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PubMed1977

Blood glucose control and glomerular capillary basement membrane thickening in experimental diabetes.

Glomerular capillary basement membrane thickness (BMT) was measured in 23 rats which had had streptozocin-induced diabetes for 14 months and in 12 age-matched controls. Diabetic rats were randomly allocated to different groups, either receiving no treatment or treated with a low carbohydrate diet or insulin, or both. Control rats were randomly allocated to a normal or low carbohydrate diet. Among the diabetic rats mean plasma glucose concentrations for the groups ranged from 27-4 mmol/l (494 mg/100 ml) in the untreated rats to 9-8 mmol/l (177 mg/100 ml) in those receiving both a low carbohydrate diet and insulin. A highly significant positive relation was found between BMT and plasma glucose concentration for individual rats. When BMT was corrected for body weight a similar relation was observed.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Tonoplast sucrose transporter SUT4-dependent sugar partitioning modulates phenological transitions and reproductive success in poplar.

Climate uncertainty is intensifying the need for greater plasticity in carbohydrate reserve utilization to support winter survival and spring growth in woody perennials. In poplar, the single-copy SUT4, which encodes a tonoplast-localized sucrose transporter, and the SUT5/SUT6 genome duplicates, which encode plasma membrane-localized transporters, are expressed year-round, with SUT4 showing the highest expression during cool seasons. Given its role in vacuolar sucrose efflux and winter-predominant expression, SUT4 may play a key role in modulating seasonal carbohydrate dynamics. While SUT4-knockdown and knockout effects have been studied under greenhouse conditions, their impact under field conditions remains unexplored. Here, we report a field-based study comparing CRISPR knockout mutants of winter-expressed SUT4 and SUT5/SUT6 in Populus tremula × alba. We show that sut4, but not sut5/6, mutants exhibited earlier autumn leaf senescence, delayed spring bud flush, reduced stem growth, and altered sugar partitioning in winter xylem and bark relative to controls. After 2 years in the field, all genotypes flowered before leaf flush in early spring; however, sut4 mutants produced sterile ovules despite developing normal-looking catkins. Metabolic profiling revealed disrupted sucrose and raffinose dynamics in elongating sut4 catkins. This was accompanied by transcriptomic signatures of elevated stress and downregulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and circadian clock genes. These findings highlight the critical role of SUT4 in coordinating sugar allocation, stress responses, and seasonal development in poplar.

Populus↗

PubMed2026

Effects of intensive lifestyle interventions with calorie-carbohydrate-restricted diet versus time-restricted eating on appetite and binge eating in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.

