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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Enhanced responsiveness to parathyroid hormone and induction of functional differentiation of cultured rabbit costal chondrocytes by a pulsed electromagnetic field.

Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote healing of delayed united and ununited fractures by triggering a series of events in fibrocartilage. We examined the effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field (recurrent bursts, 15.4 Hz, of shorter pulses of an average of 2 gauss) on rabbit costal chondrocytes in culture. A pulsed electromagnetic field slightly reduced the intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) level in the culture. However, it significantly enhanced cAMP accumulation in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to 140% of that induced by PTH in its absence, while it did not affect cAMP accumulation in response to prostaglandin E1 or prostaglandin I2. The effect on cAMP accumulation in response to PTH became evident after exposure of the cultures to the pulsed electromagnetic field for 48 h, and was dependent upon the field strength. cAMP accumulation in response to PTH is followed by induction of ornithine decarboxylase, a good marker of differentiated chondrocytes, after PTH treatment for 4 h. Consistent with the enhanced cAMP accumulation, ornithine decarboxylase activity induced by PTH was also increased by the pulsed electromagnetic field to 170% of that in cells not exposed to a pulsed electromagnetic field. Furthermore, stimulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, a differentiated phenotype, in response to PTH was significantly enhanced by a pulsed electromagnetic field. Thus, a pulsed electromagnetic field enhanced a series of events in rabbit costal chondrocytes in response to PTH. These findings show that exposure of chondrocytes to a pulsed electromagnetic field resulted in functional differentiation of the cells.

Alprostadil↗
PubMed1989

Stimulation of experimental endochondral ossification by low-energy pulsing electromagnetic fields.

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) of certain configuration have been shown to be effective clinically in promoting the healing of fracture nonunions and are believed to enhance calcification of extracellular matrix. In vitro studies have suggested that PEMFs may also have the effect of modifying the extracellular matrix by promoting the synthesis of matrix molecules. This study examines the effect of one PEMF upon the extracellular matrix and calcification of endochondral ossification in vivo. The synthesis of cartilage molecules is enhanced by PEMF, and subsequent endochondral calcification is stimulated. Histomorphometric studies indicate that the maturation of bone trabeculae is also promoted by PEMF stimulation. These results indicate that a specific PEMF can change the composition of cartilage extracellular matrix in vivo and raises the possibility that the effects on other processes of endochondral ossification (e.g., fracture healing and growth plates) may occur through a similar mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparative study of bone growth by pulsed electromagnetic fields.

Pulsed electromagnetic fields have been widely used for treatment of non-united fractures and congenital pseudarthrosis. Several electrical stimulation systems such as air-cored and iron-cored coils and solenoids have been used the world over and claimed to be effective. Electrical parameters such as pulse shape, magnitude and frequency differ widely, and the exact bone-healing mechanism is still not clearly understood. The study attempts to analytically investigate the effectiveness of various parameters and suggests an optimal stimulation waveform. Mathematical analysis of electric fields inside the bone together with Fourier analysis of induced voltage waveforms produced by commonly used electrical stimulation wave-forms has been performed. A hypothesis based on assigning different weightings to different frequencies for osteogenic response has been proposed. Using this hypothesis astonishingly similar effective values of electric fields have been found in different systems. It is shown that effective electric field rather than peak electric field is the main parameter responsible for osteogenesis. The results are in agreement with experimental findings made on human beings by different investigators.

Electric Stimulation Therapy↗
PubMed1974

Augmentation of bone repair by inductively coupled electromagnetic fields.

Pulsing electromagnetic fields of low frequency and strength have been inductively coupled across skin, directly to bone, to enhance the repair of canine osteotomies. The induced voltage field in bone appears to increase the organization and strength of the repair process at 28 days after "fracture."

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Measurements of electromagnetic fields in biomedical applications.

Electromagnetic fields can interact with biological systems. Under some conditions, such interactions result in biological effects that may be hazardous, while in some other situations they may be beneficial and lead to some new medical applications. Examples of the latter are electromagnetically induced hyperthermia, bone healing, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. To quantify and assist in understanding the interactions, it is necessary to know the intensities of electromagnetic fields. In many cases, information abut the field strengths inside exposed biological bodies is equally or even more important than that about the strength of the external exposure fields. In this context, measurements of electromagnetic fields at frequencies from a few hertz to about tens of gigahertz are very important. Some classical measurement techniques used in electromagnetics are directly, or with certain modifications, applicable to biomedical applications. However, due to special requirements, new specifically tailored techniques have had to be developed. A review of measurement methods and instrumentation for probing external and internal electric and magnetic fields as relevant to biomedical applications is given. Specific requirements, limitations of existing methods, and future needs are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Electromagnetic-field exposure and cancer.

