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PubMed2026

Multidimensional Protein Corona Analysis Toward Predictive Nano-Bio Interface Design.

Nanoparticles entering biological fluids are rapidly coated by proteins and other biomolecules, converting their synthetic surfaces into biologically active nano-bio interfaces. These coronas regulate colloidal stability, immune recognition, cellular uptake, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, cargo delivery, and toxicity. Yet a protein list obtained by mass spectrometry captures only part of this interface. Corona identity and function are also shaped by protein organization, binding stability, exchange dynamics, conformational changes, and molecular accessibility. Here, we discuss recent progress in protein corona isolation and analysis from a question-oriented analytical perspective, with emphasis on how centrifugation, magnetic recovery, affinity- or chemistry-enabled capture, chromatography, filtration, and field-flow fractionation (FFF) influence the fidelity, integrity, and comparability of recovered coronas. We then examine how proteomic profiling can be integrated with binding measurements, interfacial structural analysis and functional validation to distinguish descriptive corona signatures from biologically meaningful mechanisms. We further consider how biofluid composition, disease state, tissue interfaces and cellular environments remodel corona identity, presentation, and bioactivity. Finally, we argue that standardized reporting, computational modeling, and AI-enabled approaches are essential for converting protein corona datasets into reproducible and predictive knowledge that can guide the design of drug delivery systems and precision nanomedicines.

Protein Corona↗
PubMed1977

"Runde" viurs, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks.

From 206 I. uriae collected in the seabird colonies at Runde, Norway, two identical virus strains demonstrating no antigenic relationships to major arbovirus groups were isolated. The new strains demonstrated a corona-virus like morphology, haemagglutinated chicken red cells and were sensitive to sodium desoxycholate. Multiplication with CPE was demonstrated in BHK 21/c13 and BSC-1 cells, and without CPE in Vero and GMK cell cultures. The mouse pathogenicity was relatively low. In gel precipitation three to five specific lines were seen. Precipitating antibodies have been found in seabird species commonly infested by I. uriae. The ecological cirucmstances of the isolates indicate an earlier unrecognized arbovirus circulating between seabirds and I. uriae. This corona-like virus has been tentatively termed Runde virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Influence of protein aggregates, extracellular vesicles, and lipoprotein fusion on ionizable lipid nanoparticles protein corona analysis.

Since 2018, ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have revolutionized nucleic acid therapeutics. However, achieving potent extrahepatic delivery remains a formidable challenge, primarily due to rapid hepatic uptake driven by apolipoprotein adsorption. While analyzing the LNP protein corona is essential for engineering organ-specific tropism, these soft materials present unique analytical hurdles. Co-isolation of blood-borne contaminants, such as extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins, often masks the true corona composition. This perspective examines the critical need for refined proteomic strategies to distinguish genuine corona proteins from impurities. We propose tailored investigative approaches, suggesting the LNP protein corona significantly differs from the rigid shells observed on inorganic nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles↗
PubMed1975

Acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea in beef calves. I. Occurence and distribution of infectious agents.

Beef calves in a 48-cow herd were studied during one calving season from birth to ten days of age to determine the presence or absence of potentially enteropathogenic bacteria, viruses, and/or chlamydia in both normal and diarrheic calves. Calves were born and raised outside in large pens unless the ambient temperature was below minus 10 degrees F when calving was done inside. Fecal swabs, fecal aliquots, and nasal swabs were taken from each calf at 32, 128 plus or minus 3, and 248 plus or minus 3 hours of age and as soon after the onset of diarrhea as possible. Diarrhea was defined as that condition in which the feces contained less than 10% dry matter. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in feces were identified using the ligated gut loop procedure in calves and by feeding broth cultures to colostrum fed lambs seven to 16 hours old. Potentially enteropathogenic viruses were detected using a variety of methods which included tissue culture, fluorescent antibody, hemadsorption, and electron microscope techniques. Of the 40 calves studied, 32 (80%) developed diarrhea before ten days of age. Twenty-two strains of Escherichia coli which caused dilation of calf ligated intestinal loops were isolated from 11 scouring calves and from one normal calf. Nine out of ten strains of Escherichia coli which dilated ligated loops also caused diarrhea when fed to colostrum-fed lambs seven to 16 hours old. Using antibody technique a Reo-like virus was detected in the feces of 15 calves before, during, and after the onset of diarrhea. Four calves excreted both loop dilating strains of E. coli and Reo-like virus in the feces before ten days of age; in all cases the loop dilating E. coli were isolated from the feces prior to the demonstration of Reo-like virus. A Corona-like virus was also demonstrated in three of the 15 calves infected with Reo-like virus and a noncytopathogenic strain of bovine virus diarrhea virus was isolated from two of the 15 calves infected with Reo-like virus. A loop dilating strain of Citrobacter was isolated from one diarrheic calf. There was no consistent pattern of onset or duration of diarrhea in calves which excreted different infectious agents. Salmonella species, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parvovirus, adenoviruses, parainfluenza-3 virus, and Chlamydia species could not be demonstrated in any of the calves or their dams. No potentially enteropathogenic agents could be demonstrated in 11 of the 32 calves which scoured. These findings emphasize the complexity of the infectious aspect of the neonatal diarrhea syndrome and illustrate the difficulty in making an etiological diagnosis in field outbreaks of the calf scours complex.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Pathological and microbiological observations made on spontaneous cases of acute neonatal calf diarrhea.

