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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

A comparative categorization of protein function encoded in bacterial or archeal genomic islands.

Genomes of prokaryotes harbor genomic islands (GIs), which are frequently acquired via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Here I present an analysis of GIs with respect to gene-encoded functions. GIs were identified by statistical analysis of codon usage and clustering. Genes classified as putatively alien (pA) or putatively native (pN) were categorized according to the COG database. Among pA and pN genes, the distribution of COG functions and classes were studied for different groupings of prokaryotes. Groups were formed according to taxonomical relation or habitats. In all groups, genes related to class L (replication, recombination, and repair) were statistically significantly overrepresented in GIs. GIs of bacteria and archaea showed a distinct pattern of preferences. In archeal GIs, genes belonging to COG class M (cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis) or Q (secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism) were more frequent. In bacterial GIs, genes of classes U (intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport), N (cell motility), and V (defense mechanisms) were predominant. Underrepresentation was strongest for genes belonging to class J (translation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis). Among single COG functions overrepresented in GIs were transferases and transporters. In both superkingdoms, HGT enhances genomic content by meeting demands that are independent of the studied habitats. These findings are in agreement with the complexity theory, which predicts the preferential import of operational genes. However, only specific subsets of operational genes were enriched in GIs. Modification of the cell envelope, cell motility, secretion, and protection of cellular DNA are major issues in HGT.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Identification of genomic islands in the genome of Bacillus cereus by comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis.

Horizontal gene transfer has been recognized as a universal event throughout bacterial evolution. The availability of both complete genome sequences of Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis provides the possibility to perform comparative analysis based on their genomes. By using a windowless method to display the distribution of the genomic GC content of B. cereus and B. anthracis, we have found three genomic islands in the genome of B. cereus, i.e., BCGI-1, BCGI-2, and BCGI-3, respectively, which are absent in the genome of B. anthracis. All the genomic islands have abrupt changes in GC content compared with that of surrounding regions. BCGI-1 has many conserved features of genomic islands, e.g., a Val-tRNA gene is utilized as the integration site, and a site-specific recombinase gene is located at the 3' end. BCGI-2 has a large percentage of phage protein, suggesting a phage-related recombination is involved. BCGI-3 contains a ferric anguibactin transport system, which is likely to be involved in the iron transport that enables the bacterium to overcome the iron limitation in the host. In addition, BCGI-3 also contains a cluster of genes related to lantibiotics, which may play a role during the evolution of the genome. Furthermore, the integrations of the genomic islands, BCGI-1 and BCGI-3, result in deletions of DNA sequence fragments; therefore, such integrations lead to both gene gain and gene loss simultaneously.

Bacillus anthracis↗
PubMed2004

The Vibrio seventh pandemic island-II is a 26.9 kb genomic island present in Vibrio cholerae El Tor and O139 serogroup isolates that shows homology to a 43.4 kb genomic island in V. vulnificus.

Vibrio cholerae is the aetiological agent of the deadly diarrhoeal disease cholera. In this study the 7.5 kb Vibrio seventh pandemic island-II (VSP-II) that is unique to V. cholerae El Tor and O139 serogroups was analysed and it was found to be part of a novel 26.9 kb genomic island (GEI) encompassing VC0490-VC0516. The low-GC-content VSP-II encompassed 24 predicted ORFs, including DNA repair and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, a group of hypothetical proteins and a bacteriophage-like integrase adjacent to a tRNA gene. Interestingly, V. cholerae ORFs VC0493-VC0498, VC0504-VC0510 and VC0516, which encodes an integrase, were homologous to Vibrio vulnificus strain YJ016 ORFs VV0510-VV0516, VV0518-VV0525 and VV0560, which also encodes an integrase, respectively. Some ORFs showed amino acid identities greater than 90 % between the two species in these regions. In V. vulnificus strain YJ016, a 43.4 kb low-GC-content (43 %) GEI encompassing ORFs VV0509-VV0560 was identified and named V. vulnificus island-I (VVI-I). The 52 ORFs of VVI-I included a phosphotransferase system gene cluster, genes required for sugar metabolism and transposase genes. There was synteny and homology between the 5' region of V. cholerae VSP-II and the 5' region of V. vulnificus VVI-I; however, VVI-I contained an additional 31.5 kb of DNA between VV0526 and VV0560 in strain YJ016. A second V. vulnificus strain, CMCP6, did not contain the 43.4 kb VVI-I; in this strain two ORFs were found between the 5' and 3' flanking genes VV10636 and VV10632, showing 100 % identity to VV0508 and VV0561, respectively, which flank VVI-I.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2004

