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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Genomic resources to advance seed coat color and patterning genetics and breeding in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Seed coat color and patterning are key quality traits in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) that define market classes and strongly influence consumer preference and market value. These traits are controlled by a complex network of major genes (sometimes with epistatic interactions), which complicates the recovery of desired market class phenotypes following inter-market class hybridization. Although many of the underlying loci have been genetically mapped, diagnostic, high-throughput molecular markers for efficient allele tracking across the Middle American and Andean gene pools remain limited. In this study, we developed and validated 24 gene-specific PCR Allele Competitive Extension (PACE) markers targeting seven major seed coat color genes (G, B, V, J, Rk, T, and Z) and two patterning genes (CPi and CSt), together with a previously reported marker associated with the postharvest seed coat darkening locus (Psd). An additional PACE marker targeting the Phaseolin (Phs) locus was developed to distinguish Middle American (S-type) and Andean (T-type) gene pools, providing a complementary tool for assessing genetic background alongside seed coat-specific loci. Marker performance was evaluated across three diverse panels, revealing high diagnostic accuracy for most loci (90%-100%). However, for loci such as J, V, Rk, T, and Z, allele-specific markers or marker combinations were required to capture full allelic diversity. Haplotype analysis further revealed substantial allelic diversity across market classes and identified background-specific interactions. Collectively, these results provide a comprehensive set of high-resolution, gene-anchored PACE markers for seed coat color, patterning, and gene pool classification in common bean. These markers enable rapid and precise allele tracking in breeding populations and germplasm collections, facilitating marker-assisted selection for market class-specific seed coat traits and accelerating genetic improvement.

Phaseolus↗
PubMed1979

Alteration of the Agouti mouse coat color pattern by bromoergocryptine. Possible involvement of MSH.

In the Agouti mice C3H Avy the coat color of the dorsum changes from birth to maturity. In young animals the dorsal tegument is yellow whereas in adult mice it shifts to dark gray. The administration of bromoergocryptine, a dopamine agonist, as a single injection in a beeswax pellet prevented the color change resulting in the persistence of the immature pattern. After plucking an area of the dorsum of an adult animal, the regrown hair was dark; however, when bromoergocryptine was administered at the time of plucking the new hair was not dark but yellow. When MSH was injected in adult animals previously treated with the drug, the 'bleaching' effect of bromoergocryptine was abolished, suggesting that this substance did not act directly upon melanin synthesis. In bromoergocryptine-treated mice the MSH content of the pars intermedia was decreased and the ultrastructure of this lobe contained cells with signs of hypoactivity. These two observations suggested that the effect of the drug on the coat color might be ascribed to inhibition of the secretion of MSH. The results may indicate that in the Agouti C3H Avy mice MSH plays a physiological role in determining the coat color. On the other hand, in CH57BL mice bromoergocryptine did not elicit color changes suggesting that in this strain the normal color of the hair is not MSH-dependent.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

[Establishment of two rat strains for testing coat color genes (author's transl)].

Two tester strains of the rats for testing coat color genes were established. The names, the origins and the genotypes of the rats were as follows: (1) abh (F4) Origin: selected from (BN/fMai X Kyo: Wistar) F2. Genotype: C/C, a/a, b/b, h/h. (2) bhd (F2) Origin: selected from (abh X Tester Moriyama)F2. Genotype: C/C, a/a, b/b, h/h, D/d and C/C, a/a, b/b, h/h, d/d.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Museum genomics links MC1R alleles to adaptive winter coat color polymorphism in the long-tailed weasel.

Understanding the architecture of biological adaptations is a major endeavor of evolutionary biology. Using Natural History collections, we study the genetic basis and evolution of white/brown winter coat color variation in the long-tailed weasel (Neogale frenata), a crucial phenological adaptation for camouflage in habitats with seasonal snow. We produced whole-genome sequencing data for museum specimens, along two winter color morph transition areas in North America, at the West and East coasts. Genome-wide association scans identified a single genomic region linked to color variation polymorphism with approximately 300 kb and 200 kb in the West and East regions, respectively, which included the pigmentation gene MC1R. We identified three MC1R alleles, two of which with deletions of nine or eight amino acids, alternatively associated with the winter brown morphs in the West and East, respectively. These deletions affect the second transmembrane domain, and in one case also the first extracellular loop, which in silico analyses predicted to impact the protein's function. Our findings show alternative intraspecific evolutionary solutions for environmental adaptation in long-tailed weasels, building on the evidence that major genes of the melanin production pathway are hotspots for recurrent and independent evolution of winter camouflage adaptation. This adaptive variation may be crucial to anchor adaptive responses facing future environmental change.

Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1↗
PubMed1976

[Mutagenic effect of radiation on mice, subjected to gamma-irradiation during the embryonic period. III. Frequency of coat color mosaics among mice, heterozygous for recessive mutations, subjected to irradiation during the early periods of embryogenesis].

The frequency of coat colour and coat length mosaics was investigated among heterozygous for 7 or 6 recessive mutations mice, that were gamma-irradiated at doses of 100 or 200 r at different stages of embryogenesis. Only 4 mosaics with gray coat spots were found among 1399 animals that developed from embryos irradiated at doses of 100--200 r within 4,5--13,5 days of embryogenesis. 3 of these mosaics were found among 756 animals irradiated at the dose of 100 r at the 10,5 day of embryogenesis (0,35%). This frequency is considerably lower that the frequency of coat colour mosaics obtained by other authors in similar experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of a coat color locus on kidney lysosomal glycosidases in the house mouse.

Activities of three lysosomal glycosidases, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase, have been shown to differ in bf/bf and bf/+ mice. Thus bf/bf mice usually have much higher activities of these enzymes in their kidney cells than bf/+ animals. There seem, however, to be some exceptions to this general pattern, especially for galactosidase of females from the C57BL/6J strain. A likely interpretation of the difference is that the bf locus has pleiotropic effects. An alternative explanation, less likely, is that a gene closely linked to bf is involved. There is also a differential response to dihydrotestosterone in different groups of mice reflected in activity changes of the three enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Gamma-ray-induced dominant mutations that cause skeletal abnormalities in mice. II. Description of proved mutations.

In a mutation-rate experiment described earlier, 31 dominant skeletal mutations were confirmed by breeding tests. Skeletal abnormalities were detected in the skeletons of some of the sons of irradiated males, and for 31 of these sons the study of skeletons in subsequent generations showed that they transmitted abnormalities. The detailed descriptions of these mutations, together with descriptions of 6 presumed mutations found in a later paper, provide the basis for determining which mutations cause effects that would, if they occurred in humans, cause a serious handicap. Such a determination is necessary before these data can be used to estimate genetic hazard to humans. Furthermore, these descriptions of syndromes caused by individual dominant mutations should be useful to clinicians interested in skeletal defects. The statistical analysis of the frequency of each abnormality in the mutant line versus an approximation of the frequency of the malformation in the absence of new mutations is essential to be sure that a mutation is indeed the cause of each abnormality. These analyses, together with analyses of the correlation of abnormalities caused by individual mutations, clearly demonstrate that dominant mutations exhibit low penetrance for many of their effects. A few of the mutations also cause the death of some heterozygotes. No externally visible effects have been detected in heterozygotes for most of these mutations. Externally visible effects found in some of the heterozygotes for a few of the mutations include hydrocephalus, circling behavior, increased nervous activity, gray coat color, webbing of digits, and small size. Two coat-color mutations were found that caused no detected skeletal abnormalities. The data suggest that a few of the mutations may be reciprocal translocations. In most of the mutant lines tested cytologically, however, there was no indication of chromosomal aberrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Observations on the geographic variation and skeletal development of Aotus.

The geographic pattern of coat color and craniometric variation were examined in Aotus. The coat color and pattern permitted recognition of the geographic origin of night monkeys from many parts of Latin America. The geographic pattern of craniometric variation differed from the pattern of phenotypic variation and led the authors to doubt the validity and usefulness of the currently recognized subspecific classification. Tooth eruption and bone ossification were studied in a sample of Aotus skeletons. Tentative criteria were presented for judging the ages of night monkeys by visual examination of their teeth or by x-ray of their teeth or bones.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

In vivo somatic mutation systems in the mouse.

