[Microbiological processes in the different technological modes of flax retting. IV. The nature of the flax fiber coloration during different processing modes].
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Color↗
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Selection of GhTT2-A07 promoter enhances fiber quality in improved cotton varieties.
Modern cultivated cotton fibers are predominantly white with enhanced quality compared to their wild ancestors. However, the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary drivers linking fiber color to quality remain least focused. In this study, we identified FQC1 (Fiber Quality and Color 1), a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome A07 that concurrently regulates both fiber quality and pigmentation. Through map-based cloning, we revealed that Gossypium hirsutum TRANSPARENT TESTA2-A07 (GhTT2-A07), an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, resides within this locus. GhTT2-A07 modulates fiber development by directly activating genes in the general phenylpropanoid pathway, thereby promoting the metabolic flux toward downstream secondary metabolites. Variations in the GhTT2-A07 promoter led to its reduced expression in modern white cotton cultivars. This down-regulation suppresses the accumulation of S/G/H-type lignin monomers and proanthocyanidins, resulting in altered secondary cell wall composition and ultimately enhancing the quality of mature white fibers. Population genetic analyses further indicate that the white-fiber allele GhTT2-A07W has been fixed in modern breeding genotypes, underscoring the impact of artificial selection during cotton domestication. Overall, our study elucidates the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying fiber quality and pigmentation in cotton, clarifies the selection criteria for high-quality white fibers in modern cultivars, and provides a theoretical basis for future targeted genetic improvement of cotton fibers.
Alleles↗
Orcein, collastin and pseudo-elastica: a re-investigation of Unna's concepts.
Orcein has been recommended for identification of elastin. Since other traditional elastica stains proved to be unspecific, it was deemed of interest to determine the selectivity of orcein and to review pertinent literature. Orcein was employed as a textile dye in ancient Egypt and was used for dyeing of wool and silk until the early 20th century. It was introduced into histological technic in 1878 as a stain for cytoplasm. Unna recommended it for demonstration of elastic tissue in 1890 and retracted claims for its specifity in 1894 because orcein colored also certain collagen fibers. Unna suggested the term collastin for collagen fibers which share the affinity of elastin for acid orcein. Other orcein solutions were used as selective stains for collagen. In histochemical studies, the staining properties of resorcin-fuchsin and orcein were very similar; elastin and various collagen fibers were strongly colored. Unna's collastin is apparently identical with the pseudo-elastica described in sections stained with resorcin-fuchsin. Both dyes react with meshworks of fine fibers, embryonic, experimentally or pathologically altered collagens. It is suggested to use the term collastin, instead of pseudo-elastica, for collagenous fibers which bind the traditional elastica stains.
Adolescent↗
Color vision mechanisms in monkey striate cortex: dual-opponent cells with concentric receptive fields.
1. I have recorded with tungsten microelectrodes from single cells in the monkey's visual cortex and have specifically studied those neurons which were sensitive to the color of the stimulus. In the primate striate cortex there are four classes of color-coded cells. The cells described in this paper have concentric receptive fields with one red-green opponent-color system in the field center and the opposite organization in the surround. These dual-opponent cells were nost sensitive to the simultaneous presentation of two different colors, one covering the field center and the other illuminating the surround. They are probable involved in the perception of simultaneous color-contrast phenomena. 2. Spectral sensitivity curves revealed that both the field centers and the surrounds received opposite types of inputs from red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones. None of the cells tested had inputs from rods. 3. Area-sensitivity curves showed that peripheral suppression was present for both phases of the center opponent-color system. The boundary between the center and the surround was the same for both sets of opponent systems. Some cells had "silent" surrounds, which did not respond to annular stimuli. 4. Multiple-unit recordings from a concentric cell and one of its presumed afferents yielded information regarding its possible synaptic inputs. In some cases the cells appeared to receive contacts from red/green opponent-color geniculated fibers with circular receptive fields that lacked an antagonistic surround (similar to Wiesel and Hubel's (37) type II class). In other instances the afferents had on-center, off surround receptive fields or the reverse, but received inputs from only one cone type, either red or green (similar to Wiesel and Hubel's type III class). 5. Concentric cells were always driven by only one eye. 6. The laminar distribution of these cells was limited almost entirely to layer IV and its subdivisions. 7. The cumulative evidence presented in this paper indicates that the concentric cells probably received direct geniculate inputs and, therefore, they are the first cortical stage in the integration of color-contrast information.
Animals↗
Luxol Fast Blue MBSN-Levafix Red Violet E-2BL. A combined stain for myelin sheaths and glia fibers.