SIGI: score-based identification of genomic islands.

BACKGROUND: Genomic islands can be observed in many microbial genomes. These stretches of DNA have a conspicuous composition with regard to sequence or encoded functions. Genomic islands are assumed to be frequently acquired via horizontal gene transfer. For the analysis of genome structure and the study of horizontal gene transfer, it is necessary to reliably identify and characterize these islands. RESULTS: A scoring scheme on codon frequencies Score_G1G2(cdn) = log(f_G2(cdn) / f_G1(cdn)) was utilized. To analyse genes of a species G1 and to test their relatedness to species G2, scores were determined by applying the formula to log-odds derived from mean codon frequencies of the two genomes. A non-redundant set of nearly 400 codon usage tables comprising microbial species was derived; its members were used alternatively at position G2. Genes having at least one score value above a species-specific and dynamically determined cut-off value were analysed further. By means of cluster analysis, genes were identified that comprise clusters of statistically significant size. These clusters were predicted as genomic islands. Finally and individually for each of these genes, the taxonomical relation among those species responsible for significant scores was interpreted. The validity of the approach and its limitations were made plausible by an extensive analysis of natural genes and synthetic ones aimed at modelling the process of gene amelioration. CONCLUSIONS: The method reliably allows to identify genomic island and the likely origin of alien genes.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

An acquisition account of genomic islands based on genome signature comparisons.

BACKGROUND: Recent analyses of prokaryotic genome sequences have demonstrated the important force horizontal gene transfer constitutes in genome evolution. Horizontally acquired sequences are detectable by, among others, their dinucleotide composition (genome signature) dissimilarity with the host genome. Genomic islands (GIs) comprise important and interesting horizontally transferred sequences, but information about acquisition events or relatedness between GIs is scarce. In Vibrio vulnificus CMCP6, 10 and 11 GIs have previously been identified in the sequenced chromosomes I and II, respectively. We assessed the compositional similarity and putative acquisition account of these GIs using the genome signature. For this analysis we developed a new algorithm, available as a web application. RESULTS: Of 21 GIs, VvI-1 and VvI-10 of chromosome I have similar genome signatures, and while artificially divided due to a linear annotation, they are adjacent on the circular chromosome and therefore comprise one GI. Similarly, GIs VvI-3 and VvI-4 of chromosome I together with the region between these two islands are compositionally similar, suggesting that they form one GI (making a total of 19 GIs in chromosome I + chromosome II). Cluster analysis assigned the 19 GIs to 11 different branches above our conservative threshold. This suggests a limited number of compositionally similar donors or intragenomic dispersion of ancestral acquisitions. Furthermore, 2 GIs of chromosome II cluster with chromosome I, while none of the 19 GIs group with chromosome II, suggesting an unidirectional dispersal of large anomalous gene clusters from chromosome I to chromosome II. CONCLUSION: From the results, we infer 10 compositionally dissimilar donors for 19 GIs in the V. vulnificus CMCP6 genome, including chromosome I donating to chromosome II. This suggests multiple transfer events from individual donor types or from donors with similar genome signatures. Applied to other prokaryotes, this approach may elucidate the acquisition account in their genome sequences, and facilitate donor identification of GIs.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Score-based prediction of genomic islands in prokaryotic genomes using hidden Markov models.

