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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Natural products as alternative treatments for metabolic bone disorders and for maintenance of bone health.

Bone metabolism involves a complex balance between the deposition of matrix and mineralization and resorption. There is now good evidence that dietary components and herbal products can influence these processes, particularly by inhibiting bone resorption, thus having beneficial effects on the skeleton. For example, it has been reported that a number of common vegetables, including onion, garlic and parsley, can inhibit bone resorption in ovariectomized rats. Essential oils derived from sage, rosemary, thyme and other herbs inhibit osteoclast activity in vitro and in vitro and leading to an increase in bone mineral density. Soya, a rich source of isoflavones, has shown promising results and epidemiological evidence to support a use in maintaining bone health, and various traditional herbal formulae in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine also have demonstrable effects in pharmacological models of osteoporosis. Recently, cannabinoids have been described as having positive effects on osteoblast differentiation, and the presence of cannabinoid receptors in bone tissue indicates a more complex role in bone metabolism than previously thought. The first part of this review briefly discusses normal bone metabolism and disorders caused by its disruption, with particular reference to osteoporosis and current pharmacological treatments. The effects of natural products on bone and connective tissue are then discussed, to include items of diet, herbal extracts and food supplements, with evidence for their efficacy outlined.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Calcium, physical activity and bone health--building bones for a stronger future.

Adequate provision of nutrients composing the bone matrix and regulating bone metabolism should be provided from birth in order to achieve maximal bone mass, compatible with individual genetic background, and to prevent osteoporosis later in life. Low calcium intake (<250 mg day(-1)) in children is associated with both a reduced bone mineral content and hyperparathyroidism. Optimal calcium intake is, however, still a matter of controversy. The minimisation of fracture risk would be the ideal functional outcome on which to evaluate lifetime calcium intakes, but proxy indicators, such as bone mass measurements or maximal calcium retention, are used instead. Calcium recommendations in Europe and the United States are based on different concepts as to requirements, leading to somewhat different interpretations of dietary adequacy. Minerals and trace elements other than calcium are involved in skeletal growth, some of them as matrix constituents, such as magnesium and fluoride, others as components of enzymatic systems involved in matrix turnover, such as zinc, copper and manganese. Vitamins also play a role in calcium metabolism (e.g. vitamin D) or as co-factors of key enzymes for skeletal metabolism (e.g. vitamins C and K). Physical activity has different effects on bone depending on its intensity, frequency, duration and the age at which it is started. The anabolic effect on bone is greater in adolescence and as a result of weight-bearing exercise. Adequate intakes of calcium appear necessary for exercise to have its bone stimulating action.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Bone-composition imaging using coherent-scatter computed tomography: assessing bone health beyond bone mineral density.

Quantitative analysis of bone composition is necessary for the accurate diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic bone diseases. Accurate assessment of the bone mineralization state is the first requirement for a comprehensive analysis. In diagnostic imaging, x-ray coherent scatter depends upon the molecular structure of tissues. Coherent-scatter computed tomography (CSCT) exploits this feature to identify tissue types in composite biological specimens. We have used CSCT to map the distributions of tissues relevant to bone disease (fat, soft tissue, collagen, and mineral) within bone-tissue phantoms and an excised cadaveric bone sample. Using a purpose-built scanner, we have measured hydroxyapatite (bone mineral) concentrations based on coherent-scatter patterns from a series of samples with varying hydroxyapatite content. The measured scatter intensity is proportional to mineral density in true g/cm3. Repeated measurements of the hydroxyapatite concentration in each sample were within, at most, 2% of each other, revealing an excellent precision in determining hydroxyapatite concentration. All measurements were also found to be accurate to within 3% of the known values. Phantoms simulating normal, over-, and under-mineralized bone were created by mixing known masses of pure collagen and hydroxyapatite. An analysis of the composite scatter patterns gave the density of each material. For each composite, the densities were within 2% of the known values. Collagen and hydroxyapatite concentrations were also examined in a bone-mimicking phantom, incorporating other bone constituents (fat, soft tissue). Tomographic maps of the coherent-scatter properties of each specimen were reconstructed, from which material-specific images were generated. Each tissue was clearly distinguished and the collagen-mineral ratio determined from this phantom was also within 2% of the known value. Existing bone analysis techniques cannot determine the collagen-mineral ratio in intact specimens. Finally, to demonstrate the in situ potential of this technique, the mineralization state of an excised normal cadaveric radius was examined. The average collagen-mineral ratio of the cortical bone derived from material-specific images of the radius was 0.53+/-0.04, which is in agreement with the expected value of 0.55 for healthy bones.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Epilepsy and women's health: family planning, bone health, menopause, and menstrual-related seizures.