Electromagnetic fields are a ubiquitous part of man's environment. Natural sources of energy have been present, and possibly have contributed to the processes of the evolution of living forms. In very recent time, however, exploitation of the properties of the electromagnetic spectrum, has added variables in intensity, frequency, modulation frequency, and alterations in contributions of electrical and magnetic components. Biological impact has been little studied and poorly defined. Animal carcinogenesis studies and human epidemiological data indicate that exposure to nonionizing radiation can play a role in cancer causation. Numerous effects at the physiological and biochemical level have been reported; many are of such a nature that a relationship to the causation of neoplastic transformation can rationally be hypothesized. Many bioeffects of electromagnetic fields can be adequately and economically explained in terms of heat effects alone. However, observations of frequency-, pulse form or modulation-, and intensity-specificity as well as effects opposite to that known for temperature-rise, imply direct interaction of radiant energy with biomolecules. The possibility of such direct interaction has been shown in quantum mechanical models.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Properties of electromagnetic field focusing probe.

The electromagnetic field focusing (EFF) apparatus consists of a radio frequency generator, solenoidal coil, and a hand-held or catheter probe. Applications such as aneurysm treatment, angioplasty, and neurosurgery in various models have been reported. The probe is operated in the near field (within one wavelength of an electromagnetic field source) of a coil inducing eddy currents in biological tissues, producing maximal convergence of the induced current at the probe tip. The probe produces very high temperatures depending on the wattage selected for the given radio frequency of output power. The high temperature can be used in cutting, cauterizing, or vaporizing. The EFF probe is comparable to different types of lasers and to bipolar and monopolar cautery. The EFF probe can be used with catheters or endoscopes. Objectives of this study were to determine what the thermal properties of the EFF probe are and how instrument parameters can be varied to obtain different temperatures in the tissue near the probe tip. In this study an F2 catheter was used as an insulated sheath and the tip of the guide wire was used as the probe tip. Different powers, wave forms, coil-to-probe distances, and probe-tip lengths were tested on a phantom that simulates tissue electrical properties. Some of the experiments were conducted under normal saline to simulate treatment of tissue with body fluids such as blood vessels or brain tissue under normal physiologic conditions. It is concluded that the EFF probe has the advantages of easy manipulation, relative safety, cost effectiveness, and a high degree of spatial control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Electrocoagulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic lateral humeral epicondylitis--a double-blind controlled assessment of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy.

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis. As lateral humeral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) is a similar chronic tendon lesion, 30 patients with both clinical and thermographic evidence of tennis elbow were randomly allocated to receive either active or inactive PEMF therapy. Treatment was continued for a minimum period of eight weeks. At this time there was no statistical difference between the two groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Changes in the selfexcitation reaction in rats under the effect of modulated electromagnetic field].

The effect of electromagnetic field with various modulation frequencies (2, 7, and 50 hertz) on the reaction of selfstimulation was studied in rats. The frequency of 2 hertz proved to cause a primary increase in the incidence of the selstimulation reaction, followed by its depression; the frequency 7 hertz at first failed to alter the selfstimulation intensity and then led to the gradual reduction of the incidence of the selfstimulation reaction; the frequency of 50 hertz depressed the selfstimulation reaction practically from the very beginning. The changes in the selfstimulation reaction were independent of the localization of the stimulating electrodes, but were determined by the frequency of the EMF modulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Risks of electromagnetic fields for humans].

