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Results for “environmental policy making”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Beauty bias in butterfly research and conservation.

Conservation biases have been documented since the first emergence of the concept of biodiversity in the 1980s,1,2,3 showing a systematic disproportion in the allocation of research and conservation efforts among taxa.4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 One factor underlying this disproportion, gaining prominence in recent literature, is species' perceived beauty, shaped by human visual preferences.12,13,14,15,16,17 Here, we integrate a large-scale survey of the perceived beauty of European butterflies yielding >21,000 survey completions from >100 countries into a time-explicit network linking species' beauty, public attention, research and conservation efforts, and the EU regulatory framework. We found that species beauty is consistently associated with public attention, research, and conservation efforts in a temporally structured pattern compatible with a cumulative beauty bias. Research effort and public attention concentrate on widespread and visually attractive species, whereas species included in the legal conservation framework, particularly the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (hereafter, Bern Convention, BC, 1979)18 and the EU Habitats Directive (hereafter, HD, 1992)19 are disproportionately represented by visually appealing and historically protected taxa. Because these frameworks guide funding and management actions, early associations between species beauty and BC/HD inclusion have contributed to long-lasting institutional patterns in butterfly research and conservation. By contrast, European IUCN Red Lists20,21 do not overrepresent beautiful species and identify more inconspicuous taxa as threatened. This mismatch reveals a tension between scientific assessments of extinction risk and historically embedded conservation priorities. Our findings suggest that recognizing beauty bias is vital for aligning conservation with actual ecological urgency. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Environmental health and safety in the academic setting.

The academic institution can be viewed as a community within a community, with many environmental concerns similar to those of a municipality: private water supplies, housing, food sanitation, injury control, occupational health, radiation protection, waste control, etc. The complexity of a university environmental health and safety (EHS) program is closely related to the size of the college or university, and the type of program carried on by the institution (e.g., teaching hospital, agrigultural experiment stations, amount and variety of research programs). This paper seeks to convey information about environmental health and safety programs in colleges and universities which will be of help to environmental regulatory agencies as they interact with academic institutions. Understanding internal organizations and policy matters will make environmental regulatory agencies more effective as they interact with academic institutions. The extent of regulatory change now impacting on academic institutions is also discussed.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1979

[Development of human resources for working in environmental health].

This paper was presented as a reference document in the First Meeting of the PAHO/WHO Textbook Program Committee for the Teaching of Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences, held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from 24 to 26 November 1977. It analyzes the human resource development process in terms of the basic components: planning, development itself, and utilization. Its principal objectives are: to encourage the performance of studies and research on human resources in environmental health as sources of information for taking decisions, making policy, and drawing up training plans; to suggest ways of improving the quality of education and training services; to encourage the development of suitable techniques and methods for determining human resource needs; and to highlight some recent studies and publications on human resources in relation to environmental problems.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Protective measures, tolerance margins and legislation].

Federal, cantonal and communal legislation in Switzerland suffers from incompleteness and other deficiencies in spite of a multitude of regulations concerning air management. The future legislation on environment will have to fill in the gaps as far as possible and to eliminate these deficiencies. The legislation in preparation will be based on a modern concept and should make it possible to act in a preventive way in environmental policy as well as in air management. The choice of the instruments to be used will be based not only on availability but in the first place on effectiveness and practical possibilities of execution. Priority is to be given to the reduction of emissions. In order to deal with the problems of air pollution, it has been suggested to classify these problems according to global, national:regional and local significance. As it is not possible to solve all problems in this field in a couple of years, we need to set priorities. These will have to be attributed not only according to the actual necessity for action but also according to the state of progress of current studies.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1976

17. Description versus valuation in long-term care data.

This article discusses problems in using basic data sets as a source of material when analyzing the cost effectiveness and cost benefit of long-term health care. It is argued that data relevant to patient functioning, coping resources, environmental stress, and service inputs should be purged, insofar as practicable, of all valuation elements. Valuation must be addressed at the policy level and depends upon who makes the decision, at what time, and in what context. The role of the basic data set is to provide a ready point of entry for such valuations.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1979

Hazardous substances, the environment and public health: a statistical overview.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the statistical problems that exist and procedures that are available when attempts are made to assess the possible harm which has been or might be caused by substances in the environment. These issues bear directly on important decisions of public policy such as those related to the establishment and enforcement of regulations.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Social goals, health policy and the dynamics of development as bases for health education.

