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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Quiescent intense (qi): a gene that affects young but not mature fruit color intensity in Cucurbita pepo.

Jack O'Lantern, a cultivar of the pumpkin group of Cucurbita pepo that has intense-colored young fruits, was crossed with Vegetable Spaghetti, a cultivar of the vegetable marrow group that has light-colored young fruits and genotype d/d I-1/I-1 I-2/I-2. The F1 plants, regardless of the direction of the cross, had light-colored young fruits. Young fruit color was observed to segregate in accordance with a 3 intense: 13 light ratio in the F2, indicating that two genes, one dominant and one recessive, are interacting. By crossing Jack O'Lantern with tester stocks of known genotypes, the dominant gene was identified as L-2. The recessive gene, previously undescribed, is herein designated quiescent intense (qi), as it intensifies young fruit color but was observed to have little or no effect on intermediate-age and mature fruit colors. The young fruits of Verte Non-Coureuse D'Italie, a cultivar of the cocozelle group, are intense-colored. F1 plants of the cross between this cultivar and Jack O'Lantern had intense-colored young fruits, but F1 plants of the cross between this cultivar and Vegetable Spaghetti had light-colored young fruits. Therefore both Verte Non-Coureuse D'Italie and Jack O'Lantern are qi/qi, while Vegetable Spaghetti is Qi/Qi.

Color↗
PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Identification of the R2R3-MYB Gene Family in Solanum americanum and Functional Analysis of Its Role in Fruit Coloration.

Anthocyanins are key secondary metabolites responsible for fruit coloration in plants, and their biosynthesis is largely regulated by R2R3-MYB transcription factors. However, the R2R3-MYB regulators controlling fruit anthocyanin accumulation in wild Solanum species remain poorly understood. Here, Solanum americanum was used to identify candidate R2R3-MYB genes associated with fruit coloration through genome-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, synteny analysis, expression profiling, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). A total of 122 SaMYB genes were identified, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that SaMYB proteins clustered with Arabidopsis thaliana R2R3-MYB members in conserved subgroups, suggesting evolutionary conservation of this family. Synteny analysis identified 37 syntenic gene pairs among SaMYB genes, and the Ka/Ks values of all analyzable gene pairs were below 1, indicating that these duplicated genes are subject to functional constraint. Integrated analysis of phylogenetic relationships, protein structures, promoter cis-elements, and fruit developmental expression patterns identified SaMYB59 and SaMYB106 as candidate regulators of anthocyanin accumulation. VIGS analysis demonstrated that silencing SaMYB106 reduced purple coloration, decreased anthocyanin content, and downregulated the expression of the structural gene DFR. These results indicate that SaMYB106 functions as a positive regulator of fruit anthocyanin accumulation in S. americanum. This study provides insights into the molecular basis of fruit coloration in wild Solanum species.

Solanum americanum↗
PubMed2000

Structural Fruit Coloration in Delarbrea michieana (Araliaceae).

The brilliant blue fruit color of Delarbrea michieana (F. Muell.) F. Muell. (Araliaceae), a Queensland understory rain forest tree, is caused by iridisomes (structures) in the epidermal cells that are produced beneath the cell wall and probably outside of the cytoplasm. Layers within these iridisomes are of such a thickness that they interfere constructively with light at 420-440 nm and produce the color. Such color production may aid in attracting mammals and large frugivorous birds (which may disperse the fruits) and may also allow ripe fruits to continue photosynthetic carbon assimilation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Color discrimination by the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) and its relation to fruit coloration.

Old World monkeys and apes have been reported to differ from New World monkeys in their abilities to discriminate colors across the visible spectrum. Old World monkeys and apes (Macaca, Pan, Pongo) discriminate colors quite accurately, while some New World monkeys studied (Saimiri, Cebus) have shown lower sensitivity to and poorer discrimination of long wavelength light. This study examined the color discrimination ability of another New World primate, the cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus oedipus (family Callitrichidae). The tamarins were trained to discriminate a set of Munsell color chips, both within the same hue category and from the 2 hue categories on either side of the training hue. Results indicated that the cotton-top tamarin can make accurate discriminations across the visible spectrum. Human subjects were tested under similar conditions in order to compare their color discrimination abilities to those of the tamarins. The tamarins and human subjects had the most difficulty discriminating the same hues. The discrimination abilities of the monkeys were assessed in relation to the coloration of fruits eaten in a natural environment. A list of the species of fruits commonly eaten by various species of New World monkeys was compiled and the coloration of fruits at maturity was noted. It was found that most New World primate species eat fruits whose mature coloration ranges across most of the spectrum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Occurrence of the chromoplast protein ChrA correlates with a fruit-color gene in Capsicum annuum.

