[Studies on the pathogenesis of cattle trichophytosis. 1. Trace element determination in cattle with trichophytosis and in healthy cattle].
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Animals↗
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Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle adult-vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 and in cattle infected with Brucella abortus field strain.
Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle adult-vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19, cattle infected with B abortus field strain, and nonexposed cattle were studied by an in vitro lumphocyte-stimulation test (LST). Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral bovine blood by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique, and results were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Serotests and bacteriologic isolation attempts were conducted simultaneously with LST. Lymphocytes from cattle infected with field strains had significantly (P = 0.01) higher specific lymphocyte-stimulation inexposed controls. The LST, the serum standard-tube agglutination test (STT), the Rivanol (RIV) test, and the complement-fixation (CF) test correctly classified cattle from which field strains and strain 19 of B abortus were isolated. The LST was negative in cattle vaccinated with B abortus strain 19 (nonshedding), but the three serotests had many false-positive reactions. The CF test had the least false-positive reaction, followed by the RIV test, and the STT was the least specific. Well before the three serotests became positive, the LST was positive in samples from some cattle during the incubation period of the infection. There was little or no correlation between cell-mediated immune responses (as measured by LST) and serum antibody responses (as measured by STT, RIV test, and CF test) in vaccinated but culture-negative cattle and in some nonvaccinated cattle during the incubation period.
Agglutination Tests↗
Infection of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle with Theileria parva lawrencei after serial passage in cattle.
The infectivity of a Theileria parva lawrencei stabilate, from a stock derived from an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, was investigated. In the first experiment a buffalo and three cattle were inoculated with a stabilate from a stock passaged three times in cattle. All cattle developed fatal theilerial infections. Isolations from the buffalo by tick feeding and cell culture isolation showed that it was infected with T p lawrencei at the time of inoculation, but the second isolation made 19 days after inoculation behaved like T p parva in cattle, developing a high parasitosis, while the third isolation made three months later behaved like T p lawrencei with low parasitosis. It was concluded that two biological types of T parva could exist in a buffalo at one time, but it was not shown that the buffalo had become a carrier of T p lawrencei adapted to cattle. In the second experiment two buffaloes and three cattle were inoculated with T p lawrencei (Serengeti) stabilate which had been passaged six times through cattle and ticks. The two buffaloes had mild theilerial infections and developed serological titres in the indirect fluorescent antibody test, but the cattle had fatal infections. Tick and cell culture isolations of T parva were possible during the clinical reactions of the buffaloes, but no carrier state was demonstrated. Theileria-infected cell lines were established from the buffaloes and the cattle and were examined using monoclonal antibodies against T parva schizonts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Insecticides for control of the cattle tick and the southern cattle tick on cattle.
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Proviral detection and serology in bovine leukemia virus-exposed normal cattle and cattle with lymphoma.
Twenty-seven cattle with lymphoma and 46 cows from a known bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected herd were tested for anti-BLV antibody by the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization were used to detect BLV provirus in the tumor DNA of the 27 cattle with lymphoma. The PCR was used to detect BLV provirus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA of the 46 normal known-exposed cattle. Two presumed false negative AGID test results compared to ELISA were found. Of ten cattle three years of age or less with "sporadic" forms of lymphoma, four had BLV provirus in tumor DNA, detectable by PCR. In two of these four, BLV provirus was clonally integrated based on digestion of tumor DNA with restriction enzymes followed by Southern hybridization. The BLV provirus was not detected by PCR in 5 of 17 cattle with "enzootic" lymphoma and two of these five were seronegative. Among normal BLV-exposed cows, 6.5% (3 of 46) were serologically positive and PCR negative; serologically negative and PCR positive cows occurred with the same frequency. Serological and PCR test results, when considered in all cattle (n = 73), had a concordance rate of 83.6%. Discordant test results occurred with approximately equal frequency between serologically positive and PCR negative (7 of 73, 9.6%) and serologically negative and PCR positive (5 of 73, 6.8%) groups. These data suggest that the role of BLV in some "sporadic" bovine lymphomas, previously unassociated with BLV, should be reexamined. The BLV provirus was not demonstrable in the tumor DNA from five adult cattle with lymphoma, suggesting that BLV may not be the etiological agent in all adult bovine lymphomas. The findings of persistently seronegative PCR positive and seropositive PCR negative cattle indicate that further work is needed to more fully understand the host-virus interaction. Present serological screening methods may not have sufficient sensitivity for determining BLV status in some circumstances.