Epilepsy uniquely affects more than 1 million American women and girls. Health care providers must be aware of the specific concerns and issues regarding the different effects epilepsy has on male and female patients. Epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs substantially affect women's health in the areas of menstruation, contraception, sexual function, pregnancy, menopause, and bone health. Optimal care of women with epilepsy requires collaboration among neurologists, obstetrician-gynecologists, internists, family practitioners, genetic counselors, and nurse educators. This article reviews some areas of concern for women living with epilepsy.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

'Mom & me' and healthy bones. An innovative approach to teaching bone health.

Poor bone health may lead to osteoporosis and an increased risk for fracture later in life. Peak bone mass, which is one of the most important determinants of developing osteoporosis, is accrued largely by the age of 18. Therefore, actions to maximize peak bone mass need to be taken during the childhood years. Because 80% of those affected with osteoporosis are women, it is important that young girls receive information on how to reduce their risk for this disorder. The authors have developed an educational program to help young girls learn about bone health. The specifics of the program are described in this article.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Lactation and maternal bone health.

Women lose bone during lactation, and this is an important mechanism to provide calcium for human milk. Bone loss during lactation occurs even in women with high calcium intakes. Lactation-induced bone loss is transient because bone density increases rapidly after weaning. Bone loss during lactation and recovery after weaning are related to ovarian function and the length of postpartum amenorrhea. The recovery of bone after weaning can occur with shortly spaced pregnancies. Women who have breastfed several infants do not have reduced bone density after menopause. Overall, the transient bone loss during lactation does not seem to increase a woman's risk of osteoporotic fracture in her elder years. Further research is needed on special subgroups of women, such as adolescents, women who are vitamin D deficient or have extremely low calcium intakes, and women who have simultaneously breastfed multiple infants to determine whether these women are able to regain sufficient bone mass after lactation to preserve their bone health.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Protein and bone health: literature review and counselling implications.

For decades, public health promotion campaigns on bone health have emphasized the importance of adequate calcium and vitamin D intakes, as well as weight-bearing physical activity. However, no obvious consensus has emerged on the role of dietary protein. To identify what agreement does exist in the literature, in this article we review the theoretical basis for protein's role in bone health, assess some recent cross-sectional and prospective studies, and generate recommendations for practice. There is general agreement in the literature that higher protein intake increases urinary calcium loss; the body compensates for this loss by increasing calcium absorption in the gut, providing that calcium intake is sufficient. A possible explanation for calcium loss, the "acid-ash" hypothesis, is discussed, and suggestions are made about food choices that may counter the calciuric effect of protein. A survey of cross-sectional and prospective studies shows equivocal results, with confounding variables complicating the analysis. Both deficient and excessive protein intakes have been shown to affect bone health negatively, although lower and upper thresholds have not been determined. Practical advice on achieving bone health is given, with an emphasis on the use of Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating in setting dietary goals.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2006

Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: bone health and body composition.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of a micronutrient-enriched beverage on body composition, bone mineral content (BMC), bone area, and bone mineral density (BMD) at various sites in schoolchildren. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, matched-pair, cluster, randomization study was carried out in residential schoolchildren 6 to 16 y of age who lived near Hyderabad, India. Children (n = 268) were selected randomly from two classes of each grade (1 to 9) and were provided a micronutrient-enriched beverage (n = 146) or a placebo drink (n = 122). Bone parameters such as BMC, BMD, and bone area at various sites and the entire body were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the beginning and end of the study. Increments of outcome variables were subjected to paired t test with appropriate corrections to assess the effect of the supplement on bone health. RESULTS: After 14 mo, increments for height, weight, fat-free mass, percentage of fat, whole-body BMC, whole-body bone area, and BMD at the neck of the femur were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the supplemented group than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: The micronutrient-rich supplement increased tissue growth and skeletal shell in apparently normal children in the 14-mo period. It did not increase whole-body or site-specific BMD except at the neck of the femur. Amounts of calcium and other nutrients contained in the supplement were inadequate for tissue growth with density increases. This study raises important questions about the nutrient requirements of Indian children who consume a diet of cereals and pulses.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Current advances in bone health of disabled children.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Bone health is now recognized to contribute to overall lifetime management of children, adolescents, and adults with disabling conditions including physical and intellectual disability and with many chronic disease processes. Such disorders have multiple components, with aspects of care covering a wide number of specialist practices. This review will highlight advances in understanding the nature of bone mass accumulation through childhood and adolescence, the impingement of a spectrum of chronic and disabling diseases and their treatments on bone, and will address current approaches to interpretation of bone mass in the growing skeleton and interventional strategies for improving outcomes for this group. RECENT FINDINGS: Increased skeletal fragility in the disabled child is well recognized. Insights into the contributions of skeletal size and bone strength in males and females have altered interpretation of data, allowing a new focus on determinants of future bone health, particularly with regard to the contributions of growth and puberty. Strategies to address bone health including public and medical education concerning consumption of calcium, appropriate selection of vitamin D preparations, pubertal contribution to phases of growth and possible specialist use of newer drugs, such as bisphosphonates where indicated, are changing the outlook for this large group. SUMMARY: Implications of these changed understandings provide a new focus on maximizing bone mass accumulation by the end of adolescence within the constraints of what is possible to achieve for an individual and for provision of an holistic approach to bone health.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1996