The purpose of this report is to describe clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, bacteriological and immunofluorescence observations made on spontaneous cases of acute neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) in dairy and beef herds. The following diagnostic tools were used: 1) direct smears of intestinal content, 2) Escherichia coli counts, 3) aerobic bacterial cultures of the small intestine and other organs (The O serogroup and the enterotoxigenicity of the E. coli isolated was determined), 4) detection of the two Nebraska NCD viruses (reo-like and corona-like) by the fluorescent antibody technique and 5) histological examination on different segments of the digestive tract. The following etiological diagnoses were suggested after post mortem examination of 55 cases of NDC (34 were submitted alive): reo-like virus only (1), reo-like virus + E. coli (4), reo-like virus + cryptosporidium (2), reo- + corona-like viruses (5), reo- + corona-like viruses + cryptosporidium (3), reo- + corona-like viruses + infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (1), coronavirus-like agent only (2), coronavirus-like agent + mycotic abomasitis (1), coronavirus-like agent + crytosporidium (1), E. coli only (6), cryptosporidium only (5), mycotic abomasitis (3), mycotic rumenitis + reticulitis (1) and undetermined (20). Most of the calves in the last group were submitted dead.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

Respiratory activity of oocytes isolated from ovarian follicles of the rat.

In order to study substrate dependent respiration oocytes were isolated from antrum follicles obtained from ovaries of prepubertal rats. The oocytes used were either surrounded by 1 to 3 layers of granulosa cells (oocyte + corona radiata), or mechanically denuded from surrounding cells (denuded oocytes). By use of Cartesian micro-diver technique the respiratory rate could be determined in single oocyte + corona radiata cell complexes or in samples of a few denuded oocytes. The oocytes were incubated either in an isotonic Tris-HCL buffer or in a hypotonic phosphate buffer. The rate of respiration was determined without addition of exogenous substrate and with addition of different substrates in varying concentrations. Cellular respiration was linear 2-4 h both in absence and presence of substrate. Both types of oocyte preparations were unable to utilize glucose as substrate. Lactate stimulated slightly the respiration of the denuded oocyte while pyruvate and oxalcetate increased markedly the respiratory activity of both types of oocyte preparations. Succinate had an influence on the oocyte + corona radiata only when the hypotonic medium was used while it was easily utilized in both media by the denuded oocyte. In a preliminary series of experiments the in vitro influence of bovine lutienizing hormone (LH) on the cellular respiration was studied. Both in presence and absence of corona radiata a significant decrease in oxygen uptake was registered, consistently appearing within 30 min after the addition of the hormone. As the relationship of the phenomenon to ovum maturation was not studied, the possible biological meaning remains to be elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Negative contrast electron microscopic diagnosis of viruses of neonatal calf diarrhea.

Ninety-one cases of neonatal calf diarrhea were examined for viruses with negative contrast electron microscopy. Viruses were demonstrated in 41% of the cases. Reo-like viruses and corona-like viruses, and mixed virus populations were observed in 12%, 20% and 9%, respectively. Twenty-six of the cases were examined by negative contrast electron microscopy, and by virus isolation or by fluorescent antibody technique. There was an 81% agreement in obtained results. The disagreements resulted from the demonstration of a viral agent by negative contrast electron microscopy while the other techniques did not indicate a virus. The results suggest that negative contrast electron microscopy is a more sensitive diagnostic tool for demonstration of viruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea than are viral isolation or the fluorescent antibody technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Hodgkin's disease in the spleen. Investigation of Hodgkin foci and areas for the immune response.

