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Review: applications of luminescence in forensic science.
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A simple method for determining the pH of small soil samples and its use in forensic science.
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Gm and Km typing in forensic science-a methods monograph.
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Proteomic profiling of bone for the estimation of post-mortem interval and post-mortem submersion interval: a systematic review.
Accurate estimation of the Post-Mortem Interval (PMI) and Post-Mortem Submersion Interval (PMSI) remains a persistent challenge in forensic science, especially when traditional morphological and entomological methods fail due to advanced decomposition or in aquatic environments. Proteomic profiling of bone tissues has recently emerged as a promising approach, leveraging the predictable degradation patterns of bone proteins to estimate time since death more reliably. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, analyzed 24 peer-reviewed studies focusing on the application of proteomic techniques to bone tissue for PMI and PMSI estimation. The included studies were evaluated based on sample type, analytical techniques used, identified biomarkers, environmental conditions assessed, and the overall reliability and reproducibility of the findings. The review found that specific bone proteins, particularly collagen, osteocalcin, fetuin-A, etc. exhibited consistent degradation patterns that correlated strongly with elapsed post-mortem time. Cortical bone was identified as a more stable and informative matrix compared to trabecular bone. Mass spectrometry, especially LC-MS/MS, emerged as the predominant analytical technique due to its high sensitivity and accuracy in detecting low-abundance proteins over extended PMIs and PMSIs. However, protein degradation rates were significantly influenced by environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, soil pH, and microbial activity. This review also emphasizes the transformative role of bone proteomics in advancing forensic science while identifying key gaps that must be addressed to achieve global standardization and practical implementation in diverse forensic contexts. The integration of proteomics with other emerging technologies, such as machine learning algorithms and computational modeling, may further enhance the precision of PMI and PMSI estimation in future applications.
The teaching of forensic dentistry: a status report.
A survey was conducted to assess the current status of instruction and curricular content in forensic dentistry in United States dental schools. The dean of each of the 60 dental schools was asked to describe the formal teaching program in forensic dentistry in the predoctoral, postgraduate, resident, and continuing education curriculum. Faculty characteristics and the relationship of the faculty to extramural organizations dealing with forensic science were analyzed. Results indicate that 42 percent of the respondents do not offer formal courses in forensic dentistry at any level of dental education. The remaining 58 percent offer courses that are primarily didactic in nature. The diagnostic dental science departments are responsible for the organization and administration of forensic dental courses at the majority of respondent schools. A significant number of faculty teaching forensic dentistry hold advanced degrees in medicine and law, as well as other disciplines. Although forensic dental faculty are trained to assist law enforcement agencies, their consulting services are not generally used to the fullest extent. Based on the results of this survey, a series of recommendations for structuring the forensic science curriculum in dental schools is offered.
Genetic Identification of Burned Human Remains: A Systematic Review.
Background/Objectives: DNA-based identification of degraded human remains represents a major challenge in forensic science, particularly in cases involving burned, fragmented, or commingled bodies. Advances in forensic genetics have expanded the analytical capabilities for such samples; however, the effectiveness of different approaches and their integration within Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) workflows remain heterogeneous. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate current evidence on DNA-based identification of degraded remains, focusing on methodological strategies, emerging genomic technologies, and DVI applications, while integrating laboratory evidence and operational forensic practice into a structured analytical framework. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science from database inception to 5 June 2026, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies included original research addressing DNA analysis of degraded, thermally altered, or highly compromised human remains in forensic or DVI contexts. After a multistep screening process involving title/abstract and full-text evaluation, 37 studies were included. Data were extracted and organized into three thematic categories: (i) core DNA analysis, (ii) advanced molecular technologies, and (iii) DVI case applications. Results: The findings demonstrate that DNA recovery from degraded remains is influenced by thermal exposure, tissue type, and sampling strategy. Teeth and dense cortical bone consistently provide higher DNA yield. While autosomal STR profiling remains the primary analytical approach, its limitations in highly degraded samples are mitigated through the complementary use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y-chromosome STRs (Y-STRs), and SNP markers, together with advanced sequencing technologies such as massively parallel sequencing (MPS). Emerging technologies, including rapid DNA systems and predictive models based on macroscopic indicators, significantly enhance efficiency and success rates. DVI studies report identification rates exceeding 90-95% when multidisciplinary and structured workflows are applied. The evidence further supports a flexible triage-based analytical strategy, in which marker selection is guided by tissue preservation and degradation level. Conclusions: DNA-based identification of degraded human remains has evolved into an adaptive, multi-level forensic process. Successful outcomes rely on the integration of optimized sampling, hierarchical genetic analysis, and coordinated DVI strategies. The findings support a triage-based framework that links tissue selection, degradation assessment, and analytical methodology to maximize identification success. Future developments should focus on predictive models, advanced genomic tools, and standardized workflows to further improve identification in challenging forensic scenarios.
Differentiating hemorrhagic shock and organophosphate poisoning through integrated skin microbiome-metabolome signatures.