Age considerations in nutrient needs for bone health.

Age exerts a major influence on the nutritional needs for bone health. Age influences the nutrient requirements for bone health by influencing: the growth and development of bone; the deposition of minerals leading to peak bone mass; the rate of bone loss; the levels of hormones which influence bone; the absorption and retention of nutrients required for optimal bone health, physical activity, food intake, and the level of sun exposure. Adequate calcium intake benefits bones at any age. However, dietary calcium needs vary at different ages. In June 1994, a National Institutes of Health expert panel recommended higher calcium intakes than current Recommended Dietary Allowance for several age groups. Many population groups in the United States, including young girls and women, continue to consume significantly less calcium than current recommended levels. In addition, diets low in calcium are often low in many other essential nutrients important for good bone health, including vitamin D, vitamin B6, and magnesium. Dietary recommendations for bone health should be placed in the full context of the total diet rather than a singular emphasis on calcium. To truly benefit consumers, dietary recommendations for bone health should emphasize consumption of foods high in calcium as part of a healthy diet and a healthy lifestyle.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Dairy foods and bone health: examination of the evidence.

It is unclear whether dairy foods promote bone health in all populations and whether all dairy foods are equally beneficial. The objective of this review was to determine whether scientific evidence supports the recommendation that dairy foods be consumed daily for improved bone health in the general US population. Studies were reviewed that examined the relation of dairy foods to bone health in all age, sex, and race groups. Outcomes were classified according to the strength of the evidence by using a priori guidelines and were categorized as favorable, unfavorable, or not statistically significant. Of 57 outcomes of the effects of dairy foods on bone health, 53% were not significant, 42% were favorable, and 5% were unfavorable. Of 21 stronger-evidence studies, 57% were not significant, 29% were favorable, and 14% were unfavorable. The overall ratio of favorable to unfavorable effects in the stronger studies was 2.0 (4.0 in <30-y-olds, 1.0 in 30-50-y-olds, and 1.0 in >50-y-olds). Males and ethnic minorities were severely underrepresented. Dairy foods varied widely in their content of nutrients known to affect calcium excretion and skeletal mass. Foods such as milk and yogurt are likely to be beneficial; others, such as cottage cheese, may adversely affect bone health. Of the few stronger-evidence studies of dairy foods and bone health, most had outcomes that were not significant. However, white women <30 y old are most likely to benefit. There are too few studies in males and minority ethnic groups to determine whether dairy foods promote bone health in most of the US population.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

NCCN Task Force Report: Bone Health and Cancer Care.

Higher incidences of osteoporosis and osteopenia are found in cancer patients, particularly in women receiving aromatase inhibitors or with chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure, or in men with prostate cancer and androgen deprivation therapy. Therefore, management of long-term bone health is emerging as an important aspect of comprehensive cancer care. Patients with cancer typically have a number of additional risk factors for osteoporosis that should prompt screening, regardless of patient age or sex. Maintaining bone health requires a broad knowledge base, including understanding underlying bone metabolism and how it is affected by both cancer itself and the drugs used to treat cancer, the effect of chemotherapy-induced menopause on bone health, bone markers and imaging techniques used to assess bone health, therapeutic strategies to maintain bone health, and treatment of bone metastases, including surgery for pathologic fractures. Multiple members of the healthcare team may need to be involved in education and care of the patient. This report summarizes discussion of these and other issues regarding bone health and cancer care from the NCCN Bone Health and Cancer Care Task Force meeting in early 2006.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2003

Effect of lacunocanalicular architecture on hydraulic conductance in bone tissue: implications for bone health and evolution.