In an effort to meet the need for a fast and cheap in vivo prescreen for inherited mammalian point mutations, a somatic forward-mutation method, originally developed in an X-ray experiment, has more recently been tested in work with chemical mutagens. The method makes use of coat-color mutations because (a) the gene product is usually locally expressed, (b) mosaics can be detected with minimal effort, and (c) opportunities for making comparison with induction of germinal point mutations are greatest.--Following treatment of embryos that are heterozygous at specific coat-color loci, various induced genetic changes can result in expression of the recessive (RS) in clones derived from "mutant" melanocyte precursor cells. However, other events, such as decrease in the number of precursor cells, or disturbed differentiation, can also result in spots, which with careful classification can usually be distinguished from RS's on the basis of their location and color. When this is done, the relative RS frequencies for a series of compounds at least roughly parallel the relative spermatogonial mutation rates. The fact that easily measurable (though low) RS rates are obtained with compounds that have yielded negative results in spermatogonial tests is not surprising in view of the fact that RS's can be caused by several mechanisms besides point mutation.--In spite of the parallelism observed in one laboratory, the usefulness of the in vivo somatic mutation method as a prescreen could come to be doubted because of major discrepancies between results of similar experiments at different laboratories. However, it appears probable that at least some of these discrepancies are due to failure to discriminate between spots that probably resulted from melanocyte insufficiency and spots that resulted from expression of the recessive.--Reverse somatic mutation systems can potentially avoid some of the pitfalls of forward mutation systems. Such system are still in developmental stages.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on the genetic control of murine humoral response to immunization with a peptidoglycan-containing fraction extracted from Brucella melitensis.

A peptidoglycan containing fraction (fraction "5") extracted from Brucella melitensis has been injected in low infra-vaccinating doses into inbred mice. The genetic control of the resulting anti-Brucella humoral response has been studied in the C57BL/6 "good responder" X DBA2 "low responder" model. The results observed in F1, F2 and reciprocal backcrosses show that the "good responder" character, although transmitted as a dominant trait, is under polygenic control and independent of H2 haplotype, Ig allotype, sexual chromosoms or the "d" coat color gene. On the other hand, the phenotypic expression of at least one of the genes involved is sex-limited and influenced by hormonal environmental factors. Moreover the expression in females of one of these sex-dependent genes is associated with the "b" coat color gene. These results are discussed in terms of their possible relevance in spontaneous or vaccinal resistance to experimental brucellosis, of the relative role of the peptidoglycan and lipoprotein moieties in fraction "5" and of the possible importance of sex-dependent and chromosome 4-linked genetic factors for B-cell functions.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Genome-wide SNP-based genomic diversity and population structure analysis in alpaca populations from Europe and Peru.

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of alpacas in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria (German-speaking regions, GSR) and to compare with that of the country of origin of the species (Peru). A total of 179 animals from GSR and 151 from Peru were genotyped with a species-specific 76k SNP array. The observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.305 and 0.311 for GSR and 0.310 and 0.312 for Peru. The mean FROH values were 0.029 for GSR and 0.023 for Peru. In general, results show that breeders in both analyzed regions efficiently maintain genetic diversity. Principal component analysis identified the GSR and Peru populations as separate from each other, but the relative proximity of both clusters indicates the shared genetic heritage. FST and XPEHH methods identified genomic regions under selection for traits such as coat color and adaptation. Genome-wide association studies comparing black and brown with white or gray alpacas identified associated genome regions containing the ASIP and KIT genes, respectively. The association of a recently identified keratin locus on chromosome 16 with differences in fleece type in alpacas was confirmed, while the putative causality of a TRPV3 variant was rejected.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Differentiation, Inbreeding, and Candidate Selection Loci in Local Vietnamese Pig Breeds.

Vietnam harbors exceptional genetic diversity among at least 26 indigenous pig breeds. We analyzed genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 90 animals representing 15 local Vietnamese breeds and six Landrace pigs using principal component analysis, the windowed fixation index (FST), cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH), within-population integrated haplotype score (iHS), and runs of homozygosity (ROHs). The population structure was consistent with a north-south differentiation axis, and Ba Xuyen showed elevated heterozygosity, providing suggestive evidence of a European genetic contribution; the f3 statistic was positive (f3 = +0.015), and formal evidence of admixture requires a significantly negative f3, so this criterion was not met. Integration of FST and XP-EHH identified GPC5, E2F6, NOS1, and TLR4 as top Northern candidate loci and CRYM/ZP2 as the leading Central candidate locus, and these windows were recovered at both the 90th and 95th percentile thresholds, indicating analytical robustness rather than independent biological validation. iHS was elevated at E2F6 in Northern breeds (|iHS| = 3.04) and at NOS1 across all regional groups (|iHS| = 2.66-3.36). Breed-level phenotypic XP-EHH, based on published breed descriptions and coat color rather than individual body-composition measurements, identified GALNT2 as a candidate shared across breed groups; HCAR1 and ATG10 as candidates specific to the extreme-fat/prolific breed group; and EFNA5 and HIPK2 as candidates specific to the medium-bodied breed group. ROHs identified Soc, Co, and Hung as breeds warranting particular attention in conservation planning due to elevated autozygosity. Because each breed was represented by only six individuals, and because no individual-level phenotypic measurements were available, all findings are reported as exploratory population-genomic signals requiring replication in larger cohorts. Overall, we describe genomic differentiation and candidate selection signatures among local Vietnamese pig breeds and provide a foundation for further genomic studies of these breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

A mammalian spot test: induction of genetic alterations in pigment cells of mouse embryos with x-rays and chemical mutagens.