During investigations of reactive dyes, Levafix Red Violet E-2BL was found suitable for staining of glia fibers. Experiments were carried out on 37% formaldehyde-fixed human autopsy material. Paraffin sections were treated with Luxol Fast Blue MBSN as usual, differentiated until glia fibers were decolorized, and counter-stained in a 0.25% solution of Levafix Red Violet E-2BL in 0.25% acetic acid. Myelin sheaths were colored blue. Gila fibers, smooth muscle cells, and nuclei were stained red violet. Axons and connective tissue remained unstained; occasionally, coarse bundles of collagen showed patchy coloration. Polarization microscopic studies proved that Levafix Red Violet E-2BL is bound to well-oriented fibrous proteins in glia fibers. The similar staining and polarization microscopic properties of glia fibers and smooth muscle support previous findings that glia fibers contain a myosin-like protein.
Brain↗
Elastin VIII. A correlative study of the aging elastica of arteries and skin.
Nigrosin base in an acid alcohol solution and Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin gave excellent staining of the elastic fibers in the arteries and skin regardless of age. Neutral hydroalcohol solutions of alcohol soluble nigrosin stained the elastic fibers in the arteries and skin of humans above age 20. Clara's neutral hematoxylin stained the arterial elastica of children less than 10 years of age, but did not color the elastic fibers of the skin. By these staining procedures, it may be possible to obtain information about arterial elastica by a skin biopsy.
Age Factors↗
A methanol resorcin-fuchsin stain for elastic tissues and nuclei.
The staining properties of conventional ethanol resorcin-fuchsin and of methanol resorcin-fuchsin were compared. Formula; Dissolve 0.2 g of commercial resorcin-fuschin in 70 ml of methanol or ethanol, add 30 ml of water and 1 m1 of concentrated HC1; stain sections for 4 hours. Both solutions colored elastic and pseudoelastic fibers, cartilage and some mucins. Methanol resorcin-fuchsin also colored nuclei in methacarn- (methanol-chloroform-glacial acetic acid 6:3:1) and formalin-fixed tissues; this nuclear stain withstood counterstaining with picro-dye mictures. Zenker-fixed sections showed diffuse coloration with little or no contrast between nuclei and cytoplasm. Extraction with hot trichloracetic acid abolished binding of methylene blue, but binding of methanol resorcin-fuchsin by nuclei remained unaltered or was enhanced. Experiments with solvents containing various concentrations of methanol, ethanol or isopropanol indicated that the staining patterns of resorcin-fuchsin are determined by the nature and concentration of the alcohol. Methanol resorcin-fuchsin proved useful for simultaneous visualization of elastic tissues and nuclei.
Elastic Tissue↗
Involvement of catecholaminergic nerve fibers in angiotensin II-induced drinking in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.
Monamine distribution in a septohypothalamic area was investigated in the Japanese quail using a histochemical fluorescence method. This area includes the subfornical organ (SFO) and the preoptic area (POA) which are inferred dipsogenic receptor sites for angiotensin II (AII) in the Japanese quail. Nerve fibers showing yellow-green fluorescence were found between the POA and the SFO. Thwy traversed from the POA to the SFO, and some fibers seemed to terminate on the neurons in the SFO. After a low dose of reserpine, a considerable number of fluorescent perikarya were found in the POA. These fibers and perikarya appeared to be of primary catecholamine judging from the fluorescence color. Following transection of these fibers, fluorescence disappeared from the fibers located on the SFO side of the transection plane, while it became a little more intense on the POA side. After transection, microinjection of AII into the POA was no longer effective in induction of drinking. On the other hand, sham operation or transection in areas other than between the POA and the SFO produced only minute changes in those fluorescent fibers and had little effect on the dipsogenic potency of AII injected into the POA. These results suggest that information of AII perceived at the POA is transferred to the SFO via those primary catecholamine-containing nerve fibers, which effect induced drinking.
Angiotensin II↗
Silver impregnation method for neurons and myelinated axons of acult central nervous system.
A new method has been developed for silver impregnation of neurons and myelinated axons in the cerebral cortex of the adult dog. By this method principal types of neurons including pyramidal, stellate, fusiform, horizontal neurons of Layer I, and special auditory neurons are colored black with a clear background, while myelinated fibers in the same piece of tissue are colored yellow. The yellow hue appears limited to the myelin sheath. Meyelinated axons of all sizes in the molecular layer, radial bundles, and deep tangential strata accept the stain. Comparison with data from other experiments indicates that osmium tetroxide inhibits the yellow staining of the myelinated axons, and that formaldehyde promotes such staining in conjunction with ammonium ions and sucrose.
Animals↗
Effects of diet on growth and survival of rats fed toxic levels of tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) and sunset yellow FCF (FD & C Yellow No. 6).
Tests were conducted on the effects of diet on the response of immature male rats to massive doses of tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No.5) and Sunset Yellow FCF (FD&C Yellow No. 6). When incorporated at a 5% level in a stock diet, tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF had no grossly observable toxic effects. When fed with a purified diet, however, both tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF at 5% level in the diet resulted in a marked retardation in growth, an unthrifty appearance of the fur and death of 50% or more of the rats within an experimental period of 14 days. The toxic effects obtained by feeding the latter diets were counteracted by the concurrent feeding of blond psyllium seed powder, carrot root powder, alfalfa leaf meal and wheat bran. Supplements of the known nutrients had little if any protective effect. Supplements of purified cellulose were without protective effect for the rats fed tartrazine but had a moderate protective effect for those fed Sunset Yellow FCF.