Plant geneticists have determined that the color of ripe fruits of sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) is determined by four genes: y, c1, c2 and cl. We have compared the electrophoretic behavior of chromoplast membrane proteins of seven varieties of C. annuum which differ in these genes. ChrA was detected only in the varieties that had a y+ genotype, and was not affected by variations in the other three genes. The identity of ChrA was verified by probing blots of SDS gels with antiserum to ChrA. The second known chromoplast-specific protein, ChrB, was found to be independent of all four genes. No proteins correlating with c1, c2 or cl were detected in either one- or two-dimensional gels.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2006

Fruit coloration difference between Fengwan, a late-maturing mutant and its original cultivar Fengjie72-1 of navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck).

Fruit color is one of the most important external quality traits. Mutants with different color are useful for the study of regulating mechanism of coloration progress. A novel mutant, Fengwan, derived from Fengjie72-1 navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), has the distinctive characteristic of the coloration delay of 30 d or so, with the change in total soluble solid (TSS) and the ratio of TSS/acidity. In order to understand the mechanism underlying the difference of coloration between the mutant and the parental variety, the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in the peel of two cultivars at different maturation stages were analyzed. The expression of genes responsible for some carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes (phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, zeta-carotene desaturase, beta-lycopene cyclase, beta-carotene hydroxylase) and chlorophyllase using the RT-PCR technique were also studied. The distinct decrease of chlorophyll in the peel of Fengwan navel orange occurred from early November to late November, about three weeks later than that of its original cultivar. Obvious accumulation of carotenoid in the peel of the mutant began on Dec.12, while that of the original cultivar began on Nov. 3. Analysis of independent-samples t-test showed that the chlorophyll content of the peel of Fengwan navel orange from October to November was significantly higher, and the carotenoid content from December to January was significantly lower than that in the peel of the parental line, Fengjie72-1 navel orange. The expression of chlorophyllase gene in the peel of Fengwan navel orange reached a maximum in January and kept at a slightly lower level from October to December than that of Fengjie 72-1 orange, while the time of gene expression about some carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes reaching a maximum in the peel of the mutant were one month later than that of the original cultivar.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed2004

Biochemical and molecular analysis of carotenoid biosynthesis in flavedo of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) during fruit development and maturation.

Changes in carotenoid content and composition and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes were analyzed in the flavedo of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, cv. Navelate) fruit during development and maturation. Lutein and all-E-violaxanthin were the major carotenoids in chloroplast-containing tissues. During fruit coloration, phytoene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and mainly (9Z)-violaxanthin progressively accumulated, and a large proportion of apocarotenoids was also found in the flavedo of full-colored fruits. We have cloned partial and full-length cDNAs corresponding to genes involved in early condensation and desaturase reactions [phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), and zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS)], coupled redox reaction (plastid terminal oxidase), cyclizations [beta-lycopene cyclase (beta-LCY) and epsilon-lycopene cyclase (epsilon-LCY)], hydroxylation [beta-carotene hydroxylase (beta-CHX)], and epoxidation [zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP)] and analyzed their mRNA accumulation in the flavedo of fruits during development and ripening as compared with those of leaves. Collectively, the results indicated that PDS gene expression correlated with carotenoid content in developing fruit and that up-regulation of PSY and ZDS genes at the onset of fruit coloration would enhance the production of linear carotenes and the flux into the pathway. The shift from the beta,epsilon-branch to the beta,beta-branch of the pathway that originates the changes in carotenoid composition during fruit coloration may be explained by a down-regulation of epsilon-LCY and by the increase of the beta-CHX transcript.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed2005

Effect of ascorbic acid and dehydration on concentrations of total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins, and color in fruits.

The purpose of this investigation was to report on the total phenolics, anthocyanins, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of strawberry, peach, and apple, the influence of dehydration and ascorbic acid treatments on the levels of these compounds, and the effect of these treatments on fruit color. Results showed that fresh strawberry had the highest levels for total phenolics [5317.9 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalents (CAE)/kg], whereas lower levels were found in fresh apple and peach (3392.1 and 1973.1 mg of CAE/kg, respectively), and for anthocyanins (138.8 mg/kg), whereas lower levels were found in fresh apple and peaches (11.0 and 18.9 mg/kg, respectively; fresh strawberry had an ORAC value of 62.9 mM/kg Trolox equivalents. The fresh apple and peach were found to have ORAC values of 14.7 and 11.4 mM/kg of Trolox equivalents, respectively. The color values indicated that the addition of 0.1% ascorbic acid increased the lightness (L) and decreased the redness (a) and yellowness (b) color values of fresh strawberry, peach, and apple, sliced samples, and the puree made from them. Also, results showed that dehydration is a good method to keep the concentrations of total phenolics and anthocyanins and ORAC values at high levels.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2005

Dual role for tomato heat shock protein 21: protecting photosystem II from oxidative stress and promoting color changes during fruit maturation.