Among the most powerful social forces in this century is self determination of nations and of people. The relatively recent phenomenon of community participation in health decisions in some countries is but one aspect of the larger societal value. We can assume that self care, mutual care and collaborative involvement between providers and citizens flow from the concept of self determination. Although the pace is uneven and varies greatly among different communities and in different countries, there is a global movement towards health by the people. This is reflected in the decline of professional dominance of the health field as people in communities assume greater responsiblity for tasks previously monopolized by the health professionals. At the macro level, communities are making decisions in the allocation of resources for health and setting health priorities. At the macro level, health education is increasingly concerned in assisting consumers to develop skills in self diagnosis, self help and self care. However, if health is a human right, it must also be appropriated responsibly by those who claim it. Many healthy problems have their roots in community life. Today, major reductions in death and disability cannot be expected from curative services; instead, future progress will have to result from changes in the environment and lifestyle. Environmental changes will require in turn the cooperation of non-health sectors. Traditionally, professionals and others in these sectors have been reluctant to touch health planning and health policy due to medical dominance and a general attitude that health care belongs to the health professions. A primary task in health education is therefore to build stable linkages with other workers and the public in order that health status may be improved by finding areas of common concern and by institutionalizing joint efforts in seeking solutions through multipurpose planning. In-service training and continuing education for professionals and decision-makers are important strategies in this connection. The fostering of community capabilities for health planning and citizen responsibility in health matters is a priority in health education. This represents an investment in health resource development since the basic resources for collaboration in health improvement are people themselves, both professional and lay. Through community participation, all of us become both shapers of societal goals and governmental policies concerning health and health care, and recipients of the fruits of those goals and policies.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1976

Child health in America: toward a rational public policy.

Analysis of currently available data on mortality and morbidity indicates that the major organic illnesses of childhood, and their developmental consequences, are susceptible in part to the technical interventions of American medical science. Environmental forces, however, exert a powerful impact on the health of children in the United states, manifested both in the disproportionate toll of most organic diseases on poor and nonwhite populations and in such increasingly important symptoms of familial, social, and behavioral distress as child abuse, accidents, and childhood suicide. Review of the nature, quality, and distribution of child health services demonstrates a systemic inability to reach and treat the children most in need of them. A rational basis for child health policy includes: appropriate concepts of health, disease, and preventive and therapeutic intervention; a capacity to acknowledge, to measure, and to act on the familial and environmental, as well as the medical, sources of illness; an orientation to the developmental and social implications of good and poor child health; and a commitment to enable all children to receive health services. The data and this policy framework lead to these program recommendations: the channeling of resources into a more rational system which guarantees equity and access; a planning and program implementation mechanism which addresses the health needs of diverse local populations and which makes real the advocacy concept; a screening, evaluation, and surveillance methodology; a delivery system which both applies preventive and curative health technology and addresses basic life needs of children; and a coherent program for the training, assignment, and supervision of the several kinds of manpower which such a system would require.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Project ODIN: advancing environmental genomic surveillance for public health across sub-Saharan Africa.

Persistent SARS-CoV-2 transmission, ongoing mpox outbreaks, and the continued spread of endemic diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera underscore the urgent need for global, multiomics surveillance. In this Personal View, we present Project ODIN, a consortium of European and African partners launched in 2023 that aims to meet this challenge by deploying innovative systems for near real-time pathogen detection and actionable public health insights. The project is a collaboration between high-income and low-income countries in northern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Focusing on low-income and middle-income countries, ODIN integrates metagenomics with mobile laboratory systems for comprehensive pathogen monitoring across diverse environments. ODIN emphasises standardised sampling, bioinformatics pipelines, and data-sharing protocols to ensure reliable, interoperable results while addressing infrastructure and resource limitations. By bridging gaps in genomic surveillance, these initiatives seek to strengthen outbreak preparedness, improve pathogen detection, monitor antimicrobial resistance, and provide a holistic approach to One Health challenges. Together, these innovations could advance global surveillance capacity-particularly in under-resourced regions-paving the way for effective disease control and evidence-based policy making.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Penal institutions in Porto Azzuro].

