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Results for “differential aerosolization”

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16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Beyond survival: microbial dispersion via aerosolization as an evolutionary trait.

Airborne dispersion of microorganisms is a constant ecologically significant global process. However, the initial stage of this process, the uplift of microbes to the atmosphere, remains poorly understood as an ecological filter. Differential aerosolization could serve as a potent selector allowing a subset of microorganisms to disperse via air more efficiently, providing potential advantages in establishment in new environments. While traits associated with atmospheric survival and deposition are well documented, microbial aerosolization is still generally presumed to be stochastic, primarily due to the small size of microorganisms and their lack of active biological ejection mechanisms like those found in seeds and larger fungal spores. However, emerging evidence suggests that uplift into the atmosphere is a dynamic interaction between physical forces in the environment and specific biological traits. This review synthesizes observations from genomic source tracking studies and laboratory experiments that describe how preferential enrichment of certain taxa into the atmosphere is based on intrinsic properties including extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) mediated aggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, surfactant production, and other potentially relevant microbial traits. Additional candidate traits that may contribute to enhanced aerosolization are identified along with the potential mechanistic basis by which they might influence uplift. Future work with controlled chamber studies on single organisms and integration of atmospheric flux measurements with trait-based microbial uplift can provide a mechanistic basis for more accurate models of bioaerosol flux. Improving our comprehension of bioaerosol aerosolization behavior and flux is critical to understanding the dispersal of microorganisms across diverse habitats and their subsequent impacts on ecosystems, global climate, and the spread of diseases.

atmospheric microbiology↗
PubMed1979

[Significance of bronchial hyperreactivity (tested with acetylcholine) and ventilatory inhomogeneity for the early detection and differentiation of chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD) (author's transl)].

Bronchial hyperreactivity (tested with 0.01% acetylcholine ultrasonic aerosol) and ventilatory inhomogeneity (tested with V2/V1-parameter of the flow-volume diagram) using the pneumotest apparatus were studied. Patients with high bronchial reactivity are frequently showing not only ventilatory disorders of distribution but sometimes also an additional increase due to the bronchial provocation. Bronchial reactivity testing combined with the flow-volume diagram allows to estimate the predominant site of the bronchospastic response either centrally or also in the more peripheral parts of the bronchial system. By testing bronchial reactivity persons without any symptoms and with no evident spirometric alterations can be separated in dependence on the relative increase of total airway flow resistance as well on smoking habits. That does not succeed with the appliance of the inhomogeneity parameters V2/V1. The results obtained in this study are of value for preventive measures, for early detection of risk factors in premorbid stages, for assessment of prognosis in chronic nonspecific lung disease, for an adequate therapy and also for the rehabilitation of patients in jobs with inhalation of noxious dusts.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1977

Clinical management of sinusitis.

In the clinical management of sinusitis, consideration should be given to the etiology of the disease, which today can be classified as infection, allergy and vasomotor conditions and local and general immunity deficiency. It is important to mention that infection can be present with an allergy, as well as with immunity deficiency. Knowledge of this differentiation is necessary for providing more effective and longer lasting conservative treatment. Surgical interventions are kept at a minimum and used only for derisation and drainage of sinuses, while preserving the mucosa.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Kinetics of pulmonary defense in deep lung (author's transl)].

The association of different experimental methods using radioactive particulate aerosols with bronchial washing and morphometric techniques reveals the importance of alveolar macrophages in antibacterial defense and the interest of their quantitative evaluation. The study of the kinetics of pulmonary phagocytic systems has shown a "capillary compartment", which consists of a reserve of monocytes which are temporarily present in the lung and in transit through it. This reserve represents 4.6% (sigma=1.4) of the cells from deep in the lung and is much larger than the systemic monocytic pool. 0.5% of these monocytes are in a phase of DNA synthesis. This capillary compartment must be clearly separated from interstitial phagocytes, the number of which is insignificant under physiological conditions. The phagocytic relay by polynuclear elements appears during bacterial aggression and is interdependent with macrophagic population. The particularities of the immune defenses of the distal parts of the lung are stressed especially in comparison with systemic defenses.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1975

[The effect of various aerosols on nasal ventilation (rhinomanometric investigations (author's transl)].

Rhinomanometry is useful for estimating the reactions of nasal mucosa to saline aerosol inhalations. The resistance of the whole nose provides insufficient evidence. Reactions on one side of the nose clearly show that--it is possible to differentiate qualitatively and quantitatively between the first and the second stage after inhalation. The reaction on one side of the nose may be opposite in character to the other side. The same person may respond in a contrary manner on different days both qualitatively and quantitatively. Patients with rhinitis and allergy react particularly briskly. The problems of nasal dynamics are indicated.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1978

In vitro activation of the alternative pathway of complement by settled grain dust.