BACKGROUND: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is considered a strong evolutionary force shaping the content of microbial genomes in a substantial manner. It is the difference in speed enabling the rapid adaptation to changing environmental demands that distinguishes HGT from gene genesis, duplications or mutations. For a precise characterization, algorithms are needed that identify transfer events with high reliability. Frequently, the transferred pieces of DNA have a considerable length, comprise several genes and are called genomic islands (GIs) or more specifically pathogenicity or symbiotic islands. RESULTS: We have implemented the program SIGI-HMM that predicts GIs and the putative donor of each individual alien gene. It is based on the analysis of codon usage (CU) of each individual gene of a genome under study. CU of each gene is compared against a carefully selected set of CU tables representing microbial donors or highly expressed genes. Multiple tests are used to identify putatively alien genes, to predict putative donors and to mask putatively highly expressed genes. Thus, we determine the states and emission probabilities of an inhomogeneous hidden Markov model working on gene level. For the transition probabilities, we draw upon classical test theory with the intention of integrating a sensitivity controller in a consistent manner. SIGI-HMM was written in JAVA and is publicly available. It accepts as input any file created according to the EMBL-format.It generates output in the common GFF format readable for genome browsers. Benchmark tests showed that the output of SIGI-HMM is in agreement with known findings. Its predictions were both consistent with annotated GIs and with predictions generated by different methods. CONCLUSION: SIGI-HMM is a sensitive tool for the identification of GIs in microbial genomes. It allows to interactively analyze genomes in detail and to generate or to test hypotheses about the origin of acquired genes.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Independent acquisition of site-specific recombination factors by asn tRNA gene-targeting genomic islands.

Two genomic islands, namely the high-pathogenicity island (HPI) and Ecoc54N target the same asn tRNA genes to integrate into the bacterial chromosome. The HPI encodes the siderophore yersiniabactin in the highly pathogenic Yersinia group (Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica 1B) whilst the Ecoc54N island possibly encodes a polyketide synthase with an unknown function in the uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073 strain. HPI encodes the recombinase that promotes site-specific recombination (both integrative and excisive) with its corresponding attachment targets. A recombinase orthologue is also present in Ecoc54N. In addition, the HPI(Yps) of the Y. pestis/Y. pseudotuberculosis evolutionary lineage encodes the excisionase (recombination directionality factor, Xis(HPI)) that facilitates excision of the island. However, no sequence resembling the excisionase gene could be found in Ecoc54N. The rate of the HPI(Yps) excision estimated by real-time PCR was 10(-6) in Y. pseudotuberculosis. The presence of the excisionase increased the efficiency of the excisive recombination only eight fold. However, the introduction of the xis(HPI) in E. coli CFT073 did not influence the excision of Ecoc54N. The Xis(HPI) is encoded by the variable AT-rich part of the HPI(Yps) and substantially differs from its cognate recombinase in A+T content and codon usage. Also the Xis(HPI)-protected region, defined in the HPI attachment site, has suffered several nucleotide substitutions in Ecoc54N that could influence interaction with the excisionase. We propose that the pathogenicity islands (PAIs) targeting asn tRNA genes (PAIs(asn tRNA)) might have acquired recombinase and excisionase (HPI) genes independently and sequentially.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

A systematic method to identify genomic islands and its applications in analyzing the genomes of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Vibrio vulnificus CMCP6 chromosome I.

MOTIVATION: Some genomic islands contain horizontally transferred genes, which play critical roles in altering the genotypes and phenotypes of organisms, and horizontal gene transfer has been recognized as a universal event throughout bacterial evolution. A windowless method to display the distribution of genomic GC content, the cumulative GC profile, is proposed to identify genomic islands in genomes whose complete genome sequences are available. Two new indices are proposed to assess the codon usage bias and amino acid usage bias in genomic islands. RESULTS: A 211 kb genomic island (CGGI-1) has been identified in the genome of Corynebacterium glutamicum, and three genomic islands VVGI-1, VVGI-2 and VVGI-3, with lengths 167, 40 and 33 kb, respectively, have been identified in the genome of Vibrio vulnificus CMCP6 chromosome I. The CGGI-1 is flanked by two approximately 500 bp direct repeats, and utilizes a Val-tRNA as the integration site. For the VVGI-1 and VVGI-2, each has an integrase gene at 5' junction. All the identified genomic islands show unusual GC content, codon usage and amino acid usage, compared with the rest of the genomes. In addition, it is found that genomic islands are fairly homogenous in terms of GC content variation. An index, h, to quantify the homogeneity of GC content for genomic islands is proposed, and it is shown that h is less than 0.1 for all the genomic islands analyzed. The cumulative GC profile, as well as various indices to assess the codon usage bias, amino acid usage bias and homogeneity of the genomic islands, will be useful in the analysis of other genomes. AVAILABILITY: Programs used in this work and numerical results are available upon request.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Genomic islands in the Corynebacterium efficiens genome.

