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PubMed2026

Biocontrol Potential and Mechanism of Endophytic Bacillus velezensis WSR1 Against Rubber Tree Anthracnose.

Fungal leaf anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum species, is a major leaf disease of rubber trees, significantly reducing global natural rubber yields. To explore sustainable and safe biological control strategies, eight bacterial strains were isolated from rubber tree tissues, demonstrating antagonistic activity against Colletotrichum pathogens (C. siamense and C. australisinense). Among these, WSR1 exhibited the most pronounced antifungal effect, with inhibition rates of 87.64 and 89.03% against C. siamense and C. australisinense, respectively. Genomic analysis identified WSR1 as Bacillus velezensis. In pot experiments, WSR1 exhibited preventive efficacy of 77.24 and 73.42% for C. siamense- and C. australisinense-induced anthracnose, respectively, with therapeutic efficacy of 42.28 and 45.57%. WSR1 compromised the integrity of the cell walls and membranes of both C. siamense and C. australisinense, while inducing reactive oxygen species accumulation within the hyphae. Additionally, WSR1 enhanced rubber tree resistance to anthracnose by activating defense-related enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase. Plate assays and genomic analysis revealed that WSR1 secretes fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes (cellulases, pectinases, and proteases) and siderophores. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gene cluster analysis confirmed the synthesis of antagonistic secondary metabolites, such as surfactin, macrolactin H, and fengycin. This study represents the first identification of B. velezensis as a potential biocontrol agent against rubber tree anthracnose, offering a promising candidate for the eco-friendly management of rubber tree diseases.

C. australisinense↗
PubMed2026

Bacillus subtilis isolated from medicinal plants rhizosphere effectively controls Cercospora leaf spot and improves plant growth in mung bean (Vigna radiata).

BACKGROUND: Mung bean is an important leguminous crop, which is reported to face devastating yield losses of up to 70% due to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease. Traditional methods, such as the application of agrochemicals and fungicides, have been used to control CLS, but their intensive use has toxic effects on edible crops. METHODS: To find out a sustainable alternative, this study characterizes a strain, Bacillus subtilis Medicinal_04, isolated from Cannabis sativa rhizosphere and explores its role as an eco-friendly biofungicide and biostimulant. The species level identification of the isolate was confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANIb) and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH). The antagonistic efficacy of B. subtilis Medicinal_04 against Cercospora canescens was evaluated in vitro as well as in planta assays. RESULTS: ANIb of 97.80% and a dDDH score of 85.90% against the reference B. subtilis str. 168. confirmed this isolate as B. subtilis. The in-vitro results showed that B. subtilis robustly inhibited C. canescens growth by 81.5%, strongly correlated with positive chitinolytic activity and a diverse genomic array of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. The in planta results demonstrated that B. subtilis seed priming reduced disease incidence by 80 and 71.4%, while foliar application resulted in reductions of 90 and 85.7% for NM-51 and NM-20-21 varieties, respectively. Furthermore, fungicide application successfully reduced disease, however it caused noticeable phytotoxic reductions in root-shoot architecture and chlorophyll content. In contrast, biological interventions completely bypassed these trade-offs as B. subtilis application displayed improved root-shoot length, pod number, and chlorophyll content, while simultaneously enhancing antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) and PR-1 gene expression. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that B. subtilis Medicinal_04 has the potential to serve as a multifunctional biocontrol agent and is capable of securing high-level disease suppression and optimizing plant productivity, offering a valuable toolkit for climate-smart, sustainable agriculture.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2026

Screening, optimization and artificial recombination of dsRNA fragments for RNAi-mediated pest resistance in Apolygus lucorum.

RNA interference (RNAi) is an eco-friendly strategy for pest management, with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as the core functional component. In this study, three RNAi target genes (Ubx, wupA and Dpp) with strong lethal effects on Apolygus lucorum were screened via microinjection. The 7-day cumulative mortalities were 56.67 ± 3.33% for dsUbx, 94.44 ± 1.11% for dswupA and 92.22 ± 1.11% for dsDpp. We optimized dsRNA sequences by removing conserved sequences in non-target organisms based on homology alignment and off-target risk analysis. The optimized fragments dswupA-OTE and dsDpp-OTE still exhibited high insecticidal activity, with 7-day cumulative mortalities of 77.78 ± 2.94% and 70.00 ± 1.93%, respectively. We also evaluated the effects of dsRNA length and target sites on RNAi efficiency and screened potent short dsRNA fragments. Novel artificially recombinant dsRNAs were constructed by assembling effective short fragments from different genes, which retained strong insecticidal activity despite shorter sequence length. This study verifies the feasibility of multi-target recombinant dsRNA for pest control and provides a theoretical basis for developing multi-gene RNAi technologies against A. lucorum.

Apolygus lucorum↗