Animals↗
Immune responses of infected and vaccinated Hereford cattle to antigens of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.
Responses of infested and vaccinated Hereford cattle to Boophilus microplus antigens were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), lymphocyte blastogenesis assay (LBA) and intradermal skin tests. Responses against soluble salivary gland extracts (SGS), salivary gland membrane (SGM), soluble gut extracts (GS), gut membrane (GM), soluble larval extracts (LS) and larval membrane (LM) antigens were tested. In one experiment, cattle infested with up to 160,000 ticks had positive cellular responses to SGS and significant antibodies against LM, GM, SGM, and SGS. Cellular responses to Concanavalin A were not depressed following infestation. Cattle vaccinated with GM, using Quil A as adjuvant, had positive cellular responses to gut and salivary gland antigens and significant antibody responses to all antigens tested. The antibody levels of vaccinated cattle were significantly higher than the antibody levels of infested cattle (P less than 0.05). In a second experiment, immune responses of cattle infested with 40,000 ticks were studied during 38 days. Cellular responses in LBA to several tick antigens were transiently elevated and significant levels of antibody were measured against LM, GM, SGM and SGS, from day 25 (P less than 0.05). Infested cattle had positive skin reactions following intradermal injection of larval and adult tick antigens (P less than 0.05).
Animals↗
Tuberculin sensitivity of cattle inoculated with atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, feral pigs and trought water.
Each of 12 cattle was inoculated either subcutaneously and intradermally or into a mesenteric lymph node with 1 of 8 species of liver atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, cattle trough water and feral pigs. Seventy-eight days after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous heat-concentrated syntheic medium tuberculins. They were killed 85 days after inoculation. Organisms were cultured from caseous granulomas at all sites in cattle inoculated with M. avium serotype 2. M. simiae was recovered from a granuloma at the subcutaneous site. Acid-fast bacilli were isolated from the mesenteric lymph node inoculated with trough water organisms. At 72 h, all the cattle had produced skin reactions of 4 mm or more to the homologous tuberculins and all except 1 produced a similar response to avian PPD. Only isolates of bovine origin sensitised cattle to bovine PPD to this degree, and these reactions were less than the corresponding response to avian PPD.
Animals↗
Humoral immune responses of Hereford cattle vaccinated with midgut antigens of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.
Vaccination of cattle with midgut membrane (GM) antigen derived from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, infected with the adjuvant Quil A, resulted in significant increases in total immunoglobulins, mainly in the IgG1 and IgG2 fractions of the serum. Analysis of the anti-GM antibody levels of vaccinated cattle showed that the levels of IgG, IgG1 and complement-fixing antibodies were significantly correlated to protection against infestation with cattle ticks. Anti-GM antibodies of the IgG2 and IgM isotype were not correlated to protection against infestation with cattle ticks. Anti-GM antibodies fixed complement (C') in the presence of GM, larval membrane antigen and live, midgut cells, but not in the presence of live, larval cells. Anti-GM antibodies were able to fix C' equally well in the presence of GM antigen and live, midgut cells. None of the antigens tested activated the alternate pathway of complement under the conditions tested. Levels of anti-GM IgG1 antibodies were used to develop a regression model for predicting levels of protection against infestation with cattle ticks in vaccinated cattle.
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Studies of experimental Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. I. Transmission and persistence of the infectious agent in ruminants and pigs, and resistance of recovered cattle to re-infection.
The agent causing Jembrana disease, an enzootic disease of Bos javanicus (Bali cattle) occurring in Bali, Indonesia, was shown to occur at high titres in the blood of animals during the febrile period of the disease and to persist in cattle for 25 months after clinical recovery. During the febrile period of the disease, most of the infectious agent appeared to be associated with the plasma fraction of whole blood. There was a linear relationship between the number of organisms inoculated into susceptible Bali cattle and the incubation period, which varied from 4.5 to 12 days. Seventeen of 18 animals in which Jembrana disease had been experimentally induced up to 22 months previously did not develop clinical signs when re-challenged with the infectious agent. Ongole cattle (Bos indicus), Friesian cattle (Bos taurus), buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and pigs, but not sheep or goats, developed a mild febrile response, but no other overt clinical signs of the disease after inoculation with the Jembrana disease agent. Ongole and Friesian cattle, buffaloes, and sheep developed a persistent infection after inoculation; the infectious agent persisted in blood or spleen for at least 9 months in buffaloes and for shorter periods in the other species.