Accurate determination of cause of death and estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) are critical yet challenging tasks in forensic science, particularly in cases with rapid demise and absence of obvious morphological abnormalities. We employed an integrative multi-omics approach to characterize postmortem microbial succession and metabolic alterations on facial skin in mouse models of hemorrhagic shock (HS) and organophosphorus poisoning (OP) across three decomposition stages: bloating (2 days), active decay (8 days), and advanced decay (16 days). Metagenomic profiling revealed significantly reduced α-diversity in HS compared with OP throughout all stages (p < 0.001), accompanied by stage-dependent compositional shifts, including early enrichment of Firmicutes in HS and Proteobacteria in OP. A total of 237 differential taxa were identified, with Providencia and Morganella predominating in OP, whereas Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium dominated bloating stage of HS. Untargeted metabolomics uncovered distinct cause-of-death-linked metabolites, notably elevated 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-diphosphate in early OP and persistent cholic acid/cholate accumulation in HS at later PMI. Functional analysis highlighted histidine and phosphate/phosphonate metabolism as key discriminatory pathways, exhibiting stage-specific oscillations and strong correlations with characteristic taxa. These findings demonstrate that skin-based metagenomic-metabolomic integration provides robust, mechanistically informed biomarkers for both PMI estimation and cause-of-death differentiation, offering a minimally invasive and temporally dynamic tool for forensic investigations.
Determination of thallium in brain tissue by stable isotope dilution and field desorption mass spectrometry.
The utility of field desorption mass spectrometry for quantitative metal cation analysis in forensic sciences is demonstrated by the determination of a lethal thallium level in the brain tissue of an experimental animal. Stable isotope dilution and accumulation of the electrically recorded field desorption ion currents with a multi-channel analyzer allowed a direct estimation of thallium in homogenized tissue samples without further pretreatment. Experiments with standard solutions revealed the limit of detection for thallium to be about 10 pg of the metal cation.
The core technique in the determination of age at death of skeletons.
This study proposed an histological method of estimating age at death in skeletons that uses a 0.4-cm-diameter core of cortical bone. Age-estimating regression equations were generated from data obtained from the analysis of bone cores taken from femurs, tibiae, humeri, and ulnas of cadavers. When the regression equations generated in this study were applied to eight forensic science cases, accurate ages at death were estimated.
[Scientific activity of the Forensic Medicine professors at the Polish Academies of Sciences in Cracow].
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Law and the life sciences. O'Connor v. Donaldson: insanity inside out.
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[Present-day problems of prophylaxis and treatment of acute poisoning. Commission of Medical Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Scientific Conference held in Kraków on June 12, 1973].
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[Pathology and clinical medicine. An introduction].
In the introduction the author presents a review of themes connected with the autopsy and some problems of pathology which are not discussed in further detail during the course of the symposium. Thus, the signification and influence of religious, metaphysical, legal, socioeconomical and certain technical factors of the autopsy practice are briefly described, followed by a synopsis of the situation of the pathologist facing the demands of medicine, science, education, and administration. As a conclusion, follows a survey of the history and the activities of the Neuchâtel Institute of pathological anatomy.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence for Intimate Partner Violence Prevention: A Systematic Review.
INTRODUCTION: Intimate partner violence (IPV), encompassing physical, sexual, emotional and economic abuse, remains a pervasive global health concern. Traditional prevention efforts face obstacles such as underreporting, delayed detection and limited personalised support. Emerging artificial intelligence (AI) approaches offer new opportunities to enhance IPV prevention. AIM: This systematic review maps and synthesises evidence on AI-driven tools in IPV prevention based on studies published between 2004 and 2024. METHODS: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and PROSPERO registration, we searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore and Web of Science. Eligible studies explicitly evaluated AI technologies targeting IPV prediction, screening, intervention or support delivery. Study quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). RESULTS: Of 1304 records initially identified, 41 studies met eligibility criteria. AI applications ranged from machine learning (ML) for risk prediction and natural language processing (NLP) for IPV detection in clinical and social media data, to image analysis for forensic evaluation and chatbot-based support. Predictive modelling demonstrated strong discriminative performance, while NLP-based screening detected IPV with notable sensitivity. Chatbots showed feasibility and user acceptability, but evidence of their direct impact on reducing IPV incidence was limited, with one randomised controlled trial showing a modest reduction. Key challenges identified included algorithmic bias, data privacy risks and barriers to integration across health and social care systems. DISCUSSION: AI-informed interventions show promise for improving IPV detection, risk assessment, and scalable support, but questions remain about long-term effectiveness, ethical fairness, transparency and equitable implementation. Future interdisciplinary research should address these concerns to responsibly deploy AI in IPV prevention. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The findings highlight the importance of trauma-informed, culturally responsive care and provider training in AI applications. Nurse-led innovation and policy advocacy will be crucial for safe, equitable integration of AI in IPV prevention.
[Infanticide and concealment of pregnancy in Hamburg in the 18. century. Attempt at a sociological and sociomedical analysis].
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