The impact of intensive lifestyle interventions on appetite regulation and binge eating in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of combined lifestyle interventions on appetite responses and binge eating in overweight or obese adults with T2D. In a randomized trial, 120 participants with T2D were allocated to three groups (n = 40 each): (1) Calorie-carbohydrate restriction (CCR), (2) Time-restricted eating with CCR (TRE + CCR), or (3) Control. Intervention groups received structured exercise and behavioral education based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model. Appetite perceptions (hunger, satiety, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption) and binge eating (Binge Eating Scale; BES and objective binge episodes) were evaluated at baseline, week 12, and week 24 using linear mixed models. Both CCR and TRE + CCR significantly improved subjective appetite compared with the control group at 12 and 24 weeks (all p < 0.01). At 24 weeks, hunger decreased by -24.1 mm (95% CI: -35.8, -12.5) in the CCR group and -32.7 mm (95% CI: -44.2, -21.3) in the TRE + CCR group. Satiety also increased by 21.7 mm (95% CI: 9.46, 33.9) and 29.4 mm (95% CI: 17.4, 41.4), respectively. Significant reductions were observed for desire to eat and prospective food consumption. In contrast, changes in BES and objective binge episodes were not significantly different between groups at any time point. No significant differences were detected between the CCR and the TRE + CCR groups. Intensive lifestyle interventions incorporating CCR or TRE + CCR effectively reduced appetite in adults with T2D but did not significantly affect binge eating. Future research should target individuals with higher baseline BES scores to clarify potential benefits for binge eating behavior.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Preoperative Carbohydrate Supplementation Reduces Thirst and Improves Patient Satisfaction Before Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Prolonged preoperative fasting is a major source of patient discomfort, particularly thirst, before elective cesarean delivery. This study aimed to evaluate whether preoperative carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation could alleviate these discomforts and improve patient satisfaction without compromising safety. METHODS: In this single-center randomized controlled trial, 262 women scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia were randomly allocated to either the CHO group (Group CHO, n = 131), which received 355 mL of an oral carbohydrate solution on the night before and the morning of surgery, or the control group (Group C, n = 131), which followed conventional fasting. The primary outcome was the thirst Numeric Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10) score measured immediately before surgery. Secondary outcomes included hunger NRS, satisfaction NRS, and maternal and neonatal safety parameters. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Despite a longer preoperative fasting duration in Group CHO (9.25 ± 1.05 vs. 8.74 ± 0.97 h, P < 0.001), this group exhibited significantly lower thirst NRS scores (1.69 ± 0.90 vs. 4.02 ± 0.99, P < 0.001) and hunger NRS scores (1.25 ± 0.94 vs. 2.09 ± 0.82, P < 0.001), as well as higher satisfaction NRS scores (7.70 ± 0.69 vs. 5.69 ± 1.17, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses confirmed consistent benefits of CHO supplementation across most patient characteristics. Further analyses suggested that the maximum effect on thirst reduction occurred at approximately 9.2 h of solid fasting; however, the interaction between fasting duration and treatment group was not statistically significant (P = 0.187). CONCLUSION: Preoperative carbohydrate supplementation effectively reduces thirst and hunger and improves patient satisfaction before elective cesarean delivery without increasing maternal or neonatal risk. The beneficial effects were consistent across varying fasting durations, with exploratory spline analyses suggested a potential peak effect around 9.2 h, though this was not statistically significant and should be interpreted cautiously. These findings support the incorporation of carbohydrate loading into enhanced recovery protocols. TRIAL REGISTRATION: China Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2500097956.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

The influence of refined carbohydrate on urinary calcium excretion.

In the course of study of the influence of varying the amount of refined carbohydrate (sugar and sugar products) in an otherwise standardised diet in 18 normal subjects it was evident that the analysis of 24-h urine collections failed to show the profound diurnal variation in urinary electrolyte excretion and, in particular in this instance, calcium excretion. The analysis of individually voided specimens showed some normal subjects to have spontaneously high peaks of urinary calcium concentration throughout the day even whilst on a diet with low refined carbohydrate content. Increase in the refined carbohydrate content of the otherwise standardised diet caused significant increase in the number of urines with a calcium concentration above 9 mmol/1. Refined carbohydrate, a common cinstituent in Western diets, can therefore influence urinary electrolyte excretion in such a way that there may be an increased risk of over-saturation with calcium oxalate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

The consequences of early overnutrition for fat cell size and number: the pig as an experimental model for human obesity.

(1) The objectives of these studies were: (a) to determine the period during which fat cells were being formed in different fat depots in the pig; (b) to discover whether total fat cell number could be affected by overfeeding from weaning or later in life, and (c) to examine the domestic pig as a model for human obesity studies especially as to the influence of the energy intake at different stages in life on fat cell size and number. (2) Pigs were weaned at six weeks of age and allocated to one of four diets. Group H was fed to appetite on a high carbohydrate diet and became extremely obese. Group L was fed at half the energy intake of group H; these animals grew steadily but deposited little adipose tissue. Group L-H was fed as group L for 40 weeks and then as group H for the rest of the experiment, while group H-L was fed as group H for 40 weeks and then placed on a very restricted ("slimming") diet for the remainder of the experiment. (3) The volume of fat cells in group H was about four-fold greater than in group L at the end of the experiment. Cell volume increased rapidly when group L was fattened after 40 weeks and could be reduced significantly, albeit slowly, when group H was "slimmed". (4) There was a significant increase in the apparent number of fat cells in the depots of overfed pigs that did not diminish when the animals were "slimmed". However, in restricted pigs subsequently fattened, there was an apparent steady increase in fat cell number that eventually reached the same figure as in pigs overfed from weaning. (5) The standard methodology is inadequate to make broad generalizations about the influence of diet on cellularity. First, the development of fat cell size and number follows different time scales in different depots. It is essential to monitor several sites before attempting to estimate cell number. Secondly, since cells with diameters less than about 15 micrometer are not detected, "empty" cells, containing no fat, may be present from birth: subsequently they may be filled when energy intake is appropriate so that later they become visible, and are recorded as fat cells. In these cases there will be an "apparent" but not a real increase in cell number.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1979