The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) chloroplast small heat shock protein (sHSP), HSP21, is induced by heat treatment in leaves, but also under normal growth conditions in developing fruits during the transition of chloroplasts to chromoplasts. We used transgenic tomato plants constitutively expressing HSP21 to study the role of the protein under stress conditions and during fruit maturation. Although we did not find any effect for the transgene on photosystem II (PSII) thermotolerance, our results show that the protein protects PSII from temperature-dependent oxidative stress. In addition, we found direct evidence of the protein's role in fruit reddening and the conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts. When plants were grown under normal growth temperature, transgenic fruits accumulated carotenoids earlier than controls. Furthermore, when detached mature green fruits were stored for 2 weeks at 2 degrees C and then transferred to room temperature, the natural accumulation of carotenoids was blocked. In a previous study, we showed that preheat treatment, which induces HSP21, allowed fruit color change at room temperature, after a cold treatment. Here, we show that mature green transgenic fruits constitutively expressing HSP21 do not require the heat treatment to maintain the ability to accumulate carotenoids after cold storage. This study demonstrates that a sHSP plays a role in plant development under normal growth conditions, in addition to its protective effect under stress conditions.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗
PubMed2003

Construction of a deep coverage BAC library from Capsicum annuum, 'CM334'.

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library consisting of 235,000 clones with an average insert size of 130 kb was constructed from Capsicum annuum, 'CM334'. Based on a pepper haploid genome size of 2,702 Mbp/C, the BAC library is estimated to contain approximately 12 genome equivalents and represents at least 99% of the pepper genome. Screening of the library with mitochondrial DNA probes (coxII, coxIII, atp6 and atp9) and chloroplast DNA probes (atpB, rbcL) indicated that contamination with cytoplasmic DNA was less than 0.5%. To estimate the possibility of isolating a specific clone, the library was screened with single or low-copy gene-specific probes and RFLP probes. Screening of high density BAC filters with RFLP markers linked to L (TMV resistance), y (fruit color), C2 (fruit color) and C (pungency) loci under high stringency conditions revealed that at least three positive BAC clones were found per each probe. This fact indicates that the library is highly reliable and represents a resource for map-based cloning, physical mapping, and characterization of upstream and downstream regulations of the chili pepper genes.

Capsicum↗
PubMed1973

Effect of water on the ripening of pericarp disks from tomato fruits.

Color change, a measure of the ripening of pericarp disks of tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker), was delayed by osmotic water uptake. An even greater delay occurred when substances from the disks were allowed to leach out or to diffuse into agar, indicating the existence of a water-soluble substance(s) necessary for the ripening process. Osmotic solutions, allowing for more leaching, were more inhibitory to color development than the same amount of distilled water. The ripening process of tomato fruit disks can thus be disturbed by such processes as washing, infiltration, or incubation with solutions.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inheritance of unique fruit and foliage color mutation in NuMex piñata.

The inheritance of mature fruit color in peppers (Capsicum spp.) is controlled by several genes. However, the inheritance of the transition of colors the fruit undergo during ripening has not been described extensively. The authors describe the inheritance of a unique gene which affects foliage color and fruit color transition occurring in the jalapeño cultivar NuMex Piñata. The gene responsible is designated the tra gene.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2025

Dual genetic loci and flavonoid metabolism orchestrate fruiting body coloration in Flammulina filiformis: a multi-omic roadmap for fungal pigmentation.