Corynebacterium efficiens is a gram-positive nonpathogenic bacterium which can grow and produce glutamate at 40 degrees C or above. By using the cumulative GC profile method, we have identified four genomic islands which have many unifying genomic island-specific features in the C. efficiens genome. The presence of the gene encoding an aspartate kinase in a genomic island helps explain the unexpected low thermal stability of this enzyme; i.e., the adaptive mutations have not occurred extensively due to the recent horizontal gene transfer.

Aspartate Kinase↗
PubMed2002

Genomic islands in Photorhabdus.

Genomic islands are responsible for unique aspects of bacterial behavior such as symbiosis and pathogenicity. Photorhabdus luminescens is a pathogen of insects that spends part of its lifecycle in symbiosis with a nematode. Here, we describe novel genomic islands from Photorhabdus that are involved in symbiosis and pathogenicity, and discuss the inter-relationship between virulence factors used against invertebrates and vertebrates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

IslandPath: aiding detection of genomic islands in prokaryotes.

UNLABELLED: Genomic islands (clusters of genes of potential horizontal origin in a prokaryotic genome) are frequently associated with a particular adaptation of a microbe that is of medical, agricultural or environmental importance, such as antibiotic resistance, pathogen virulence, or metal resistance. While many sequence features associated with such islands have been adopted separately in applications for analysis of genomic islands, including pathogenicity islands, there is no single application that integrates multiple features for island detection. IslandPath is a network service which incorporates multiple DNA signals and genome annotation features into a graphical display of a bacterial or archaeal genome, to aid the detection of genomic islands. AVAILABILITY: This application is available at http://www.pathogenomics.sfu.ca/islandpath and the source code is freely available, under GNU public licence, from the authors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: An online help file, which includes analyses of the utility of IslandPath, can be found at http://www.pathogenomics.sfu.ca/islandpath/current/islandhelp.html

Archaea↗
PubMed2006

A new experimental approach for studying bacterial genomic island evolution identifies island genes with bacterial host-specific expression patterns.

BACKGROUND: Genomic islands are regions of bacterial genomes that have been acquired by horizontal transfer and often contain blocks of genes that function together for specific processes. Recently, it has become clear that the impact of genomic islands on the evolution of different bacterial species is significant and represents a major force in establishing bacterial genomic variation. However, the study of genomic island evolution has been mostly performed at the sequence level using computer software or hybridization analysis to compare different bacterial genomic sequences. We describe here a novel experimental approach to study the evolution of species-specific bacterial genomic islands that identifies island genes that have evolved in such a way that they are differentially-expressed depending on the bacterial host background into which they are transferred. RESULTS: We demonstrate this approach by using a "test" genomic island that we have cloned from the Salmonella typhimurium genome (island 4305) and transferred to a range of Gram negative bacterial hosts of differing evolutionary relationships to S. typhimurium. Systematic analysis of the expression of the island genes in the different hosts compared to proper controls allowed identification of genes with genera-specific expression patterns. The data from the analysis can be arranged in a matrix to give an expression "array" of the island genes in the different bacterial backgrounds. A conserved 19-bp DNA site was found upstream of at least two of the differentially-expressed island genes. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of horizontally-transferred genomic island gene expression in a broad range of Gram negative hosts. We also present evidence in this study that the IS200 element found in island 4305 in S. typhimurium strain LT2 was inserted after the island had already been acquired by the S. typhimurium lineage and that this element is likely not involved in the integration or excision of island 4305. CONCLUSION: The "clone-and-transfer" approach of evolutionary study identifies genes whose expression patterns indicate the existence of genera-specific regulatory mechanisms that influence the expression of horizontally-transferred DNA sections. The results provide key information that can be used to facilitate the identification of these regulatory mechanisms.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Evidence for a hybrid genomic island in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli CL3 (serotype O113:H21) containing segments of EDL933 (serotype O157:H7) O islands 122 and 48.

