study was designed to examine the cognitive processes involved in perceptual judgments of area with the methodology and concepts of Anderson's (1981) information integration theory. The Area = Height + Width rule, which Anderson and Cuneo (1978) showed to be operant in children's judgments, can in fact cover two different processes. Children may make a height judgment and then a length judgment and apply an additive integration operation to both. Alternatively, children may base themselves on the figure outline and estimate total length directly as a function of the distance scanned. Similarly, the multiplicatory integration pattern can result either from applying a multiplicatory operation to separate estimates or from visual exploration of the area bounded by the figure. In the present experiment, the characteristics of the areas of the test figures were modified (perimeter marking, rows of Xs covering the area, etc.) to elicit additive or multiplicatory integration patterns as a function of condition. The findings demonstrate that the second interpretation of both rules is more likely.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Integrating information across eye fixations in reading: the role of letter and word units.

Eye movements and eye fixations were recorded to study the integration of letter/word information across interword fixations in reading. Two hypotheses were examined. One hypothesis posits that readers obtain effective information from the beginning two or three letters of a parafoveal word. This information facilitates the recognition of the word when it is being fixated. The alternative posits that effective information is obtained from the complete parafoveal word. The results of the present study showed faster reading rates when parafoveal previews comprised complete words than when they comprised beginning letters alone. Furthermore, the usability of parafoveally available partial word information from beginning and ending letters was not affected by small variations in retinal eccentricity. Both findings were taken as evidence that readers gain useful information from all letters of the parafoveally available word and that whole word information, rather than specific letter information, is integrated across interword fixations in reading.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Online bibliographic information: integration into an emerging IAIMS environment.

The Medical Library at Yale University has developed an online free-text database containing Current Contents citations. The database was designed to be integrated into an emerging campus-wide information environment. To this end Current Contents at Yale was designed with a user interface familiar to the Yale community, an alerting service based on electronic mail, and search expansion using the National Library of Medicine's Meta-1 metathesaurus.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1979

An accountability model for integrating information systems, evaluation mechanisms, and decision making processes in alcohol and drug abuse agencies.

This article has attempted to demonstrate that decision making and evaluation can be carried out in a systematic fashion only if agencies make a commitment to do so, and only if adequate systems are established. The management information system is the most expensive and most sophisticated component of the integrated model presented here. Its existence, in some fashion, is essential to the operation of the model. Contrary to what many managers may believe and practice, the management information system is not in itself the final solution to evaluation. Neither is the evaluation a panacea for all program ills. Evaluation can provide the information required to meet the ever increasing demands for agency or program accountability evaluation can also provide insights for future decisions to change or alter the allocation of resources. Such evaluation must be carefully planned and implemented; and, at the state level, can be successful only if executed in a systematic manner as suggested here. Regardless of the degree of sophistication of any system, it will work only when supported by users in the local treatment centers. If the model employed does little to serve them, it is not a model worth considering. It is with these needs in mind that this model was developed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1976

Research data integrity: a result of an integrated information system.

The toxicologic problems of today frequently require long-term, multidisciplinary experimentation involving large numbers of animals. In order to provide the extensive safety evaluation necessary to produce data that can be reasonably extrapolated to humans, automated research support systems have transcended the position of useful tools and have become an integral part of the total design of experimental protocols. For an automated information system to fully represent the reality of the experiment, it must be able to assure integrity, as well as provide for the storage, calculation, and retrieval of data values of the quality and quantity necessary for fulfilling protocol requirements. Guarantees against error and loss of data, in addition to flexibility and easy access, must be an inherent part of the system if the acceptance and condifence of the investigator are to be obtained. This paper discusses the criteria, philosophies, and benefits of integrated data systems that ensure integrity of toxicologic research support.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

INFORM: integrated support for decisions and activities in intensive care.

Many medical decision support systems that have been developed in the past have failed to enter routine clinical practice. Often this is because the developers have failed to analyse in sufficient detail the precise user requirements, because they have produced a system which takes too narrow a view of the patient, or because the decision support facilities have not been sufficiently well integrated into the routine clinical data handling activities. In this paper we discuss how the AIM-INFORM project is setting out to deal with these issues, in the context of the provision of decision support in the intensive care unit.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1991

Physicians' workstations: integrated information management for clinicians.

This paper describes a project to specify, design, develop, and evaluate a physician's workstation for use in patient care. We conducted an ethnographic study of physicians' information needs in an outpatient setting, from which we derived a set of functional specifications for a physician's workstation. We have implemented an experimental prototype using an open systems, client/server architecture, and are exploring research issues in heterogeneous database integration, object-oriented database technology, model-based reasoning, and semantic integration. We plan to evaluate our workstation prototype in a clinical setting to assess its impact on quality of care and health care costs.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1992

The problems of monitoring tuberculosis in an inner-city health district: integrated information is required.

This paper discusses the difficulties in monitoring tuberculosis in an inner-city district health authority. Tuberculosis incidence was reviewed between 1981 and 1989 using several data sources: statutory notifications, hospital activity analysis, death certificates and chest clinic records. The overall notification rate declined but remained higher than national rates; the age-sex distribution was similar to national studies. However, interpretation was limited by the problems of small numbers, the difficulty in obtaining reliable numerator and denominator estimates of ethnic groups, the limited data available about sub-groups of concern such as the homeless, and finally by the incompleteness of the data. Improved methods of data linkage are required to facilitate more complete ascertainment and validation of the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Phonological codes are used in integrating information across saccades in word identification and reading.

A major issue in reading is the extent to which phonological information is used in visual word perception. The present experiments demonstrated that phonological information acquired on 1 fixation from a word in the parafovea is used to help identify that word when it is later fixated. A homophone of a target word, when presented as a preview in the parafovea, facilitated processing of the target word seen on the next fixation more than a preview of a word matched with the homophone in visual similarity to the target word. This facilitation was observed both in the time to name an isolated target word and in the fixation time on the target word while silently reading a sentence; the preview was virtually never consciously identified in either task. Because the visual similarity of the preview to the target also plays a part in the facilitative effect on the preview, however, codes other than phonological codes are preserved across saccades.

Humans↗