Animals↗
Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations on Zebu cattle in western Kenya: seasonal dynamics of four species of ticks on traditionally managed cattle.
A study was conducted on the population dynamics of four tick species infesting livestock on Rusinga Island. Infestations of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, Amblyomma variegatum (F.)., and Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) were monitored on East African shorthorn Zebu cattle at monthly intervals for 2 yr. These cattle were of unimproved stock under traditional husbandry without any tick control practices. Most ticks were on cattle between September and March, with a peak in December-February. Following the onset of the rainy season in April, tick numbers on the cattle declined markedly; this decline continued until July or August, when numbers started to increase again. No significant correlation could be made between these population changes and any of the four climatic factors recorded. Instead, there was a notable relationship between tick population changes and local farming practice. The area and duration of cattle grazing activity were severely curtailed during the cropping season from April to September, which reduced tick-host contact and thus the tick burdens of the cattle at that time.
Animals↗
Pathogenicity for cattle of atypical mycobacteria isolated from feral pigs and cattle and the correlation of lesions with tuberculin sensitivity.
Two experiments involving the inoculation of cattle with atypical mycobacteria are described. In the first experiment groups of 5 cattle were inoculated either subcutaneously or into a mesenteric lymph node with a strain of M. scrofulaceum or M. intracellulare. Four weeks and 10 weeks after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous PPDs. The pathological changes observed were similar within each group of cattle inoculated with the same strain of mycobacteria. A significant interaction was demonstrated between the strain and the route of inoculation. In the second experiment 17 cattle were similarly inoculated by either of the two routes with 1 of 6 strains of M. intracellulare, a strain of M. scrofulaceum or a strain of Runyon Group IV, all of which had been isolated from feral pigs, or a strain of M. intracellulare of bovine origin. Tuberculin tests were carried out after 4 weeks and 10 weeks. Only the isolate from a bovine lymph node produced a significant level of sensitivity to bovine PPD. Cultural isolation of the mycobacteria from autopsy material was not correlated with the presence of macroscopic lesions nor with sensitivity to bovine PPD. The response to bovine PPD of cattle infected with these atypical mycobacteria decreased between 48 h and 96 h after injection of the tuberculins. As the maximum difference in the response to bovine and avian tuberculins occurs at 72 h a comparative tuberculin test should be read at this time to eliminate non-specific reactors.
Animals↗
Immune responses of cattle to biochemically modified antigens from the midgut of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.
Treatment of membrane antigens of the midgut (GM) of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus with sodium metaperiodate (periodate), pronase and lipase significantly inhibited the reactivity of the GM with antibodies in the sera of 57 cattle vaccinated with GM. Treatment of GM with periodate only removed the correlation between antibody reactivity of sera and protection against infestation with ticks. A monoclonal antibody (MoAb QU13), which recognises protective antigens solubilized from GM (Lee + Opdebeeck 1991), did not react with GM treated with periodate. Cattle vaccinated with GM extracts were significantly protected against infestation with cattle ticks (P less than 0.05), whereas cattle vaccinated with either GM extracts treated with periodate or with antigens precipitated from GM extracts with MoAb QU13 and also treated with periodate, were not protected against infestation. These studies provide preliminary evidence that protective antigens in the tick midgut membrane either are carbohydrate or are dependent on carbohydrate for their specificity.
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Neutralizing antibody to bovine adenovirus serotype 3 in healthy cattle and cattle with respiratory tract disease.
A serosurvey of healthy cattle for the presence of serum-neutralizing antibody to bovine adenovirus serotype 3 (BAV-3) established the widespread prevalence of this agent in Iowa cattle. Of the animals studied, 19.1% (involving 157 calves that represented 40 outbreaks (herds) of respiratory tract disease) seroconverted to BAV-3. This pathogen was implicated serologically as being involved in the cause of respiratory tract disease in six herds. Bovine adenovirus serotype 3 was isolated from cattle in two of these herds. Based on seroconversion and lack of isolation of other viral agents, it appeared that BAV-3 could have been the sole virus involved in the respiratory tract disease in one of these two herds. In another herd, seroconversion was observed only to BAV-3, but other viral agents as well as BAV-3 were isolated. The remaining four herds presented a problem because the cattle seroconverted to more than one agent and additional viral agents were isolated from some animals. Whether the disease manifestations observed in these six herds were due solely or in part to BAV-3 can only be speculated. Cattle are capable of undergoing a natural infection, as indicated by seroconversion, in the absence of overt clinical signs of illness. It appears that maternal (passive) antibody decreases to a point at which infection by this virus becomes possible and an active immune response occurs.