Genomic O island 122 (OI-122) of the verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) strain EDL933 contains four putative virulence genes, Z4321, Z4326, Z4332, and Z4333. However, strain CL3 (serotype O113:H21) contains only Z4321, not the other three genes. To determine whether Z4321 is part of a different genomic island in CL3, a region of 27,293 bp up- and downstream of Z4321 was sequenced and found to contain elements of two different EDL933 genomic islands (OI-48 and OI-122) and a Yersinia pestis-like hemolysin/adhesin gene cluster. The region contained OI-48 genes Z1635, Z1636, and Z1637 at the left terminus and Z1641, Z1642, Z1643, and Z1644 at the right. The middle portion consisted of OI-48 gene Z1640, which was separated into three fragments by genomic segments including the Y. pestis cluster and EDL933 OI-122 genes Z4322, Z4321, and Z4318. In a PCR investigation of 36 VTEC strains of different serotypes, intact Z1640 was present in strains of serotypes O157:H7, O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:NM, and O145:NM, which are associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome and outbreaks. In contrast, fragmented Z1640 was seen in strains of nonepidemic serotypes, such as O91:H21 and O113:H21, and in animal serotypes that have not been associated with human disease, indicating that Z1640 might be a virulence gene.

Adhesins, Escherichia coli↗
PubMed2006

Genomic island identification in Vibrio vulnificus reveals significant genome plasticity in this human pathogen.

UNLABELLED: Genomic islands (GIs) are large chromosomal regions present in a subset of bacterial strains that increase the fitness of the organism under specific conditions. We compared the complete genome sequences of two Vibrio vulnificus strains YJ016 and CMCP6 and identified 14 regions (ranging in size from 14 to 117 kb), which had the characteristics of GIs. Bioinformatic analysis of these 14 GI regions identified the presence of phage-like integrase genes, aberrant GC content and genome signature (dinucleotide frequency) within each GI compared with the core genome indicating that these regions were acquired from an anomalous source. We examined the distribution of the nine GIs from strain YJ016 among 27 V. vulnificus isolates and found that most GIs were absent from the majority of these isolates. The chromosomal insertion sites of three GIs were adjacent to tRNA sites, which contained novel horizontally acquired DNA in all six available sequenced Vibrionaceae genomes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of two alternative promoters for integrase expression in the clc genomic island of Pseudomonas sp. strain B13.