Worsening to diabetes in men with impaired glucose tolerance ("borderline diabetes").

Two hundred and four men with impaired glucose tolerance (borderline diabetes) discovered in a screening examination have been observed for five years and repeated tests of glucose tolerance performed. By pre-determined criteria 27 men 'worsened to diabetes' and this metabolic deterioration was not significantly influenced by treatment with carbohydrate restriction with or without a daily dose of 50 mg phenformin. Of the baseline variables measured prior to treatment allocation only the blood glucose values were significantly predictive of ultimate worsening to diabetes.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1976

Peptococcus heliotrinreducans, sp. nov., a cytochrome-producing anaerobe which metabolizes pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Several strains of a new, obligately anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus were isolated from sheep rumen contents. An important distinctive feature was their reductive cleavage of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidines, using hydrogen gas or formate as hydrogen donor. With the same hydrogen donors, the organism reduced nitrate and fumarate. In all cases, the reductive metabolism formed part of an energy-giving sequence used by the organism for growth. This new coccus also utilized energy obtained by dissimilation of arginine. Enzymic hydrolysates of casein and yeast autolysate were satisfactory substrates for growth but no strain fermented carbohydrates. Ultrasonic extracts of the coccus contained a c-type cytochrome. The characteristics of the organism are consistent with its allocation to the genus Peptococcus within which it differs significantly from currently recognized species. The name Peptococcus heliotrinreducans is proposed for this new species, and a reliable method for isolating it is described.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1979

Improved glucose control in maturity-onset diabetes treated with high-carbohydrate-modified fat diet.

Fourteen patients with established maturity-onset diabetes were treated as outpatients with a high-carbohydrate-(about 60% of total daily energy requirements)-modified fat diet (ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to other fatty acids greater than or equal to 1:1) for six weeks. Commercially available and acceptable cereal foods and tuberous vegetables high in both digestible and non-digestible carbohydrates were used. Simple sugars were restricted. Compared with their usual, low-carbohydrate diabetic diet this diet resulted in a fall in basal plasma glucose concentration (average of values measured at 0300, 0500, and 0700), mean preprandial plasma glucose concentration (average of values measured at 0800, 1230, and 1730), and percentage of glycosylated haemoglobin. Modifying dietary fat also decreased the fasting plasma cholesterol concentration. The findings suggest that it is no longer justifiable to prescribe a low-carbohydrate diet for maturity-onset diabetes.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1977

Effect of hormone replacement therapy on glucose tolerance in postmenopausal women.

Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 50 symptomatic postmenopausal women before and after three months of hormone replacement therapy. All patients were randomly allocated to one of five groups treated with various synthetic or so-called naturally occurring oestrogens. Therapy produced a significant deterioration of carbohydrate tolerance with sequential preparations containing 100 microgram of ethinyl oestradiol or graduated doses of mestranol up to 50 microgram. The conjugated equine oestrogen (1.25 mg daily) and oestrogen valerate (2 mg daily) treated groups did not show abnormal glucose tolerance. The decreased glucose tolerance may be due as much to dosage levels as to any metabolic characteristics of the various oestrogens prescribed.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Improved nutrient absorption after cimetidine in short-bowel syndrome with gastric hypersecretion.

