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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Virus detection in monkeys with diarrhea: the association of adenoviruses with diarrhea and the possible role of rotaviruses.

To explore the role of viruses in the etiology of diarrhea in colony-reared monkeys, direct electron microscopy, the fluorescent virus precipitin test and cell culture inoculation were used to examine the stools of monkeys with and without diarrhea. The animals were predominantly rhesus with a few macaques of other species, and included infants, juveniles and adults. Adenoviruses were isolated from a higher proportion of specimens from rhesus monkeys with diarrhea (73% of specimens from infants and 78% of specimens from juveniles and adults) than from control monkeys without diarrhea (22% of specimens from infants and 26% of specimens from juveniles and adults). SV 20 was the most frequently isolated simian adenovirus type; SV 17 and SV 32 also were recovered. Noncultivable adenoviruses detectable only by electron microscopy were not seen. Although adenovirus excretion was associated with diarrhea, the causal role of adenoviruses was difficult to assess. When serial specimens from animals with chronic or intermittent episodes of diarrhea were examined, sequential infections with different viruses were found to be common. Rotaviruses were detected by electron microscopy and isolated in cell cultures from two infant rhesus monkeys with diarrhea. However, the low detection rate, together with negative serologic data on 40% of infant monkeys with diarrhea, suggested that rotaviruses were not the major cause of gastroenteritis in the monkeys under study.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1976

Detection of neonatal calf diarrhea virus, infant reovirus-like diarrhea virus, and a coronavirus using the fluorescent virus precipitin test.

Thirty-four calf and five infant fecal specimens were tested for the neonatal calf diarrhea virus (NCDV) and for the reovirus-like infantile diarrhea agent; respectively. The procedures used were the fluorescent virus precipitin test and immune electron microscopy. Fourteen of the calf stools contained detectable NCDV, and four of the five infant stools contained the reovirus-like human agent. Infectious NCDV was detected in four of the 34 calf fecal specimens when Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell cultures that had been inoculated with supernatant fluids from stool suspensions were stained with fluorescent antibody. The 20 calf stools that did not have detectable virus were examined for the bovine corona diarrhea virus. Coronavirus was found in two of these specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Symposium on diarrhea. 3. Investigation of chronic diarrhea.

The practical approach to the investigation of diarrhea must be logical and based on anatomic considerations. The site of the underlying disorder may be determined by the clinical picture, and the logic of investigation will be influenced by the history. Important specific investigation in a case of colonic diarrhea include a careful rectal examination, stool inspection, sigmoidoscopy, rectal biopsy and barium enema study. Colonoscopy has been used, but its role has yet to be defined. In a case of small-bowel steatorrhea or diarrhea quantitative chemical estimation of the daily output of stool fat is useful, and to this investigation is added a small-bowel radiograph series and, if the radiographic findings are abnormal, small-bowel biopsy. Other investigations for small-bowel disease may include the breath test with carbon-14-labelled glycocholic acid, the lactose tolerance test, duodenal aspiration for giardiasis, analysis of serum immunoglobulins and, on occasion, isolation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide hormone (which may aid the diagnosis of functioning tumours of the pancreas or small bowel). Investigations for pancreatic steatorrhea include abdominal radiography, performance of the secretin test and testing of the response to pancreatic replacement therapy. In some patients it may be useful to use endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to differentiate pancreatic carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1978

Rearing regimen producing piglet diarrhea (rotavirus) and its relevance to acute infantile diarrhea.

Piglets were weaned when 1 day old and thus were denied further access to the antibodies supplied by their dam's milk. They were placed in a nursery in which contamination by the ubiquitous rotavirus steadily increased with continuous use causing a progressive increase in the incidence of vomiting, diarrhea, and death among the piglets. A similar syndrome involving an antigenically related rotavirus and analogous management practices occurs in human infants.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Studies on diarrhea of young calves. 1. Quantitative analysis of the gastrointestinal flora in clinically healthy calves and in calves with diarrhea].

Quantitative composition of gastro-intestinal-flora was determined in 23 clinically healthy calves and the course of germ spreading was followed up. In comparison with these healthy animals in 25 diarrhoea affected calves at the age of 4 to 17 days there could be observed signigicant differences only in few parts of the gastro-intestinal-tract concerning the quantitative composition of germ flora. Only in 3 animals enterotoxin producing E coli strains could be detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Study on diarrhea in young calves. 2. Pathomorphological studies in clinically healthy calves and in calves with diarrhea].

