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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Two omega-amino acid transaminases from Bacillus cereus.

Bacillus cereus strain K-22 produced two distinct omega-amino acid transaminases, one catalyzing the transamination between beta-alanine and pyruvic acid and the other that between gamma-aminobutyric acid and alpha-ketoglutaric aic. The two enzymes were partially purified and separated from each other by various chromatographies. beta-Alanine:pyruvic acid transaminase and gamma-aminobutyric acid:alpha-ketoglutaric acid transaminase were induced by the addition of beta-alanine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, respectively, to the growth medium. beta-Alanine transaminase showed an optimum pH of 10.0 and optimum temperature of 35 degrees C, and its Km values for beta-alanine and pyruvic acid were both 1.1 mM. gamma-Aminobutyric acid, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid, and propylamine showed about 30-40% of the activity of beta-alanine as amino donors, and oxalacetic acid was as good an amino acceptor as pyruvic acid. The optimum pH and temperature of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase were 9.0 and 50 degrees C, respectively, and its Km value for gamma-aminobutyric acid was 2.8 mM, while that for alpha-ketoglutaric acid was 2.3 mM. gamma-Aminobutyric acid and delta-aminovaleric acid were good amino donors but other omega-amino acids were virtually inactive with gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase; alpha-ketoglutaric acid, and to a lesser extent glyoxylic acid, were active amino acceptors. Sulfhydryl reagents specifically activated gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase.

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase↗
PubMed1975

Inhibitory postsynaptic actions of taurine, GABA and other amino acids on motoneurons of the isolated frog spinal cord.

The actions of glycine, GABA, alpha-alanine, beta-alanine and taurine were studied by intracellular recordings from lumbar motoneurons of the isolated spinal cord of the frog. All amino acids tested produced a reduction in the amplitude of postsynaptic potentials, a blockade of the antidromic action potential and an increase of membrane conductance. Furthermore, membrane polarizations occurred, which were always in the same direction as the IPSP. All these effects indicate a postsynaptic inhibitory action of these amino acids. When the relative strength of different amino acids was compared, taurine had the strongest inhibitory potency, followed by beta-alanine, alpha-alanine, GABA and glycine. Topically applied strychnine and picrotoxin induced different changes of post-synaptic potentials, indicating that distinct inhibitory systems might be influenced by these two convulsants. Interactions with amino acids showed that picrotoxin seletively diminished the postsymaptic actions of GABA, while strychnine reduced the effects of taurine, glycine, alpha- and beta-alanine. But differences in the susceptibility of these amino acid actions to strychnine could be detected: the action of taurine was more sensitively blocked by strychnine compared with glycine, alpha- and beta-alanine. With regard to these results the importance of taurine and GABA as transmitters of postsynaptic inhibition on motoneurons in the spinal cord of the frog is discussed.

Alanine↗
PubMed1977

[Carcinine (beta-alanyl-histamine): rapid synthesis and action on vertebrate blood pressure].

1.-- Synthesis of carcinine was performed by direct condensation of beta-alanine with histamine (free base), in the presence of N-N'-dicyclocarbodiimide. The amine radical of beta-alanine was protected by the t-butoxycarbonyl radical. This fast and simple method yielded a perfectly pure crystalline product. 2.-- Carcinine had no influence upon heartbeat frequency nor on respiratory movements in rats. 3. -- Carcinine had a vasodepressive action upon Vertebrates. It was active at half the concentration of carnosine and at about a thousand times the concentration of histamine. It appeared that histamine lost a great extent of its activity when linked with beta-alanine.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

D-Alanine dehydrogenase. Its role in the utilisation of alanine isomers as growth substrates by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 was found to utilise both the D- and L-isomers of alpha-alanine and also beta-alanine as sole sources of carbon and energy for growth. Enzymological studies of wild-type cultures and comparison with mutants deficient in growth upon one or more isomers of alanine led to the following conclusions: (i) utilisation of D-alanine involved its direct oxidation by an inducible, membrane-bound, cytochrome-linked dehydrogenase; (ii) utilisation of L-alanine required its conversion to the directly oxidisable D-form by a soluble racemase; (iii) utilisation of beta-alanine, like L-alanine, involves both the racemase and D-alanine dehydrogenase enzymes, but in addition must involve other enzymes the identity of which is still speculative; (iv) P. aeruginosa, like Escherichia coli, appears to take up D-alanine and L-alanine by means of two specific permeases.

Alanine↗
PubMed1978

Baclofen (beta-p-chlorophenyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid) enhances [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA) release from rat globus pallidus in vitro.

The rat globus pallidus has been investigated as a possible model in which to study pre-synaptic GABA mechanisms in vitro. (+/-)-Baclofen (300 micrometer-1 mM) significantly enhanced the release of radioactivity from superfused slices of rat globus pallidus prelabelled with 3H-GABA in vitro. This releasing action was specific to the (+)-isomer of baclofen: neither the (-)-isomer nor another neuronal depressant dl-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelic acid had any significant effect. The releasing effect of baclofen appeared unrelated to the phenethylamine moiety of its structure as neither beta-phenethylamine nor dopamine evoked release of 3H-GABA from pallidal slices. Baclofen increased the efflux of radioactivity from pallidal slices prelabelled with either [3H]-beta-alanine or [3H]diaminobutyric acid in vitro. The use of specific glial and neuronal GABA uptake blocking compounds (beta-alanine and (+/-)-cis-1,3-amino-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid) did not permit resolution of the elements from which baclofen was evoking [3H]GABA release. Baclofen also inhibited uptake of [3H]GABA into pallidal slices with an IC50 value of 6 x 10(-4) m. The GABA-like properties of baclofen may be related to the (+)-isomer while non-specific neuronal depressant actions are an effect of the (-)-isomer. The potential of the (+)-isomer as an antipsychotic agent while (-)-baclofen remains the effective antispastic drug free from unwanted side-effects, is discussed.

