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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

Endothelial cell cytotoxicity of cotton bracts tannin and aqueous cotton bracts extract: tannin is the predominant cytotoxin present in aqueous cotton bracts extract.

Using an in vitro cytotoxicity assay based on the release of 51Cr from cultured porcine thoracic aortic and pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, we have demonstrated that cotton bracts tannin is a potent endothelial cell cytotoxin. It produces dose-dependent lethal injury to both types of endothelial cells with the aortic cells being somewhat more sensitive to tannin-mediated injury than the pulmonary arterial cells. Cytotoxic injury to the cells was biphasic. During the first 3 hr of exposure to tannin, no lethal injury was detected. However, during this period, profound changes in morphology were observed suggesting sublethal injury to the cells preceded the ultimate toxic damage. Comparison of the cytotoxicity dose curves for aqueous bracts extracts with those for tannin demonstrated that tannin was the major cytotoxin present in bracts.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Characterization of airborne cotton dust concentrations in the non-textile cotton industry.

Workers in the "non-textile" cotton industry breathe a dust which is similar to the dust in the cotton spinning and weaving or "textile" industry. This exposure prompts the question of byssinosis prevalence and other respiratory disease in the non-textile cotton industry. NIOSH has completed a cross-sectional medical and environmental study evaluating the prevalence of byssinosis in five segments of the non-textile cotton industry. A total of 92 non-textile cotton facilities were evaluated, including cotton gins, cotton classing offices, cottonseed oil mills, cotton compress-warehouses, and waste utilization plants. This paper presents the results of the measurements of cotton dust levels and particle size distributions in these segments. Average elutriated dust concentrations for individual plants ranged from 101 to 2050 micrograms per cubic meter of air (micrograms/m3) in 35 cotton gins, 81 to 376 micrograms/m3 in 13 classing offices, 502 to 2041 micrograms/m3 in 18 cottonseed oil mills, 39 to 831 micrograms/m3 in 13 compress-warehouses, and 237 to 3968 micrograms/m3 in 13 waste utilization facilities. Results tend to be lower than those reported in the literature for non-textile operations.

Dust↗
PubMed1975

1. The effect of dietary fat on the host-parasite relations in cotton rat filariasis. 2. Host-parasite relations in the progeny of cotton rats fed protein deficient diets and infected with filariasis-a preliminary report. 3. Immunoglobulin levels in the early stages of infection with filariasis in cotton rats with and without dietary protein deficiency. 4. Action of aliphatic alcohols on aquatic stages of mosquitoes.

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Alcohols↗
PubMed1989

Smoking and cotton dust effects in cotton textile workers.

Cotton textile workers have an increased prevalence of both obstructive and restrictive lung function patterns compared with control subjects. Similar abnormal patterns may occur with respiratory diseases of other etiologies, notably those associated with cigarette smoking. The shape of the maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve has been used to characterize patterns of lung function abnormality. To better evaluate the respiratory effects of cotton dust exposure and to contrast them with those of cigarette smoking, we defined a new functional parameter (angle beta) related to the shape of the MEFV curve. We compared 477 cotton textile workers, both current smokers and never smokers, 45 years and older, with 932 similarly aged control subjects from three communities. Smokers, regardless of their occupational exposure or sex, have smaller beta values than nonsmokers. Cotton textile workers, despite a greater prevalence of abnormal lung function, have beta values that do not differ from those of persons without occupational exposure to cotton dust. We suggest that morphologic patterns of flow volume curves reflect separate effects of cotton dust exposure and smoking and may be related to different sites of airway injury.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Survey of the mycoflora and mycotoxins of cotton seeds and cotton seed products in Egypt.

Thirty-nine species and 16 fungal genera were isolated from Egyptian cotton seeds, cotton seed meal and cotton seed cake on 1% glucose-Czapek's agar medium incubated at 28 degrees C. Aspergillus was the most frequent genus and it emerged in 87-100% of the samples contributing 70-98% of total fungi in the three substrates tested. The most common species were A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus and Rhizopus stolonifer; A. niger, A. fumigatus and Penicillium corylophilum; and A. niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. nidulans and Rhizopus stolonifer, respectively. Cotton seeds and cotton seed products were naturally contaminated by aflatoxin B1 and B2. About 16% of the different substrates tested were positive for aflatoxin contamination. No citrinin, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin or zearalenone were detected in the samples assayed.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1986

Smoking and cotton dust effects in cotton textile workers: an analysis of the shape of the maximum expiratory flow volume curve.