Embroys heterozygous for five recessive coat-color genes from the cross C 57 BL/6 J Han x T-stock were x-irradiated with 100/r o r treated in utero with 50 mg/3 kg methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), respectively. Controls consisted of irradiated embryos of C 57 BL x C 57 BL matings homozygous wild-type for the genes under study, and non-treated offspring of both types of mating. The colors of the spots were observed in the adult fur were either due to expression of the recessive coat genes or were white. I. Irradiated and mutagen-treated offspring of C 57 BL x T-stock matings had almost exclusively nonwhite spots, distributed randomly over the mouse surface. 2. Irraidated offspring of C 57 BL x C 57 BL matings had only white spots which were always midventral. 3. In non-treated offspring of both types of mating no spot could be observed. After correcting for white midventral spots observed in the one type of control, the frequency of expression of one or the other of the recessive color genes is calculated to be about 11% for embryos irradiated with 100r or 101/2 days postconception, about 1% for embryos irradiated with 100r at 9 days postconception, about &% for embryos treated with 50 mg MMS/kg at 101/2 days postconception, and about 8% for embryos treated with 50 mg EMS/2 days postconception. It is discussed that the white midventral spots are preferentially the result of pigment cell killing, while the nonwhite spots are preferentially the result of gene mutations or recombinational processes like mitotic crossing over and mitotic gene conversion. Of numerical and structural chromosome aberrations only those come into question which are able to pass the filter of several mitoses. Therefore, the test system described is supposted to cover not only heitable DNA-alterations, but the whole spectrum of them.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Chimeric mice derived from human-mouse hybrid cells.

Mouse teratocarcinoma cells from the OTT6050 ascites tumor were established in tissue culture and selected for 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) resistance. The embryonal carcinoma cells grew without a feeder layer, remained deficient for thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.75), and differentiated like the original tumor into various tissues after subcutaneous injection into 129 mice. We fused the BrdUrd-resistant mouse teratocarcinoma cells with HT1080-6TG human diploid fibrosarcoma cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) and selected for hybrid cells in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium. The resulting hybrid cells segregated human chromosomes quickly and retained one to three human chromosomes including chromosome 17 that carries the human genes for thymidine kinase and galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6). Single hybrid cells from five independent clones containing human chromosome 17 were injected into mouse blastocysts bearing several genetic markers that affect the coat color phenotype and strain-specific enzyme variants in order to detect tissue differentiation derived from the injected cells. After the injection of single hybrid cells into a total of 103 experimental blastocysts that had been surgically transferred to pseudopregnant foster mothers, 49 mice were born and 2 of them clearly revealed coat mosaicism. In 2 of 17 mice thus far analyzed, the injected hybrid cells proved to be capable of participating substantially in development of seven different organs. However, human gene products have not yet been detected unequivocally in those tissues and weak human-specific galactokinase activity could be recovered only from two mosaic tissues. Our results demonstrate that, after in vitro culture and selection, at least some of the human-mouse hybrid cells still retain their in vivo potential to differentiate and become functionally integrated in the living organism. It now seems feasible to cycle mouse teratocarcinoma cells carrying human genetic material through mice via blastocyst injection to study human gene expression during differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Genetic variation in antibody response and natural killer cell activity against a Moloney virus-induced lymphoma (YAC).

Antibody formation against the Moloney virus-determined surface antigen (MCSA) was found to be under genetic control. In the (A X C57BL)F1 cross one dominant gene played a major role, resulting in bimodal distribution of the antibody response. This gene showed no linkage to H-2, IgG heavy chain immunoglobulin allotype, the coat color markers B and C, and five different isozyme markers representing chromosome numbers 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9. Antibody response to MCSA was not correlated with antibody titers against the virion proteins, confirming that MCSA was an independent entity. There was no relationship between the segregation of natural killer cell activity and antibody response in a [(A X C57BL) X A] backcross population.

Animals↗