Animals↗
Photography of the retinal nerve-fiber layer--a technique using red-free light.
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Color↗
Idiopathic pigmentation of the hands. Professional exogenous ochronosis? A new entity?
A case of ochronosis-like pigmentation of the hands is described. The following criteria were fulfilled: (1) presence of blue to black spots confined to the hands: (2) pitch-black macroscopic appearance of the biopsy specimen; (3) abundance of granular material in the whole connective structures on microscopic examination of an unstained specimen just mounted on a slide; (4) numerous pigmented granules in the elastic and collagen fibers: (5) no family history, abnormal coloration of the urine, taking of drugs, or rheumatism; (6) onset in a manual worker exposed to benzenic substances. This seems to be a new entity, probably a variant of exogenous ochronosis produced by professional contacts with some agents and perhaps a professional benzenic ochronosis.
Adult↗
[Colonofibroscopy in the diagnosis of cancer of the large intestine].
Fiberoptic colonscopy was performed in 35 patients with cancer of the large intestine (14% among the examined patients). Endoscopic diagnosis in cancer of the large intestine was precise in 96%, the results of Fiberoptic colonscopy, biopsy and cytologic assay being of primary importance in recognition of the early cancer.
Biopsy, Needle↗
[A new constant and easy method for silver impregnation of astrocyte glia and its variation, applicable to a fast and safe demonstration of reticular fibers].
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Animals↗
Pyridine-silver methods for the study of optic axons in retinal whole mounts.
The optic fibers in the retinas of diverse species may be selectively stained and viewed en bloc in the embryonic and adult states. Treat the eye as follows: 1) 50% pyridine for at least 16 hr, 2) distilled water 3--4 hr, 3) 20% H2O2 until the eye is a light brown, 4) 95% ethanol overnight, 5) 1.5% AgNO3 for 2--6 days at 37 C, 6) in water, remove the vitreous, then direct 0.25% pyrogallic acid in 1.25% formalin against the retina for 2--5 secs until the optic fibers are reduced to a coffee-copper color (1--4 minutes), 7) dissect the retina and mount flat on a glass slide, 8) cover with glycerin, apply a coverslip, and fix in place with nail polish. Variants for particular species are given. The technique offers an advantage over Golgi and methylene blue methods which tend to stain only a small percentage of fibers and frequently do not work at the earliest stages of development.
Animals↗
Changes in optic glass-fibers due to X-ray irradiation.
The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between x-ray irradiation and changes in the functional properties of flexible fiberscopes. Scanning electron microscopy, electron spin resonance, and thermoluminescent dosimetry techniques were used to determine the nature of the changes and their possible reversibility. Decreases in light transmission were observed at exposures above 5 roentgens (R), color changes were observed above 25 R, and electron spin resonance absorption changes occurred above 100 R. These changes were proportional to the x-ray doses. The x-ray exposure rates of the segmental and the subsegmental bronchi are about 20 percent that of the patient's thoracic skin surface. The above-mentioned studies showed that, for optimal results, a fiberscope should not be exposed to more than 15 minutes of fluoroscopy by a TV apparatus per week.
Bronchoscopes↗
Fiberoptic ear densitometer for measurement of cardiac output.
This study presents theory, operation, and evaluation of a new earpiece method for measurement of cardiac output using the multichannel fiberoptic system recently described. The system includes an earpiece of simple design and small size suitable for applications in all subjects regardless of their age or size. The method requires no withdrawal and analysis of blood samples for calibration. Compared with earlier techniques the present method, based on measurements in three distinct absorption bands in the infrared, provides an increase in accuracy of the estimations. This accuracy was tested in children undergoing routine cardiac catheterization. Comparisons were made in 39 instances (25 subjects) between simultaneously carried out determinations by the earpiece and cuvette densitometer methods. The agreement was good (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001), with a standard deviation of the differences of 0.479 litre/min, or 10.2% of the mean values derived from the cuvette curves. The regression equation describing the values derived from ear curves in terms of values from the cuvette curves differed only slightly from unity (Y = 0.167 + 0.985X). The usefulness of the fiberoptic earpiece technique both in clinical investigations and cardiovascular diagnosis was demonstrated.
Cardiac Output↗
[Pulmonary and hepatic aspergillomas in the deer].
Four solitary aspergillomas in deer are being described. Two were found in the lungs and two in the liver. Morphologically, they were bulky, local lesions filled with homogenous, fragile, necrotic tissue of conspicuously green color. Pulmonary aspergillomas communicated with the conducting bronchus having affected fibers. The necrotic tissue of aspergillomas was interwoven by diffuse abundant fibers of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Animals↗