Settled grain dust was collected from several active grain elevators in the Superior-Duluth areas of the United States. Particle size distribution (47% less than 5 micrometer) and endotoxin contamination (429 ng/gm) of the dust were similar to those reported for the airborne parent dust. Human complement uas activated in vitro in a dose-response manner which could be quantified. This hemolytic consumption was via the alternative pathway as defined by ethylenediaminetertraacetic acid/ethylene-glycol-bis-(beta-amino-ethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EDTA/EGTA) differential serum chelation, factor B conversion, and complement reductions in serum from guinea pigs deficient in C4. It is proposed that continuous low-dose exposure to aerosolized, biologically active rafter dust could contribute to the respiratory insult of grain workers.

Complement Activation↗
PubMed2026

SCAN: A sample-to-answer cross-priming isothermal assay for on-site virus detection with RT-qPCR sensitivity and genomically similar virus differentiation specificity.

Genomically similar viruses often differ in pathogenicity and host tropism due to specific mutations, and failure to distinguish them risks misdiagnosis and ineffective control. Molecular methods can differentiate such viruses but require laboratory settings and skilled personnel, while field-deployable immunological methods suffer from cross-reactivity. To address this challenge, we developed SCAN (Sample-to-answer Cross-priming isothermal amplification Assay with Nucleic acid strip), a general framework for on-site detection of genomically similar viruses. Comparative bioinformatics of isolation and sequencing data identifies key conserved differential determinants for primer design, ensuring specificity and reducing non-specific amplification. A one-tube cross-priming isothermal amplification (CPA) enables rapid target amplification without thermal cycling, and the products are visually detected on a nucleic acid strip. All steps are integrated into a handheld, lightweight device (9.9&#x202f;&#xd7;&#x202f;4.4&#x202f;&#xd7;&#x202f;3.3&#x202f;cm, <200&#x202f;g) that also prevents aerosol contamination. Using transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), the latter a natural mutant of TGEV, as a model, SCAN achieves a detection limit of 102 copies/&#x3bc;L with sensitivity comparable to RT-qPCR and supports sample-to-answer testing within 80&#x202f;min and simple operations. With verified high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, as well as field usability, SCAN provides a generalizable route for developing point-of-care tests (PoCT) that require precise field differentiation of closely related pathogens.

Cross-priming isothermal amplification↗
PubMed1978

Acute lung injury induced by cadmium aerosol. II. Free airway cell response during injury and repair.

This paper presents a study of the effects of cadmium chloride aerosol on free airway cell populations. Rats were given a single exposure to aerosolized 0.005 M CdCl2 dissolved in physiologic saline. CdCl2 exposure induced a fivefold increase to 43.2 X 10(6) total cells at 4 days as compared with 11.1 X 10(6) in saline-exposed controls and 8.4 X 10(6) in unexposed rats (P less than 0.001). Differential counts showed a peak of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) at 3 days after CdCl2 exposure, whereas values for saline-exposed animals showed no change from values for unexposed animals (P less than 0.001). Four days after CdCl2 exposure thepredominant cell was the alveolar macrophage (AM), which showed a highly significant increase in number and size over saline-exposed and unexposed animals. A significant increase in lymphocytes also occurred, with a peak at 4 days. At 10 days after exposure, AM were still more numerous after CdCl2 exposure (P less than 0.001), but all other cell types had returned to control levels. Correlation with previous ultrastructural studies on CdCl2 exposure suggested the peak of PMN coincided with Type I cell necrosis. In contrast, AM predominated durion and phagocytosis occur.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Imminent shock; a useful diagnosis in drug pathology.

A research has been carried out on a total of 121 persons with survival post-drug shock (DS), which registered 192 DS. Mention should be made of their predominance in the feminine sex (85 per cent) and their maximum frequency between the ages of 21-50 (average age 34). DS was the first adverse reaction to drugs in 71 per cent of the cases. Therefore DS unpredictability is very frequent. A retrospective study suggested the role of risk factors which should help the doctor to prevent DS (personal allergic antecedents, antecedents of adverse reactions to drugs, neuroses, disorders of endocrine glands, feminine sex, etc.). In 1970, the clinical concept of shock imminence (SI) was formulated and it is applied to various etiologies (drugs, insect stings, food). The existence of SI was identified in the case history of 14 per cent of the persons with DS. SI is a syndrome which includes all clinical manifestations with imminent potential of transformation into shock condition, and represents the stage precursory to the setting up of shock. The utility of SI diagnosis is maximum if it also includes the causal factor (e.g. SI by penicillin or aspirin). The clinical image of SI may vary from the monosymptomatic aspect (urticaria, vomiting, diarrhoea, headaches, etc.) to the one with complex symptomatology (mixed form). Usually the symptoms are dramatic and depend on the administration of a certain drug (often in SI of allergic origin) or of various drugs (mainly on non-immunologic form). The absence of vascular collapse differentiates SI from shock. Differential diagnosis is more difficult in border cases with a slight diminution of blood pressure. SI can be diagnosed especially in several circumstances: when the first adverse drug reaction is dramatic; when the first allergic-type reaction to a drug occurs; when the repetition of drug reactions is amplified in intensity or frequency; when it occurs in persons with risk factors. The differential diagnosis of SI is made with a crude or minimum shock and with pre-shock condition. The advantages of SI diagnosis are the institution of efficient treatment with rapid recoverability and the prevention of subsequent shock to the respective drug.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Enumeration and ultrastructure of C4-producing free alveolar cells from guinea pig lung.