Pathological-anatomical and histological investigations were performed in 49 calves aged from 1 to 18 days, 26 of them being affected by diarrhoea, 23 being without clinical signs. In both the groups above all rhinitis, gastritis and typhlocolitis could be observed, thus the affection could be characterized as rhinogastrocolitis. Significant differences only existed between diarrhoea affected and clinical incospicuous calves concerning the macroscopic signs of the colon, periportal infiltrates of the liver and thymus in involution. The peak of inflammatory reaction is in general reached at the 7. to 10. day of life. In concordance with bacteriological findings the results refer to an affection not due to coli infection. Virus etiology may not be excluded and has to be examined in further studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Prophylaxis against ampicillin-associated diarrhea with a lactobacillus preparation.

The efficacy of a lactobacillus preparation (Lactinex) in preventing ampicillin-associated diarrhea in adult inpatients was studied. In a double-blind procedure, 98 patients were assigned randomly to receive one packet of Lactinex (Lactobacillus acidophilus and L bulgaricus) or placebo four times daily for the first five days of ampicillin therapy. Cases of diarrhea were reviewed independently and classified according to etiology. Complete data were obtained for 79 patients--43 received placebo and 36 received Lactinex. Diarrhea occurred in nine (21%) patients receiving placebo and in three (8.3%) patients receiving Lactinex; the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.21, Fisher's Exact Test). When the patients with diarrhea unrelated to ampicillin were excluded (50%), the incidence of ampicillin-induced diarrhea in the placebo group (14%) was significantly greater (p = 0.03, Fisher's Exact Test) than in the Lactinex group (0%). Prophylactic administration of lactobacillus preparations may be effective in preventing ampicillin-induced diarrhea; however, prophylactic administration appears to be justified, on a cost/benefit basis, only in patients with a history of antibiotic-induced diarrhea.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ecophylaxis: preventive treatment with gentamicin of rabbit lincomycin-associated diarrhea.

In rabbits the oral or parenteral administration of lincomycin result in a severe and usually fatal form of diarrhea. The rabbits treated simultaneously with lincomycin and gentamicin do not present any sign of disease and behave exactly, therefore, as the control subjects. The same occurs in subjects treated with gentamicin alone. In all the subjects which died with diarrhea there was a marked alteration of the intestinal bacterial flora. Among the aerobic bacteria there was an overgrowth of coliforms and less frequently of enterococci, while bacilli were reduced and lactobacilli completely disappeared. Among the anaerobic bacteria, bacteroides and bifidobacteria disappeared and there was an overgrowth of clostridia instead. In rabbits treated contemporaneously with lincomycin and gentamicin, coliforms were absent and the mean number of clostridia was at least one hundred times lower; as in rabbits treated only with lincomycin, enterococci were present in greater number, while lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and bacteroides completely disappeared. Some of the bacteria which are able to overgrow in lincomycin treated subjects, in particular coliforms and clostridia, can be considered potentially pathogenic and their overgrowth could therefore explain the onset of diarrhea. Actually in faecal specimens of rabbits with lincomycin-associated diarrhea, together with the overgrowth of E. coli and clostridia, there is an absence of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and bacteroides. It is known that these last bacteria contribute, in normal conditions, to maintaining the ecological equilibrium of the intestinal microbial flora. The diarrhea itself can be attributed most likely to the ecological alteration of intestinal microbial flora, with an overgrowth of some potentially pathogenic bacteria and the suppression of others which normally exert an inhibiting effect on the former. It has been suggested to call this form of gentamicin prophylaxis of lincomycin-associated diarrhea 'ecophylaxis', in the sense that it prevents or corrects certain types of ecological alteration of the intestinal microbial flora which lead to diarrhea.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Mechanism of protection from primary bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. I. The effects of dexamethasone.

A series of investigations was designed to study the role of cellular immunity and passive antibody in protecting neonatal calves from primary bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Administration of corticosteroids (dexamethasone) in doses capable of suppressing cellular immunity markedly potentiated systemic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in calves which lacked bovine viral diarrhea passive neutralizing antibody. Immunosuppressed calves did not form neutralizing antibody to bovine viral diarrhea virus and developed a fatal viremia. Calves with high levels of passive bovine viral diarrhea neutralizing antibodies were protected from the effect of corticosteroids. The results suggest an essential role for humoral passive antibody, but not for cellular immunity, in protection from primary systemic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Travelers' diarrhea among U.S. Army troops in South Korea.