Adenoviridae↗
[Autosomal chromosometranslocation of piebald cattle and brown cattle (author's transl)].
Different autosomal chromosome fusions at piebald cattle and brown cattle are described. In randomly investigated breeds of cattle in Germany, we found 1/25 translocation in piebald cattle and a 1/29 Robertsonian fusion in brown cattle. Fertility differences were investigated.
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Boophilus microplus: passage of bovine immunoglobulins and albumin across the gut of cattle ticks feeding on normal or vaccinated cattle.
Cattle were vaccinated with antigens from adult female Boophilus microplus and haemolymph was collected from female ticks which had engorged on these animals and on matched control cattle. Radio-immunoassay for bovine plasma proteins in haemolymph from ticks fed on control cattle showed low concentrations of IgG1 and albumin. There was a significant increase in bovine plasma proteins passing across the gut in ticks fed on vaccinated cattle, with an average of 150 times more albumin and four to five times more IgG1 in the haemolymph. Ticks with obviously damaged gut had the highest concentrations of bovine plasma proteins but apparently undamaged ticks from vaccinated cattle also had elevated protein concentrations.
Animals↗
[Immunologic relations between cattle and ticks, specifically between cattle and Boophilus microplus].
In the present investigation, it has been demonstrated that cattle become resistant to ticks after several heavy infestations, particularly with B. microplus. During development of the infestations, antibodies against salivary glands of B. microplus were detected using 2 techniques: indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectrophoresis. There is a positive causal relationship between antibody titer and resistance development. Two precipitating systems against B. microplus in infested cattle and 7 systems in immunized rabbits were studied. The systems 1 and 2 are similar in cattle and rabbits, but system 2 does not show any specificity, as it has been detected in cattle completely lacking tick infestations. Two one-day calves were treated with the antigen of B. microplus by injection of salivary glands and repeated infestations with a small number of larvae. They developed a pronounced resistance to the usual subsequent infestations by the ticks of the same species. Specific antibodies were found before the first usual infestation. This suggests that they might be responsible for resistance.
Animals↗
Vaccines to protect Hereford cattle against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.
Vaccines made from gut and gut and synganglion tissue dissected from Boophilus microplus gave 87% and 80% protection, respectively, compared with adjuvant-injected controls in cattle against three infestations with 20,000 larval ticks administered over 14 days. A vaccine prepared from synganglion alone did not protect cattle. Ticks collected from vaccinated cattle produced 95% and 91% fewer eggs, respectively, than ticks from control animals. Vaccinated cattle were protected (36%) 7 months after they had been immunized with tick antigens. Antibody responses to the vaccines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Animals↗
[Nonspecific esterase and naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase in monocytoid and myeloid cells of healthy cattle and cattle suffering from leukosis].
The reaction to non-specific esterase can be used for the identification of the monocytoid cells of the periphery. A negative reaction is exhibited by neutrophile and eosinophile leucocytes and erythrocytes. Varying results are obtained from lymphocytes, rendering it impossible to use this method in the group of lymphoid cells of the periphery or marrow. In the group of large marrow cells (promonocytes), non-specific esterase gave a very strong reaction; this applies both to the marrow of healthy cattle and cattle suffering from leucosis. For the time being, efforts to use this reaction for the solution of the problem of the differentiation of monocytoid cells and cells of similar size in the myeloid series of the bone marrow have not been successful. In neutrophile leucocytes of the periphery, naphtol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase gives a less intensive reaction than in humans. For this reason, it is less suitable for the differentiation of these cells. Other cell types (eosinophile leucocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes as well as their bone-marrow stages) give a negative reaction. In the group of large marrow cells of the myeloid series (promyelocytes and neutrophile myelocytes), naphtol-AS-D-chloracetate esterase shows a more intensive reaction in healthy cattle, as compared with cattle suffering from leucosis.
Animals↗