Cotton textile workers have an increased prevalence of both obstructive and restrictive lung function patterns when compared to control subjects. Similar abnormal lung function patterns may occur with other respiratory diseases, notably those associated with cigarette smoking. The shape of the maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve has been used to characterize patterns of lung function abnormality. We defined a new functional parameter (angle beta) related to the shape of the MEFV curve in order better to characterize the respiratory effects of cotton dust exposure. In this study, 477 cotton textile workers, both current smokers and never smokers 45 years and older, were compared to 932 similarly aged control subjects from three communities: Lebanon and Ansonia, CT, and Winnsboro, SC. Smokers, regardless of their occupational exposure of sex, have smaller values of beta than do nonsmokers. Cotton textile workers who have more abnormal lung function than do controls, cannot be distinguished from controls by beta. We suggest that such functional differences between cotton and smoking effects may reflect injury to different portions of the bronchial tree.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Studies on a cell sampling method in mass screening for uterine cervical cancer--comparison of data obtained with a cotton tipped applicator, wooden spatula and cotton tipped applicator plus colposcopy].

In mass screening tests for uterine cancer carried out Shimane Prefecture, we used three different scraping methods. This summary is a report of a comparison of the findings with each method. Results are as follows: From 1973-1982, 214, 798 Japanese women were examined in mass screening tests. Among the 42, 443 examined using a cotton tipped applicator, there were 15 (0.035%) with mild dysplasia, 8 (0.019%) with severe dysplasia, 6 (0.014%) with carcinoma in situ and 8 (0.019%) with invasive carcinoma. In 38,106 women examined using the spatula, 25 (0.066%) had a mild dysplasia, 10 (0.026%) a severe dysplasia, 18 (0.047%) a carcinoma in situ and 26 (0.068%) an invasive carcinoma. In 134,249 examined using a cotton tipped applicator plus colposcopy, 283 (0.211%) had a mild dysplasia 108 (0.080%) a severe dysplasia, 57 (0.042%) a carcinoma in situ and 78 (0.058%) an invasive carcinoma. Thus, the use of a cotton tipped applicator plus colposcopy leads to higher rates of detection of mild and severe dysplasia. In the group with a negative Papanicolaou smear and for whom the cotton tipped applicator plus colposcopy was used, there were 214 with a mild dysplasia, 65 with a severe dysplasia, 11 with a carcinoma in situ and 7 with an invasive carcinoma. The combination of cotton tipped applicator and colposcopy proved to be the most effective for mass screenings for uterine cancer, as the detection rates for severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ were higher and there were fewer incidences of false negative results.

Carcinoma in Situ↗
PubMed1977

[Contamination of cotton seeds and of cotton seed cake by aflatoxin].

Following the discovery of aflatoxin M in cow's milk in the previous study, the contamination with aflatoxin of cotton-seed and cotton-seed cake which constitute the principal feed of local animals was measured. The samples were taken from 2 factories. The grain from the 1st factory was grown in the centre of the country in dry climate, and those from the 2nd source originated from the humid region of the north of Iran. The grain and cotton-seed cake from the 1st factory did not contain aflatoxin before storage. During storage the sample contamination amount and percent increased with time in both regions, with the dry less than the humid. In conclusion, Iranian cotton-seed and cotton-seed cake appear to be contaminated with aflatoxin B in 2 processes. The 1st is aflatoxin contamination before harvest, in the humid region of Iran; the 2nd is general storage aflatoxin contamination in both regions in which humidity and length of storage appear to be the principal factors.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1984

Cotton dust and smoking effects on lung function in cotton textile workers.

Both smoking and exposure to cotton textile dust have been associated with the development of chronic obstructive lung disease. The relative importance of these two effects are examined in this paper. This investigation is based on a cross-sectional study of white active and retire cotton textile workers 45 years and older seen in 1973 in Columbia, South Carolina with an average of 35 years worked in the mills. A questionnaire was completed and an expiratory flow volume curve obtained for each worker studied. Standard pulmonary function parameters including the forced vital capacity (FVC), the forced expired volume in one second (FEV1), and the maximum expiratory flow at 50% (MEF50%), and at 25% (MEF25%) were recorded. White residents 45 years and older from three communities studied from 1972 to 1974 were used as controls. A two-way analysis of variance examined both the effects of cotton dust and smoking on lung function. Both exposures significantly influenced lung function and were found to be additive and often equally important. When one effect was more important than the other, it was in FVC and FEV1 for cotton dust and in MEF50% and MEF25% for smoking.

Dust↗
PubMed1985

Endotoxin in cotton dust and respiratory function decrement among cotton workers in an experimental cardroom.