The clc genomic island is a 105 kb integrative and conjugative element (ICE) in Pseudomonas sp. strain B13, which encodes metabolism of 3-chlorocatechol. The clc island is integrated in a tRNAGly gene, but can excise and form a circular intermediate in which both ends are connected. The integrase gene (intB13) of the clc genomic island is located at the right end, 202 bp from the junction site facing inwards. Fragments upstream of intB13 in the circular form and in the integrated form were fused to a promoterless gfp gene for Green Fluorescent Protein and introduced in monocopy onto the chromosome of strain B13. Quantitative GFP fluorescence measurements in individual cells of the different B13-derivatives revealed that the circular form fragment contained a strong constitutive promoter (Pcirc) driving intB13 expression in all cells. By using primer extension Pcirc could be mapped near the left end of the clc element and Pcirc can therefore only control intB13 expression when left and right ends are connected as in the circular form. Expression from intB13 upstream fragments from the integrated clc element was weaker than that from Pcirc and only occurred in maximally 15% of individual cells in a culture. A promoter (Pint) could be roughly mapped in this region by using reverse-transcription PCR and by successively shortening the fragment from the 5' end. Transposon mutants in cloned left end sequences of the clc element were selected which had lost the activation potential on the Pint promoter and those which resulted in overexpression of GFP from Pint. The DNA sequence of the region of the transposon insertions pointed to a relatively well conserved area among various other genomic islands. The activator mutants mapped in an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 175 amino acid protein without any significant similarity to functionally characterized proteins in the databases.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Diversity of the abundant pKLC102/PAGI-2 family of genomic islands in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The known genomic islands of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone C strains are integrated into tRNA(Lys) (pKLC102) or tRNA(Gly) (PAGI-2 and PAGI-3) genes and differ from their core genomes by distinctive tetranucleotide usage patterns. pKLC102 and the related island PAPI-1 from P. aeruginosa PA14 were spontaneously mobilized from their host chromosomes at frequencies of 10% and 0.3%, making pKLC102 the most mobile genomic island known with a copy number of 30 episomal circular pKLC102 molecules per cell. The incidence of islands of the pKLC102/PAGI-2 type was investigated in 71 unrelated P. aeruginosa strains from diverse habitats and geographic origins. pKLC102- and PAGI-2-like islands were identified in 50 and 31 strains, respectively, and 15 and 10 subtypes were differentiated by hybridization on pKLC102 and PAGI-2 macroarrays. The diversity of PAGI-2-type islands was mainly caused by one large block of strain-specific genes, whereas the diversity of pKLC102-type islands was primarily generated by subtype-specific combination of gene cassettes. Chromosomal loss of PAGI-2 could be documented in sequential P. aeruginosa isolates from individuals with cystic fibrosis. PAGI-2 was present in most tested Cupriavidus metallidurans and Cupriavidus campinensis isolates from polluted environments, demonstrating the spread of PAGI-2 across habitats and species barriers. The pKLC102/PAGI-2 family is prevalent in numerous beta- and gammaproteobacteria and is characterized by high asymmetry of the cDNA strands. This evolutionarily ancient family of genomic islands retained its oligonucleotide signature during horizontal spread within and among taxa.

Gene Transfer, Horizontal↗
PubMed2005

The Salmonella genomic island 1 is an integrative mobilizable element.

Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) is a genomic island containing an antibiotic resistance gene cluster identified in several Salmonella enterica serovars. The SGI1 antibiotic resistance gene cluster, which is a complex class 1 integron, confers the common multidrug resistance phenotype of epidemic S. enterica Typhimurium DT104. The SGI1 occurrence in S. enterica serovars Typhimurium, Agona, Paratyphi B, Albany, Meleagridis and Newport indicates the horizontal transfer potential of SGI1. Here, we report that SGI1 could be conjugally transferred from S. enterica donor strains to non-SGI1 S. enterica and Escherichia coli recipient strains where it integrated into the recipient chromosome in a site-specific manner. First, an extrachromosomal circular form of SGI1 was identified by PCR which forms through a specific recombination of the left and right ends of the integrated SGI1. Chromosomal excision of SGI1 was found to require SGI1-encoded integrase which presents similarities to the lambdoid integrase family. Second, the conjugal transfer of SGI1 required the presence of a helper plasmid. The conjugative IncC plasmid R55 could thus mobilize in trans SGI1 which was transferred from the donor to the recipient strains. By this way, the conjugal transfer of SGI1 occurred at a frequency of 10(-5)-10(-6) transconjugants per donor. No transconjugants could be obtained for the SGI1 donor lacking the int integrase gene. Third, chromosomal integration of SGI1 occurred via a site-specific recombination between a 18 bp sequence found in the circular form of SGI1 and a similar 18 bp sequence at the 3' end of thdF gene in the S. enterica and E. coli chromosome. SGI1 appeared to be transmissible only in the presence of additional conjugative functions provided in trans. SGI1 can thus be classified within the group of integrative mobilizable elements (IMEs).

Amino Acid Sequence↗