Prior to describing the environmental and human situation of the Porto Azzurro penal Institutions, the Author devotes a chapter to the historical part and gives an outline of the most important events that, in 1600 or thereabouts, led to the construction of the Fort S. Giacoma (where the penitentiary is presently sited), which, after a number of vicissitudes and transfers of title, was finally destined for use, in 1900, as a prison establishment. The subsequent and, in particular, the recent building re-structurations, have radically changed the penitentiary in order to make it more in line with the functions required by the present prison policy. After describing the establishment's setup, which includes many institutes, the Author passes on to consider the problems of personnel and, in particular, of the military staff. In the central chapter on intramural life, he makes an in-depth review of the methods and means of treatment, some of which are proper of this particular environment. In illustrating such convicts' activities, as working, leisure time, education, relationship with the extramural world, the Author lays stress on the always present objective: that directed at helping convicts re-enter social life. In conjunction with health services and religious services, the Author deals at length with the delicate moment of the "audience", viewed as a therapeutic means indispensiable for establishing a valid re-educational contribution. The discipline and discharges conclude the description of the Porto Azzurro penal Institutions, whose environment and various treatment methods in use before the implementation of the new penitentiary System, are dealt with in detail by the Author.

Criminal Psychology↗
PubMed1978

Hazards of solid waste management: bioethical problems, principles, and priorities.

The putative hazards of solid waste management cannot be evaluated without placing the problem within a cultural climate of crisis where some persons consider such by-products of "high, hard technology" to have raised unresolved moral and ethical issues. In order to assist scientific and technical efforts to protect public health and safety, a bioethical perspective requires us to examine three controversial aspects of policy-making about public safety. Failure to recognize the qualitative difference between two cognitive activities-risk-measurements (objective, scientific probabilities) and safety-judgments (subjective, shifting value priorities)-has had three unfortunate consequences. Sophisticated methods of risk analysis have been applied in a piecemeal, haphazard, ad hoc fashion within traditional institutions with the false expectation that incremental risk-reducing programs automatically ensure public health and safety. Ethical priorities require, first and foremost, a whole new field of data arranged for comparable risk-analyses. Critics of cost/risk/benefit quantifications attack the absurdity of "putting a price on human life" but have not been confronted with its threefold ethical justification. The widening discrepancy in risk-perceptions and loss of mutual confidence between scientific experts and ordinary citizens has placed a burden of social responsibility on members of the scientific and technical community to engage in more effective public education through the political process, notwithstanding advocates of a nonscientific adversary process. The urgency of effective public education has been demonstrated by the extent to which we have lost our historically balanced judgment about the alleged environmental hazards posed by advanced technology.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1976

[Considerations on graduate education of sanitary engineering in Latin America].

The author reviews the profound process of change in Latin America which presents serious problems for environmental engineering and, consequently, for education in the various disciplines that comprise this specialization. The explosive growth of knowledge and the increase responsibilities of professionals place extreme pressure on engineering schools. These schools are forced to consider curricular changes as well as changes in admission policies and in the image and the service which they should present to society. At the present time, 25 engineering schools offer an "option" of sanitary engineering and 12 schools offer graduate courses for an M.A. in environmental engineering. In the schools themselves, a combination of fulltime and part-time professors prevails. Graduate teaching programs are expected to provide: a) increasingly complex, new scientific and technologic knowledge, b) duly selected disciplines; and c) balanced management techniques. Certain plans of action may be considered. Among these are increasing the number of schools that offer graduate courses, revising curricula, encouraging higher enrollment, including research as a standard element in teaching and, in general, seeking higher standards of excellent. Prospects for the future seem to indicate that the following actions should be taken: 1) increasing interdisciplinary programs; 2) making use of the potential offered by continuing education; and 3) encouraging the development of doctoral studies.

Curriculum↗