env genes of avian retroviruses: nucleotide sequence and molecular recombinants define host range determinants.
The env gene of avian sarcoma and leukosis retroviruses is allelic in the virus population permitting the virus to use different host cell receptors. This polymorphism has allowed the classification of these viruses into different subgroups. In order to understand further the role of viral sequences involved in determining this host range phenomenon, we constructed molecular recombinants between subgroup A, B, and E viruses and showed that the host range determinant defining subgroup specificity was located within a 1.1-kb region of the genome that included most of the coding region for the env gene product gp85. We also determined the nucleotide sequence of the region of the env gene encoding gp85 for virus isolates representing subgroup A and B viruses. We compared the predicted amino acid sequences of gp85 to themselves and to the previously published sequences of subgroup B, C, and E env genes. Based on these comparisons, we draw the following conclusions: Within the gp85 coding domain, there are four variable regions (VR-1 to VR-4) ranging in size from 9 to 52 amino acids. The variable regions are located in the same relative positions for each of the env gene alleles compared. The variable regions range in homology from 42% (A compared to B) to 57% (C compared to E) in pairwise comparisons; the flanking conserved domains are on average 95% homologous. The sequences of three different subgroup B virus isolates are highly homologous in both the conserved and variable regions. Secondary structure predictions suggest that gp85 is composed mostly of beta sheet topology. Hydrophilic loops within the variable regions may define sites of receptor interaction and binding sites for subgroup specific neutralizing antibodies.