A prospective study of diarrhea was conducted among 98 U.S. Army soldiers during their first six weeks in South Korea. Diarrhea developed in 54 (55%) of 98 soldiers and had a mean duration of five days. Infections with Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteroviruses, and intestinal parasites were uncommon. Four (8%) of 50 soldiers with documented diarrhea, two (6%) or 32 with a history of diarrhea, and one (3%) of 29 who denied gastrointestinal symptoms had serologic evidence of a recent rotavirus infection. The etiology of diarrhea among U.S. soldiers who had recently arrived in South Korea differed from the etiology among travelers in warmer climates, where enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli were responsible for the majority of cases. Further efforts are needed to define other enteric pathogens in the etiology of diarrhea among new arrivals in different parts of the world.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed1978

Watery diarrhea syndrome. Two unusual cases and further evidence that VIP is a humoral mediator.

Two unusual cases of the watery diarrhea syndrome are presented. In one patient an adrenal medullary tumor, a pheochromocytoma that produced vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was excised with total relief of symptoms. The second patient a 65-year-old man with abrupt onset of massive watery diarrhea that led to acidosis and coma was symptomatically controlled for one year on 10 mg/day of prednisone. Elevated levels of VIP returned to normal after prednisone therapy was started. A benign islet cell tumor not localized by angiography was removed by distal pancreatic resection. Tissue levels of VIP were markedly elevated. VIP is a humoral mediator of the water diarrhea syndrome. Both benign and malignant pancreatic and extrapancreatic tumors may cause the watery diarrhea syndrome. Steroids may cause symptomatic relief of the diarrhea by lowering peptide levels to normal. The term watery diarrhea syndrome may be more accurate than the pancreatic cholera syndrome.

Adenoma, Islet Cell↗
PubMed1978

Surface structures of Escherichia coli that produce diarrhea by a variety of enteropathic mechanisms.

Strains of Escherichia coli, mostly of human origin, were obtained from several different investigators who had isolated them from patients with diarrhea from many different parts of the world. The mechanisms by which these E. coli were thought to have caused diarrhea included: (i) synthesis of labile, stable, or Shigella dysenteriae-like enterotoxins; (ii) invasion of the intestinal mucosa; and (iii) unknown. Each strain was carefully examined for pili or flagella to correlate the presence or absence of such surface structures with a particular mechanism of diarrhea. The presence of pili was determined by colony morphology on minimal media, pellicle formation in static broth culture, and transmission electron microscopy. The pili were categorized as type 1 if the bacteria fermented rhamnose and if pellicle formation was inhibited by alpha-methyl-d-mannoside. The presence of flagella was confirmed in motility media and by transmission electron microscopy. Six invasive E. coli strains lacked pili and flagella. Ten E. coli strains that synthesized enterotoxins or produced diarrhea by an unknown mechanism were piliated (seven with type 1 pili), and all but one had flagella. Pili and flagella seem to be associated with strains of E. coli that produce diarrhea by enterotoxin synthesis or unknown mechanisms. Strains that produce diarrhea by mucosal invasion lack both types of surface structures.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed1979

Chlorpromazine reverses diarrhea in piglets caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

The effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was tested in piglets since CPZ has been shown to be a potent antagonist to enterotoxins in vitro in a cell system and in vivo in a mouse model. Experimental diarrhea was induced in three litters of newborn piglets which were infected by mouth with 2 x 10(9)E. coli bacteria, which produce heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. Treatment with CPZ given intramuscularly 1 h after the onset of diarrhea reversed fluid secretion in small intestine as well as dehydration, as judged by clinical criteria. A dose of 5 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight completely normalized the intestinal-fluid content measured 4 h after diarrhea developed, whereas 1 to 2 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight was somewhat less effective but still caused significant reduction of fluid (P < 0.001). Studies with radioactive [(35)S]CPZ showed preferential and dose-dependent uptake of (35)S in the intestinal mucosa, the radioactivity being evenly distributed in the membranes of both crypt and villus cells. The enzyme adenylate cyclase, which probably mediates the cellular effects of LT, was shown to have two- to threefold higher activity in the infected than in the uninfected animals. This activation was reduced about 50% by the CPZ treatment (2 mg/kg of body weight). In a preliminary field trial the effect of CPZ was tested in a spontaneous outbreak of diarrhea in piglets due to enterotoxinogenic E. coli. The animals were treated either with oral electrolyte solution and standard antimicrobial agents only (controls) or with 1 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight intramuscularly in addition to this treatment. The mean duration of diarrhea in CPZ-treated animals was significantly shorter, 4.1 h (n = 23), than that in controls, 7.2 h (P < 0.05).