Bone tissue health depends largely on efficient fluid and solute transport between the blood supply and cells that are the living component of the tissue. We hypothesized that the lacunocanalicular hydraulic network, which is defined by the pericellular fluid space that is common to all bone tissue, is optimized to transport fluid and solutes between the blood supply and bone cells. An analytical study was carried out to evaluate the effect of osteonal architecture, including the osteon diameter, number of annular lamellar regions, and number and length of canalicular channels, on fluid transport between the blood supply and bone cells. On the basis of this analysis, we conclude that osteon size is limited to the distance over which fluid and solutes can be transported efficiently between the blood supply and cells. This analytic model suggests that hydraulic conductivity is highest in lamellar regions closest to the Haversian canal (HC) and decreases with increasing distance from the blood supply, reaching a plateau after the fifth lamella (169 micro m radius). Furthermore, an increase in the diameter of the HC, or a decrease in the length of canaliculi, reduces the hydraulic conductivity within the lacunocanalicular network. Applying the principle of minimal expenditure of energy to this analysis, the path distance comprising five or six lamellar regions represents an effective limit for fluid and solute transport between the blood supply and cells; beyond this threshold, hydraulic resistance in the network increases and additional energy expenditure is necessary for further transportation. This suggests that transport is optimized to meet metabolic demands concomitant with a minimal expenditure of energy. This fundamental new insight into bone structure and physiology may provide a new basis of understanding for tissue engineering, bone physiology in health and disease, and evolutionary biology.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Bone health and osteoporosis.

Good bone health is important to everyone, regardless of age. Osteoporosis is a preventable disease, and steps for increasing bone mass should begin at an early age. To increase bone mass, much of the recent evidence suggests that the best time for intervention with calcium or exercise may be during the prepubertal years. In the older female athlete, BMD is typically well above normal, but even young amenorrheic athletes can have bone density values equal to that of an elderly osteoporotic woman. Myriad treatment options are available for the person with low bone mass, but prevention is a much more preferable alternative.

Bone Density↗
PubMed2000

Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health?

BACKGROUND: The role of nutritional influences on bone health remains largely undefined because most studies have focused attention on calcium intake. OBJECTIVE: We reported previously that intakes of nutrients found in abundance in fruit and vegetables are positively associated with bone health. We examined this finding further by considering axial and peripheral bone mass and markers of bone metabolism. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of 62 healthy women aged 45-55 y. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine and femoral neck and by peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the ultradistal radial total, trabecular, and cortical sites. Bone resorption was calculated by measuring urinary excretion of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline and bone formation by measuring serum osteocalcin. Nutrient intakes were assessed by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire; other lifestyle factors were assessed by additional questions. RESULTS: After present energy intake was controlled for, higher intakes of magnesium, potassium, and alcohol were associated with higher total bone mass by Pearson correlation (P < 0.05 to P < 0.005). Femoral neck BMD was higher in women who had consumed high amounts of fruit in their childhood than in women who had consumed medium or low amounts (P < 0.01). In a regression analysis with age, weight, height, menstrual status, and dietary intake entered into the model, magnesium intake accounted for 12.3% of the variation in pyridinoline excretion and 12% of the variation in deoxypyridinoline excretion. Alcohol and potassium intakes accounted for 18.1% of the variation in total forearm bone mass. CONCLUSION: The BMD results confirm our previous work (but at peripheral bone mass sites), and our findings associating bone resorption with dietary factors provide further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1999

Bone health: the role of micronutrients.

Development and maintenance of skeletal health is essential since the resultant effect of poor bone health is an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporosis is currently a major public health problem and with predicted demographic changes, its future health and economic impact is likely to be phenomenal. Adult bone health is predominantly governed by two factors: (i) maximum attainment of peak bone mass; and (ii) rate of bone loss which occurs with ageing. Both aspects are determined by a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors and, although genetic influences are believed to account for up to three-quarters of the variation in bone mass, there is still room for the modifiable factors (including nutrition) to play an important role. There is now good evidence to show that calcium is important not only to peak bone mass development but also in reducing bone loss in women who are greater than 5 year postmenopause. Vitamin D and calcium (and possibly vitamin K) are vital to fracture prevention in the elderly. Our knowledge of the influence of other micronutrients on bone health remains limited and further research is required to establish the essential ingredients for optimum bone health.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Osteoporosis self-management: Choices For Better Bone Health.

Despite recent pharmacologic advances in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, the disease remains incurable. Effective disease management ultimately lies in the hands of the individual patient, who must take responsibility for key health behaviors related to bone health. One behavior modification strategy that has proven effective, but which has not previously been applied to osteoporosis, is "self-management." This article describes the principals, evolution, and initial outcomes of a new self-management program, Choices For Better Bone Health. Choices is a group education course directed to postmenopausal women who are at risk or already affected by osteoporosis, and has shown positive results in early evaluations.

Behavior Therapy↗