BACKGROUND: The fruiting bodies of macrofungi exhibit diverse coloration, traditionally attributed to melanin and carotenoid biosynthesis. This study is the first to reveal that flavonoids, rather than these classical pigments, are the predominant contributors to yellow pigmentation in the Flammulina filiformis. OBJECTIVE: To uncover the genetic basis and key regulatory genes involved in pigment formation in F. filiformis fruiting bodies, and to establish a model framework for studying color genetics in macrofungi. METHODS: Metabolomic profiling was conducted on yellow and white F. filiformis fruiting bodies to identify key pigment components. A segregating population was constructed, followed by integrated multi-omics analyses-including bulk segregant analysis (BSA), genome-wide association study (GWAS), and transcriptomics-to map regulatory loci and candidate genes. Functional roles were validated via genetic transformation and protein structural modeling. RESULTS: Flavonoid accumulation was identified as the biochemical hallmark of pigmented fruiting bodies. Genetic analysis revealed a dual regulatory mechanism: a qualitative locus governing pigmentation presence and a quantitative trait determining color intensity. Combined BSA and GWAS pinpointed a major locus, Ffcrs, within a recombination-suppressed region. Transcriptomic analysis identified two key regulators, Ffakr (a transcriptional activator) and Ffpal (encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase). Functional verification via transformation, structural modeling, and metabolite profiling in transgenic lines confirmed their essential roles in flavonoid biosynthesis and pigmentation. CONCLUSION: This study uncovers a flavonoid-based pigmentation mechanism in F. filiformis and elucidates a complex genetic architecture shaped by both qualitative and quantitative loci, providing a new paradigm for understanding pigment formation in macrofungi. The identified regulatory factors establish a molecular foundation for the precise manipulation of economically important pigmentation traits in edible mushroom.

Flavonoids↗
PubMed2000

Candidate gene analysis of organ pigmentation loci in the Solanaceae.

Ten structural genes from the Capsicum (pepper) carotenoid biosynthetic pathway have been localized on a (Capsicum annuum x Capsicum chinense)F(2) genetic map anchored in Lycopersicon (tomato). The positions of these genes were compared with positions of the same genes in tomato when known, and with loci from pepper, potato, and tomato that affect carotenoid levels in different tissues. C2, one of three phenotypically defined loci determining pepper fruit color, cosegregated with phytoene synthase. The capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (Ccs) locus, shown previously to cosegregate with Y, another pepper fruit color locus, mapped to pepper chromosome 6. Other structural genes in pepper corresponded to loci affecting carotenoid production as follows: Ccs in pepper and the B locus for hyperaccumulation of beta-carotene in tomato fruit mapped to homeologous regions; the position of the lycopene beta-cyclase gene in pepper may correspond to the lutescent-2 mutation in tomato; and the lycopene epsilon-cyclase locus in pepper corresponded to the lycopene epsilon-cyclase locus/Del mutation for hyperaccumulation of delta-carotene in tomato fruit. Additional associations were seen between the structural genes and previously mapped loci controlling quantitative variation in pepper and tomato fruit color. These results demonstrate that comparative analyses using candidate genes may be used to link specific metabolic phenotypes and loci that affect these phenotypes in related species.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Delayed abscission and shorter Internodes correlate with a reduction in the ethylene receptor LeETR1 transcript in transgenic tomato.

Stable transformation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Ailsa Craig) plants with a construct containing the antisense sequence for the receiver domain and 3'-untranslated portion of the tomato ethylene receptor (LeETR1) under the control of an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter resulted in some expected and unexpected phenotypes. In addition to reduced LeETR1 transcript levels, the two most consistently observed phenotypes in the transgenic lines were delayed abscission and reduced plant size. Fruit coloration and softening were essentially unaffected, and all the seedlings from first generation seed displayed a normal triple response to ethylene. Two independent lines with a single copy of the transgene and reduced LeETR1 transcript accumulation were selected for detailed phenotypic analysis of second generation (R1) plants. Delayed abscission, shorter internode length, and reduced auxin movement all correlated with the presence of the transgene and the degree of reduced LeETR1 transcript accumulation. No significant differences were noted for fruit coloration or fruit softening on R1 plants and all seedlings from R1 and R2 seed displayed a normal triple response. LeETR2 transcript accumulation was only slightly reduced in the R1 plants compared with azygous plants, and LeETR3 (NR) transcript levels appeared to be unaffected by the transgene. We propose that ethylene signal transduction occurs through parallel paths that partially intersect to regulate shared ethylene responses.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2003

[Complex approach to evaluation of natural quality of coloured juices].

A novel multidimensional approach to estimation of fruit and berry colored juice authenticity is proposed. It includes determination of quality (determination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfurol) and authenticity (determination of organic acids, hydrocarbons, anthocyanin pigments and artificial colorants) parameters. Both experimental and literature data on chemical composition of 12 colored fruits and berries are summarized. New composition characteristics of pomegranate, bilberry, red currant, blackberry and lingonberry are presented.

Anthocyanins↗