Free alveolar cells from guinea pig lung producing the fourth emoponent of C (C4) were identified, enumerated, and characterized by using anti-C4 Fab-peroxidase conjugates in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy. The C4-producing cell population consisted of: 1) alveolar macrophages (AM); 2) less well differentiated phagocytes similar in morphology to exudate macrophages; and 3) weakly phagocytic secretory cells with numerous profiles of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Internal immunolabeling allowed the visualization of C4 in the ER, perinuclear space, and Golgi complex of producer cells and its release at cell surfaces; synthesis of C4 in vitro was sensitive to inhibitors both of protein synthesis and messenger RNA function. The percentage of free alveolar cells from normal animals competent for C4 production as indicated by cell surface immunolabeling was approximately 1% of the total cells obtained by lavage. Transnasal infection with Listeria monocytogenes, generation of a pulmonary granulomatous reaction by i.v. injection of heat-killed BCG, and aerosol infection of nonvaccinated animals with Myco-bacterium tuberculsois each resulted in an increase in numbers of AM and exudate macrophage-like free alveolar cells competent for C4-production.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Nasal and paranasal sarcoidosis.

Previous publications have dealt with the anatomic location, morphology, and natural history of sarcoidosis in the head and neck region. Different treatment modalities intranasal granulomas have included submucosal injection of depocorticosteroids and corticosteroid aerosol spray. This article presents an overview of nasal and paranasal granulomatous disease, a brief review of the natural history of the disease, and a hypothesis of the cause of granulomatous formation in the nose and paranasal sinuses. With the presentation of two cases of nasal and paranasal sarcoid, an attempt is made to correlate the degree of involvement, stage of development, and effect of the granulomas with the treatment of choice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Trace elements in the atmosphere.

The distribution and behaviour of particulate trace elements in the atmosphere have been studied by continuous measurements for 5 years at seven non-urban sites in the United Kingdom. Samples have been taken regularly of airborne dust, rainwater and dry deposition: these have been analysed for up to 36 elements. Concentrations of trace elements vary considerably between sites but the relative concentrations are among uniform: this suggests similarity of origin or good atmospheric mixing. By comparing the relative concentrations with those in soil it is possible to differentiate between trace elements that are derived from soil and those that may be attributed to industrial activity. This classification is supported by estimates of the particle sizes in air. The deposition of trace elements can be related to the concentrations presnet in soil and to the annual removal by crops. Retrospective analyses of stored samples from one site describe the history of trace element concentrations in air since 1957. The sea surface is considered as a possible source of atmospheric trace elements.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1977

Differential airway reactivity to carbachol and physostigmine sulfate in rhesus monkeys with and without reagin-mediated respiratory responses.

Bronchial airway reactivity to carbachol (CAR) and physostigmine (PHY) was individually measured in three rhesus monkeys with and three rhesus monkeys without reagin-mediated respiratory responses (RR). The three monkeys with reagin-mediated RR demonstrated bronchial hyperreactivity to CAR (p less than 0.25) but not PHY when compared with the three control monkeys. No correlation between airway reactivity to CAR and PHY was noted in all six monkeys. We conclude that monkeys with reagin-mediated RR possess airway hyperreactivity to the exogenously administered acetylcholine analogue CAR, but not to the endogenous acetylcholine which is released in vivo by PHY.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1978

[Experimental differentiation in animals of oral and inhaled lead burden from combined absorption of industrial emissions].

Trials in sheep and rabbits were performed in an area of industrial immissions in the summer months of 1974--1976, to differentiate oral and inhalative lead actions. The animals lived at different distances and in different directions from a lead emitting factory. Hematological and biochemical assays showed that only the measure of the activity of aminolevulinic acid dehydratase produces most significant results of the inhalative influences of lead. To state effects after oral ingestions the estimation of ALA-D and of free erythrocyte porphyrines were suitable. The inhalation of air with lead content between 2 and 14 micrograms/m3 reduced the activity of ALA-D, if the lead content of feed did not exceed the value of 35 ppm. After feeding a lead concentration of more than 35 ppm, the influence of the inhalative action was superposed by the action of the oral intake. The inhalative action can only be demonstrated after a low oral intake. The results indicate that inhalative actions of lead can be proven in an open field area around a lead emitting factory.

Absorption↗