Spleens with proven though small Hodgkin lesions were examined expecially in relation to the lymphoid tissue normally engaged in the immune response. These Hodgkin foci were always very close to small arteries and surrounded by a lymphocyte corona. Most of the red and white pulp seemed normal, but in some instances abnormal looking large and also multinucleated cells were found scattered through the p.a.l.s. and especially through some follicles. It is considered possible that these isolated cellular abnormalities in the white pulp, when associated with pre-existent Hodgkin foci, represent early Hodgkin lesions. The implications for the dissemination of the disease are discussed. Spread of malignant cells to the spleen is only acceptable within the concept of a homing principle. It is also possible that the lesions arise "de novo". The nature of the observed abnormal cells is not clear. An explanation for the origin of these Sternberg-Reed-like cells from B-lymphocytes would be in accordance with recent data, but another possibility still is that they originate from antigen trapping cells.

Arterioles↗
PubMed1979

Canine viral enteritis. Recent developments.

Two apparently novel viral gastroenteritides of dogs were recognized in 1978: one caused by a parvo-like virus (CPV) and one by a corona-like virus (CCV). A rotavirus has also been tentatively associated with neonatal pup enteritis. Canine viral enteritis is characterized by a sudden onset of vomiting and diarrhea, rapid spread and high morbidity. Treatment is only supportive but must be initiated promptly. Infected animals should be isolated immediately; the extremely contagious nature of these diseases makes them difficult to contain. Feces from infected dogs appear to be the primary means of transmission. Sodium hypochlorite solutions (eg, Clorox) are recommended for disinfection. The development of effective vaccines is an immediate and pressing problem.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Early and late CNS-effects of corona virus infection in rats.

The mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM was injected intracerebrally into newborn and weanling rats. Three types of diseases were observed: 1. Acute panencephalitis: Almost all suckling rats became moribund within 6 days. Histologically severe panencephalitis with demyelinating foci was noticed; the foci were similar to those found in mice. Virus was easily detectable in the oligodendroglial cells and neurons both by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Infectious virus could be isolated. 2. Subacute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (SDE): Three weeks after infection of weanling rats, about 35% of the animals developed paralysis. Neuropathologically, demyelination with a striking predilection for white matter was observed in the brain stem, optic nerve and spinal cord. Virus was detectable by electron microscopy in degenerating oligodendroglial cells only, which corresponded to the results obtained by the immunofluorescent techniques. Infectious virus could be recovered. 3. Chronic progressive paralysis: Inoculated weanling rats without SDE developed 6 to 8 months later a slowly progressing paralysis of the legs. Hydrocephalus and myelomalacia were present. Viral "footprints" could not be detected.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Molecular characterization of a new emaravirus infecting Clerodendrum thomsoniae plants.

High-throughput sequencing revealed a new emaravirus named clerodendrum yellow blotch virus (ClYBV), infecting Clerodendrum thomsoniae plants in São Paulo State, Brazil. Four genomic RNA segments (RNA1, RNA3, RNA4, and RNA5) were recovered, whereas RNA2 remained undetected. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise comparisons based on amino acid sequences showed ClYBV is most closely related to redbud yellow ringspot-associated virus (RYRaV, Emaravirus cercidis). No ClYBV particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy in leaf tissues from infected plants. These results support the identification of ClYBV as a new Emaravirus member, though the undetectable RNA2 suggests the isolate may be defective, lacking this segment and unable to produce virus particles. The binomial species name "Emaravirus clerodendri" is proposed.

Phylogeny↗
PubMed1979

The effect of air ionization on the air-borne transmission of experimental Newcastle disease virus infections in chickens.

The effect of artificial air-ionization on air-borne transmission of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in chickens was studied in an isolated system consisting of two side-by-side cages with solid walls and a wire-gauze roof. During a 3-week observation period more than 90% of the uninoculated indicator chickens, housed in one of the cages, contracted the virus shed to the air by the NDV-inoculated, diseased birds in the neighbouring cage. This air-borne transmission of NDV was completely prevented by increasing the ion concentration in the test room by a constant negative corona discharge above the wire-gauze roof. On the other hand, spreading of the infection within a group of chickens housed in a single cage was not affected by air ionization. These and other results suggest that artificial air-ionization may protect animals from certain air-borne infections by interfering with microbial aerosol formation and/or by facilitating their decay.

Air Ionization↗