Different kinds of electromagnetic fields are treated regarding their possible effects on the human organism. Only scientific findings are taken as a basis for these considerations. According to the latest state of research only strong magnetic fields of low frequency and strong electromagnetic fields of high frequency can be critical for humans if exposed for a prolonged period. Possible causes for this threat are either the incidence of heart fibrillation or grave burnings of the body. Fields with such a strong intensity, however, are found only in few specific technical environments where they usually can be avoided by the specialists there. An impairment of well-being may also occur in connection with almost all other kinds of fields due to direct or indirect influence when the strength of the field becomes very high. An exception to that is only the static magnetic field where there are different findings from in-vivo- as well as in-vitro-experiments which, however, do not fit into these categories. Since the mechanisms of these effects are not understood yet, it is impossible to make statements about the medical relevance of the observed effects. Considering the variability and the partial inconsistency of the results found in magnetic fields it must be concluded that additional studies are necessary to validate these findings statistically. Last not least this also applies to the presumed and in public controversially discussed connection between the promotion of cancer and relatively weak time-varying magnetic fields, which in these low intensities occur not only in households, cars and trains, but also in almost all working environments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed1988

Effects on the nervous system by exposure to electromagnetic fields: experimental and clinical studies.

Exposure to electromagnetic fields may cause various types of effects on nervous tissue, in severe cases even irreversible damage. The exposure conditions, i.e. frequency including type and extent of modulation, time, intensity, wave form, as well as shape, size and position of exposed subject and possible treatment with drugs, are factors determining if damage, acute or chronic, ultimately result. Long term exposure of newborn rabbits, rats and mice to electromagnetic fields of power frequency (10-14 kV/m; 50 or 60 Hz; sinusoidal wave form; 21-24 h per day) may cause affection and even damage to the nervous system. Large nerve cells showed reactive changes such as lamellar bodies and cytoskeletal alteration to an extent varying with exposure conditions. Reactive neuroglial changes as well as increase in neuroglial marker proteins could concomitantly be demonstrated. The changes seemed to be reversible although we only have incomplete data available. Exposure in vitro of frog sciatic nerve to 16-60 Hz sinusoidal low current (50-1000 nA) for 17 h induced cytoskeletal changes. Exposure of rabbits to pulsed microwaves of moderate to high intensity (3.1 GHz; 300 Hz modulation; peak duration 1.4 usec with maximal peak intensity about 1000 times average; 55 mW/cm; SAR in the brain cortex about 20 W/kg; increase of temperature as measured by lightguide-equipped instruments in right brain hemisphere about 1-2 degrees C) during 1 h per day during three days resulted in no obvious initial changes in behaviour. Minimal acute dam- age could be demonstrated. However, after two to four months and later on both structural, immunohistochemical and biochemical changes could be documented. Radar technicians accidently and/or occupationally exposed to microwaves showed psychoneurological signs of affection as well as changes in cerebrospinal fluid protein pattern. No related changes have been noticed among matched controls. Exposure of nervous tissue to electromagnetic fields ranging from power frequency to microwaves may thus exert a wide range of effects, mostly by mechanisms we know little about.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thermal profiles of electrocauteries, the Nd:YAG laser, and the electromagnetic-field focusing system.

Electromagnetic-field focusing (EFF) is a method of converging induced eddy current onto a pointed tip of a tuned length return circuit in the near field of a resonator, which results in the production of high temperature. Previously reported applications of this method include various devices for local hyperthermia and a precision surgical device. The latter is currently being used in human clinical trials under two investigational device exemptions from the Food and Drug Administration. In the present work, the thermal profile produced in a uniform, tissue-simulating phantom by the hand-held probe of the surgical EFF system is compared with those produced by mono- and bipolar electrocauteries and by a contact Nd:YAG laser. At the equivalent power setting and 2-cm insertion depth, the EFF probe was shown to have a tighter thermal profile than the monopolar electrocautery or the contact Nd:YAG laser. This finding is consistent with earlier histologic evidence that brain cortical tissue cut by the surgical EFF probe had minimal thermal damage in the tissue surrounding the incision.

Electrocoagulation↗
PubMed1989

Stimulation of rat sciatic nerve regeneration with pulsed electromagnetic fields.

The effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on rat sciatic nerve regeneration after a crush lesion were determined. The rats were placed between a pair of Helmholtz coils and exposed to PEMF of frequency 2 Hz and magnetic flux density of 0.3 mT. A 4 h/day treatment for 3-6 days increased the rate of nerve regeneration by 22%. This stimulatory effect was independent of the orientation of the coils. Exposure times of 1 h/day-10 h/day were equally effective in stimulating nerve regeneration. Rats exposed to PEMF for 4 h/day for 7 days before crush, followed by 3 days after crush without PEMF, also showed significantly increased regeneration. This pre-exposure 'conditioning' effect suggests that PEMF influences regeneration indirectly.

Animals↗