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Adult↗

PubMed2026

Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals candidate regulatory networks associated with starch accumulation in tetraploid potato.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber starch is a major determinant of crop quality and industrial value, yet the regulatory mechanisms underlying starch accumulation in autotetraploid cultivars remain poorly resolved. Here, we performed integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses using a segregating tetraploid population derived from parents with contrasting starch content. Extreme phenotypes were selected to systematically dissect the molecular basis of starch accumulation. Transcriptome profiling revealed extensive transcriptional reprogramming between high- and low-starch genotypes, with differentially expressed genes significantly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, particularly the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. Notably, multiple transcription factor families, including AP2/ERF, MYB, and bHLH, were prominently represented, suggesting coordinated regulatory control. Metabolomic analysis identified substantial metabolic divergence, with differentially accumulated metabolites predominantly enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism as well as secondary metabolic pathways. Most metabolites exhibited negative associations with starch content, indicating competitive carbon allocation between primary and secondary metabolism. Integrative multi-omics analysis further resolved a core regulatory module comprising key structural genes and transcription factors tightly associated with starch-related metabolites. In particular, genes involved in sucrose cleavage and ADP-glucose metabolism, together with trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and UDP-glucose-associated pathways, emerged as critical nodes linking carbon flux to starch biosynthesis. Correlation network analysis suggested that AP2/ERF-, MYB-, and bHLH-type transcription factors modulate these pathways by coordinating structural gene expression and metabolic flux distribution. Collectively, our study establishes a transcriptional-metabolic framework for starch accumulation in tetraploid potato, highlighting the central role of carbon allocation and signaling intermediates in shaping starch content, and providing candidate targets for molecular breeding and genome editing.

Solanum tuberosum↗

PubMed1979

Effect of dental health care instruction and prophylaxis on knowledge, attitude and behavior in Dutch military personnel.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single dental health care instruction and prophylaxis on knowledge, attitude and behavior. Ninety-six army recruits from two military camps were randomly allocated to four groups: a control group, a group that received an oral prophylaxis, a group that received a single dental health care instruction, and a group that had both prophylaxis and dental health care instruction. Treatment effects were measured by a questionnaire 1 month and 3 months after the instruction. A single dental health care instruction improved knowledge, and some areas of behavior. The improvement in attitude was not clear. The improvements were small and showed a tendency to diminish after 1 month.

Attitude↗

PubMed2026

Effects of Acalypha australis L. Extract on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Microbial Composition in Weaned Piglets.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Acalypha australis L. extract (ALE) on the growth performance and intestinal health in piglets. A total of 24 weaned piglets were randomly allocated to three groups: the control group (CON), which was fed a basal diet, and the ALE0.5 and ALE1.0 groups, which were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg of ALE, respectively. The measured variables included growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota and metabolites. The results showed that, compared to the CON group, supplementation of 1.0 g/kg ALE in the diets of weaned piglets significantly increased the ratio of gain to feed from 15 to 21 days (p < 0.05), decreased the diarrhea rate from Days 15 to 21 and Days 0 to 21 (p < 0.05), and increased the activities of pancreatic α-amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, as well as duodenal α-amylase, lipase, and trypsin, and jejunal maltase and sucrase (p < 0.05). Additionally, supplementation of 1.0 g/kg ALE in the diet significantly improved the intestinal morphology of the duodenum and jejunum, as well as the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes in the small intestine (p < 0.05). Moreover, it significantly increased serum glutathione peroxidase activity and jejunal and ileal superoxide dismutase activities (p < 0.05), and also significantly increased the colonic propionic acid concentration of piglets (p < 0.05). The ALE supplementation increased the abundance of the colonic marker bacteria Collinsella in the piglets and influenced pathways related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism. ALE can serve as a potential natural feed additive to regulate the structure of intestinal microbiota and metabolic pathways, enhance antioxidant capacity, improve intestinal health, reduce diarrhea incidence, and ultimately promote the growth performance of piglets.

Acalypha australis L. extract↗