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1978

Noncultivable viruses and neonatal diarrhea: fifteen-month survey in a newborn special care nursery.

During a 15-month period of surveillance, diarrhea developed in 257 of 913 babies (28%) admitted within 2 hours of birth to a special care nursery in Melbourne, Australia. Diarrhea was seasonal, affecting a maximum of 43% of babies admitted during one winter month (July) and a minimum of 13% of babies admitted during one summer month (December). Diarrhea was no more frequent nor more severe in babies of very low birth weight or of very early gestational age. Two noncultivable viruses were located by electron microscopy in feces from babies with or without diarrhea. Excretion of a reovirus-like particle (rotavirus, duovirus, human reovirus-like agent, infantile gastroenteritis virus) was temporally related to diarrheal symptoms. Asymptomatic infection with this virus also occurred. A 28-nm virus-like particle was excreted by some babies, but it could not be implicated on epidemiological grounds in the etiology of the diarrhea. Rotavirus infection may be an important cause of endemic diarrhea in nurseries for the newborn. Infection may be difficult to control or eradicate, since it is often asymptomatic and may be influenced by infection in the community at large.

Australia↗
PubMed1979

Diarrhea and rotavirus infection associated with differing regimens for postnatal care of newborn babies.

Surveillance of 2,041 babies born during 4 winter months in one obstetric hospital in Melbourne, Australia, showed that 215 developed acute diarrhea during the first 2 weeks of life. Babies requiring special care from birth had a high incidence of sporadic diarrhea (36%). The incidence of diarrhea among healthy full-term babies was low if they were "rooming-in" with their mothers (2 to 3%) but high if they were housed in communal nurseries (29%). The most important factor influencing incidence of diarrhea was proximity to other newborn babies and frequency of handling by related adults. Breast feeding did not always protect babies from diarrhea. Excretion of rotaviruses was temporally retlated to diarrhea in 61 to 76% of healthy full-term babies and in 44% of babies requiring special care. Other eneteric pathogens, including enerotoxigenic Escherichia coli, were occasionally isolated. Calculation of the ratios of symptomatic to asymptomatic infection suggests that babies requiring special care are much more likely to develop symptomatic illness after rotavious infection than are full-term babies.

Australia↗
PubMed1979

Drug therapy reviews: pharmacotherapy of diarrhea.

Gastrointestinal physiology, and the pathophysiology, diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea are reviewed. Drugs used in the treatment of diarrhea include opiates (morphine, codeine), synthetic anti-diarrheals (diphenoxylate, loperamide), anticholinergics (atropine, propantheline), adsorbents (kaolin, pectin, cholestyramine resin) and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Chronic diarrhea and acute diarrhea caused by microorgansims, drugs and viruses are described. The management of diarrhea can be divided into three categories: (1) supportive therapy (fluid and electrolyte replacement); (2) symptomatic therapy which improves the consistency of the stool and reduces the frequency of bowel movements; and (3) specific therapy aimed at treating the cause (e.g., antibiotics for bacteria-induced diarrhea) or blocking the cellular mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte loss. Most acute diarrheal conditions can be managed successfully by avoiding oral solids and ingesting carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions. Synthetic antidiarrheals may increase the toxicity associated with bacterial diahhrea.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1979

Naloxone reversal of drug-induced diarrhea in mice.

The potential role of endogenous opiates in the mediation of the diarrheal actions of prostaglandin-F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and methacholine was investigated. The interaction of the antidiarrheal agents morphine, propantheline bromide and cyproheptadine on the course of PGF2 alpha-induced diarrhea in mice was studied, as were the effects of naloxone on PGF2 alpha-, methacholine-, and 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced diarrhea. The three diarrheal agents, administered intraperitoneally, showed dose-dependent and parallel dose-response curves with the following order of decreasing potency: PGF2 alpha, methacholine and 5-HTP. Naloxone significantly inhibited the diarrhea induced by these agents. The diarrheal action of PGF2 alpha was also significantly attenuated with morphine, propantheline and cyproheptadine. These results suggest that PGF2 alpha, methacholine and 5-HTP induce diarrhea via a common pharmacological mechanism(s) which may involve an interaction with endogenous opiate receptors. However, the antagonism of diarrhea with agents having diverse pharmacological actions would suggest that factors unrelated to an interaction with endogenous opiates may also be involved in the production of diarrhea by the diarrheagenic agents studied.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