To study the various reactions of gram-negative bacteria and their endotoxins observed in workers exposed to cotton dust, experiments were undertaken where cotton mill workers carded cottons from different geographic locations, each containing different amounts of bacterial endotoxins. Exposure was determined as the vertical elutriator dust and endotoxin levels. Measurements were made of the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the number of blood neutrophils before and after work, and the prevalence of symptoms of byssinosis was recorded. There was a significant correlation between the vertical elutriator endotoxin levels and the group mean changes in FEV1 (p less than 0.01) but no correlation between vertical elutriator dust levels and changes in FEV1. There was also a dose-response relationship between the endotoxin levels and the presence of symptoms of byssinosis in the exposed workers as well as between endotoxin levels and an increase in blood neutrophils. This observation supports findings from several previous studies and suggests that endotoxin triggers the mechanisms responsible for the decrease in respiratory function in the byssinosis syndrome. Other constituents of cotton dust could also be of importance for this reaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Bacterial contamination of cotton and cotton dust and effects on the lung.

Bacterial contamination of various parts of the cotton plant and of cotton from different mills was investigated. The predominant bacterial species were Gram-negative rods mainly of the Enterobacter genus. When guinea pigs inhaled strains of these bacteria cultivated from cotton, a strong leucocyte mobilising capacity was found for Pseudomonas and Enterobacter but not for Agrobacterium or Bacillus species. The aetiology of the development of pulmonary symptoms after inhalation of bacteria-containing dusts and subsequent production of endotoxins is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cotton dust and endotoxin exposure-response relationships in cotton textile workers.

Endotoxin exposure has been implicated in the etiology of lung disease in cotton workers. We investigated this potential relationship in 443 cotton workers from 2 factories in Shanghai and 439 control subjects from a nearby silk mill. A respiratory questionnaire was administered and pre- and postshift forced expiratory volume (FVC) and flow in one second (FEV1) were determined for each worker. Multiple area air samples were analyzed for total elutriated dust concentration (range: 0.15 to 2.5 mg/m3) and endotoxin (range: 0.002 to 0.55 microgram U.S. Reference Endotoxin/m3). The cotton worker population was stratified by current and cumulative dust or endotoxin exposure. Groups were compared for FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC%, % change in FEV1 over the shift (delta FEV1%), and prevalences of chronic bronchitis and byssinosis, and linear and logistic regression models were constructed. No dose-response relationships were demonstrated comparing dust concentration to any pulmonary function or symptom variable. A dose-response trend was seen with the current endotoxin level and FEV1, delta FEV1%, and the prevalence of byssinosis and chronic bronchitis, except for the highest exposure level group in which a reversal of the trend was seen. The regression coefficients for current endotoxin exposure were significant (p less than 0.05) in the models for FEV1 and chronic bronchitis but not in the models for delta FEV1% (i.e., acute change in FEV1) or byssinosis prevalence. The coefficient for dust level was never significant in the models.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1976

Host-parasite relations in cotton rat filariasis. I: The quantitative transmission and subsequent development of Litomosoides carinii infections in cotton rats and other laboratory animals.

This paper introduces the long-term and continuing studies of the authors and their colleagues on several aspects of the host-parasite relations in cotton rat filariasis. Five methods are described for the calculation of the number of infective larvae of Litomosoides carinii transmitted to cotton rats and other laboratory animals by groups of Liponyssus bacoti mites. The relation between the calculated transmission intensities and the number of worms recovered from individual infected animals has been determined by each of the five methods. The accuracy and relevance of each method is discussed and one (method B) has been found to give a better correlation with worm recovery than the others. Some effects of infection with filariasis on the mites are described. The role of heavily infected mites in transmission is questioned and their influence on the calculation of transmission is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Respiratory effects of cotton dust exposure in the cotton garnetting industry.

We measured exposures to total dust, vertically elutriated dust, and endotoxin and studied acute pulmonary responses among 128 workers in the cotton garnetting and mattress assembly industries. Previous studies in this segment of industry have not characterized endotoxin exposures or related them to pulmonary responses. The median 8-hour time-weighted average total dust was 0.72 mg/m3, the median vertically elutriated dust was 0.22 mg/m3, and the median endotoxin concentration was 5.2 ng/m3. Ten percent of the subjects reported chest tightness or dyspnea on Mondays. Thirteen percent of the subjects reported symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Although there was no relationship between changes in pulmonary function across the workshift and either total dust, vertically elutriated dust, or endotoxin exposure, 13% of the subjects had greater than 5% decrements in FEV1 over the workshift.

Adult↗