Alanine↗
PubMed1977

Reactive carriers of immobilized compounds.

Sphericanl macroporous reactive carriers capable of forming covalent bonds with amino acids and proteins were prepared by the suspension copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate and p-nitrophenyl esters of methacrylic acid and methacryloyl derivatives of glycine, beta-alanine and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. The effect of the spacer length, pH and the type of the buffer used, concentration of reactive groups in the copolymer, concentration of the ligand and the participation of the hydrolytic and aminolytic reaction of p-nitrophenyl functional groups in the attachment of glycine, D,L-phenylalanine and serumalbumin was studied. Macroporous copolymers containing reactive functional groups can be used as active enzyme carriers, if their activity is not blocked by the presence of p-nitrophenol split off in the attachment reaction.

Carboxylic Acids↗
PubMed1976

Separation of some typical Krebs cycle acids by high-speed isotachophoresis.

In order to perform a required separation, an experimental procedure for the selection of suitable operating conditions is suggested and discussed. It is based on measurements of the dependences of the relative effective mobilities of the components under investigation on the pH of the leading electrolyte. The procedure was applied to a set of typical Krebs cycle acids and the values of the relative effective mobilities measured are given in tables and graphs. A pH of 3.8 was selected as the most suitable. At this value, the acids investigated were successfully separated in less than 4 min using 0.011 M hydrochloric acid + beta-alanine as the leading electrolyte.

Citric Acid Cycle↗
PubMed1979

Gustatory responses of eel palatine receptors to amino acids and carboxylic acids.

The gustatory receptors of the eel palate were found to be extremely sensitive to amino acids and carboxylic acids. The results obtained are as follows: (a) 11 amino acids which are among naturally occurring amino acids elicited responses in the palatine nerve, but 9 amino acids did not elicit a response even at a high concentration. The effect of D-amino acids was always much less than that of their corresponding L-isomers. There was no appreciable difference in the effectiveness of an alpha-amino acid (alpha-alanine) and beta-amino acid (beta-alanine). (b) The threshold concentrations of the most potent amino acids (arginine, glycine) were between 10(-8) and 10(-9) M. A linear relation between the magnitude of the response and log stimulus concentration held for a wide concentration range for all the amino acids examined. (c) The palatine receptors responded sensitively to various carboxylic acid solutions whose pH was adjusted to neutral. The threshold concentrations varied between 10(-4) and 10(-7) M. The magnitude of the response at 10(-2) M increased with an increase of carbon chain length. (d) The extent of cross-adaptation was examined with various combinations of amino acids. A variety of the response patterns showing complete cross-adaptation, no cross-adaptation, or synergetic interaction was observed. The synergetic interaction was also observed when one amino acid below its threshold concentration was added to the other amino acid below its threshold concentration was added to the other amino acid. No cross-adaptation was observed between amino acids and fatty acids. (e) The treatment of the palate with papain led to loss of the responses to arginine, glycine, and histidine without affecting those to proline and acetic acid. The treatment with pronase E eliminated selectively the response to proline. The possibility that the eel gustatory receptors are responsible for sensing food at a distance was discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1978

Quisqualamine, a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) related depressant amino acid.

A new substnace, quisqualamine, the decarboxylated analogue of quisqualic acid, predictably depressed electrical activity of neurons of the frog and rat spinal cord in vitro and of the mouse spinal cord in vivo. In the in vitro preparations, the action of quisqualamine was associated with a prolonged depolarization of primary afferent terminals which was sensitive to blockade by picrotoxin and bicuculline and which was also depressed by strychnine. This suggests an interaction of quisqualamine with presynaptic receptors for both GABA and beta-alanine. Post-synaptic actions of quisqualamine, which were less marked than those at presynaptic sites, also appeared to be predominantly GABA-mimetic in vitro, though a sensitivity to the GABA-antagonist bicuculline could not be demonstrated in vitro.

Amines↗
PubMed2025

The homeostasis of β-alanine is key for Arabidopsis reproductive growth and development.

β-Alanine, an abundant non-proteinogenic amino acid, acts as a precursor for coenzyme A and plays a role in various stress responses. However, a comprehensive understanding of its metabolism in plants remains incomplete. Previous metabolic genome-wide association studies (mGWAS) identified ALANINE:GLYOXYLATE AMINOTRANSFERASE2 (AGT2, AT4G39660) linked to β-alanine levels in Arabidopsis under normal conditions. In this study, we aimed to deepen our insights into β-alanine regulation by conducting mGWAS under two contrasting environmental conditions: control (12 h photoperiod, 21°C, 150 μmol m-2 sec-1) and stress (harvested after 1820 min at 32°C and darkness). We identified two highly significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for β-alanine, including the AGT2 locus associated in both environments and ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE6B2 (ALDH6B2, AT2G14170) associated only under stress conditions. A coexpression-correlation network revealed that the regulatory pathway involving β-alanine levels, AGT2, and ALDH6B2 connects the branched chained amino acid (BCAA) degradation through the propionate pathway. Metabolic profiles of AGT2 overexpression (OE) and knock-out (KO) lines (agt2) across various organs and developmental stages established the critical role of AGT2 in β-alanine metabolism. This work underscores the importance of β-alanine homeostasis for proper growth and development in Arabidopsis.

Arabidopsis↗